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next generation mobile networks

A Deliverable by the NGMN Alliance

MULTI-ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY Antenna Co-Site Solutions



Commercial Address: Registered Office:ngmn Ltd., ngmn Ltd ., Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 58 • 60325 Frankfurt • Germany Reading Bridge House • George Street • Reading •

Berkshire RG1 8LS • UKPhone +49 69/9 07 49 98-04 • Fax +49 69/9 07 49 98-41 Company registered in England and Wales n. 5932387,

VAT Number: GB 918713901

A Deliverable bythe NGMN Alliance

MULTI-ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY Antenna Co-Site Solutions

Version: 2.4 Final

Date: 31 st August 2012

Document Type: Final Deliverable (approved)

Confidentiality Class: P - Public

Authorised Recipients: N/A

Project: Multi Antenna Technology

Editor / Submitter: Ma Xin, China MobileContributors: China Mobile, Datang Mobile, Huawei, ZTE

Approved by / Date: Board – 31 August 2012

For all Confidential documents (CN, CL, CR):This document contains information that is confidential and proprietary to NGMN Ltd. The information may not be used,disclosed or reproduced without the prior written authorisation of NGMN Ltd., and those so authorised may only use thisinformation for the purpose consistent with the authorisation.For Public documents (P):© 2012 Next Generation Mobile Networks Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from NGMN Ltd.

The information contained in this document represents the current view held by NGMN Ltd. on the issuesdiscussed as of the date of publication. This document is provided “as is” with no warranties whatsoever includingany warranty of merchantability, non-infringement, or fitness for any particular purpose. All liability (including liabilityfor infringement of any property rights) relating to the use of information in this document is disclaimed. No license,express or implied, to any intellectual property rights are granted herein. This document is distributed forinformational purposes only and is subject to change without notice. Readers should not design products based onthis document.



NGMN P-MATE D1-COMPACT ANTENNA SOLUTIONS 2

Document Information

Editor in Charge Ma Xin(China Mobile)

Editing Team Yujiang Wu Huawei

Jianan Lee ZTE

Li Chuanjun Datang Mobile

Document status: FINAL

Version: 2.4

Date: August 31 st, 2012

Abstract

This deliverable is produced by the Next Generation Mobile Network Project MATE – Multi-ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY.This document provides the solutions of co-site antenna to reduce the antenna installation space and requirement for2G/3G/4G. This deliverable will focus on the solutions on 2path and 8path co-site antenna.This document includes two main solutions: 2path antenna solutions which are based on the requirements ofFDD/TDD/3G/GSM co-site;8path antenna solutions which are based on the requirements of FDD-TDD,TDD-TDD LTEand TDD LTE-3G co-site .The intention is to provide a specific, yet generic, description of co-site antenna features.




0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Co-site solution is a big issue for the operators’ network deployments. The document focuses on the co-site solutionsfrom antenna side. Both 2 path solutions and 8 path solutions will be used in the future network when operatorsoperate more than one generation of mobile telecommunication system. In fact most of them have both 2G and 3Gnetwork and will launch 4G soon and many of them have both TDD and FDD bands. The solutions in this documentwill be important references.




CONTENT

0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 3

1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 5

2 BACKGROUND & REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 5

3 2 PATH ANTENNA CO-SITE SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................................. 5

3.1 BAND ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 ANTENNA KEY DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2.2 KEY PARAMETERS ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.2.3 Array layout ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 3.3 TDD/FDD CO-SITE SOLUTION ................................................................................................................................................. 10

4 8 PATH ANTENNA SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 12

4.1 REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 ANTENNADESIGN: 65 DEGREEELEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. 14 4.3 ANTENNA DESIGN: ANTENNA INTEGRATED COMBINER ................................................................................................................ 18 4.4 ANTENNA DESIGN: INDEPENDENT RET ..................................................................................................................................... 19 4.5 TDD 3G/4G CO-SITE ............................................................................................................................................................ 19

4.5.1 Solutions ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.5.2 Simulation ................................................................................................................................................................. 21

4.6 TDD/FDD LTE CO-SITE ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 4.7 ANTENNA PRODUCTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 25

4.7.1 Side-by-side layout ................................................................................................................................................... 25 4.8 LAB TEST .............................................................................................................................................................................. 26 4.9 KEY ANTENNA PARAMETERS .................................................................................................................................................... 27 4.10 TRIALS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29

5 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 32




1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

The Multi-antenna Technology (MATE) project of NGMN, will share the information and experiences on antennadeployment and conclude some basic modes for reference for future 3G/LTE antenna deployment. The project willmainly focus on the multi antenna tech since it has been considered as the future trend for both TDD/FDD systems.This document provides the solutions of co-site antenna to reduce the difficulty of antenna deployment for informationsharing. This deliverable will focus on the conclusion and summary of 2path/8path two basic co-site antenna modesfrom operators and vendors experience.. 2 BACKGROUND & REQUIREMENTSOperators will operate more and more networks including 2G/3G/4G. However, it is harder and harder to find enoughantenna space for installation and deployment. Operators need new antenna solutions to co-site together to reducethe antenna amount and difficulty to deployment. Furthermore, a good solution will benefit all systems and also reducethe cost for maintenance.

For the multi-antenna solutions considering the requirements from TDD/FDD LTE system, there are 2 mainrequirements:First, co-site requirement of 2-path antenna.2-path antenna has been widely used in GSM/3G/FDD-LTE, also will be used in TD-LTE in some scenarios. The basicfeatures including:-super wideband: cover 2G/3G/4G band-Dual-polar design-Cover the parameter requirements from 2G/3G/4G, such as PIMSecond, co-site requirement of 8-path antenna.8-path antenna has been widely used in 3 G/TD-LTE systems. We will also consider the future 4-path antennaapplication in FDD LTE. The basic features including:-Wideband: cover 3G/4G, and 2G in the future

-Support the FDD LTE co-site with 2 paths or 4paths-Dual-polar design for both systems

3 2 PATH ANTENNA CO-SITE SOLUTIONS

3.1 BAND

In recent co-site solution is becoming more and more popular with the development of mobile communication.Implementation of co-site solution can be classified in three types roughly, which are dual/triple band combiner, sameband combiner and multi-band antenna respectively. Because multi-band antenna can achieve independent RETeasily, it becomes the mainstream.

According to analysis of 3GPP band and deployment of existing network there are several common bandcombinations shown in Table 3.1. For example, combination 1 chooses the above 5 bands for co-site solution. Othercombinations are achieved by deleting according band.

Table 3.1 Common band combination for co-site solutionCommon Bands 790-862 880-960 1710-1880 1920-2170 2490-2690Combination1 √ √ √ √ √ Combination 2 √ √ √ √ Combination 3 √ √ Combination 4 √ √ Combination 5 √ √ Combination6 √ √ Combination 7 √ √ Combination 8 √ √




3.2 ANTENNA KEY DESIGN

3.2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

To achieve system performance several antenna requirements should be ensured1. Independent RET2. System isolation is more than 30dB3. Better reliability4. Moderate antenna sizeWith the help of independent RET, co-site system can be optimized respectively. With the help of high system isolationinterference between two systems can be suppressed in high power level. Reliability is a basic feature in antennasurvival. The performance of all system will be impacted in the co-site solution when some part of the antenna worksabnormally. Thereby co-site applications make antenna design facing more challenge not only in total size.

3.2.2 KEY PARAMETERS

Antenna for co-site solution should satisfy not only common antenna parameters requirements but also therequirements for co-site application . These paremeters are shown as below.1. VSWR2. Isolation (inter-ISO, intra-ISO)3. PIM4. Power-handlingVSWR and ISO are key parameters for common antenna and will not be discussed here. Inter-ISO and PIM should bepaid more attention, for example, in some bands combination PIM 2 should be considered other than PIM 3.PIM analysis is suggested to do before total design and measurement to ensure the antenna can operate normally inco-site application. For better understanding, analysis of PIM 3 ~ PIM 11 is shown as below. TX/RX band informationshould be collected first, which is listed in table 3.2

Table 3.2 Common band combination for TX/RX

Mode TX MHz RX MHz

Band 20DD800 791 –821 832 –862

Band 8E GSM900 925 - 960 880 - 915

Band 3DSC1800 1 805 -1 880 1 710 - 1 785

Band 1UMTS Band I 2 110 - 2 170 1 920 - 1 980

Band 7FDD 2.6G 2620 –2690 2500 –2570

First, for 1710 MHz~2690 MHz wide-band antenna which combines UMTS band1, DCS 1800, FDD 2.6G PIMs for TXare listed as below

Table 3.3 PIM analysis for UMTS Band 1, DCS 1800 and FDD 2.6GDSC1800 UMTS Band I FDD 2.6G

Lowerboundary Higherboundary Lowerboundary Higherboundary Lowerboundary HigherboundaryTX 1805 1880 2110 2170 2620 2690RX 1710 1785 1920 1980 2500 2570




PIM3 / 1730 1955 2050 2230 2550 2760 2700

PIM5 1710 1655 2030 1990 2290 2480 / 2700

PIM7 1710 1580 2105 1930 2350 2410 / 2700

PIM9 1710 1505 2180 1870 2410 2340 / 2700

PIM11

1710 1430 2255 1810 2470 2270 / 2700

For easy understanding, spectrum distribution of impact of PIM for RX are listed as below

Figure 3.1 Analysis of PIM generated by DCS 1800

(Note:magnitude of Y axis does not mean the PIM level.)

Figure 3.2 Analysis of PIM generated by UMTS 1

Figure 3.3 Analysis of PIM generated by 2.6G

RX of DCS1800 TX of DCS1800 RX of UMTS Band I RX of FDD2.6G

PIM3PIM5PIM7PIM9PIM11

RX of DCS1800 RX of UMTS Band I TX of UMTS Band I RX of FDD2.6G

RX of DCS1800 RX of UMTS Band I RX of FDD2.6G TX of FDD2.6G






From these figures we know that PIM generated by DCS 1800 begins to impact others from 3rd inter-modulation.,.

Only PIM 7 should be measured for UMTS Band 1. As similar analysis only PIM 3 should be measured for Band VII. Generally magnitude of product of PIM 3 is much higher than that of PIM 7, thus only PIM 3 will be tested by mostvendors.

Secondly, for 790 MHz~960 0 MHZMHz wide-band antenna which combines DD 800 and E-GSM 900 PIMs for TX arelisted as below.

Table 3.4 PIM analysis for DD800, E-GSM900DD800 E-GSM900

Lower boundary Higher boundary Lower boundary Higher boundaryTX 792 822 925 960RX 832 862 880 915

PIM3 762790 852 890 995960PIM5 790 882 855 960PIM7 790 912 820 960PIM9 790 942 790 785 960

PIM11 790 972960 790 750 960

Figure 3.4 and 3.5 show spectrum distribution of PIM for

Figure 3.4 Analysis of PIM from DD 800 to E-GSM 900

Figure 3.5 Analysis of PIM from E-GSM 900 to DD 800

From these figures we can see that PIM coming from DD 800 and E-GSM 900 all begin from 3 rd inter modulation. PIM3 and PIM 5 impact DD 800 and E-GSM 900. So higher order inter modulation should be added in measurement otherthan PIM 3. Normally only PIM 3 will be tested due to the higher magnitude than that of PIM 7.

TX of DD800 RX of DD800 RX of E-GSM900

RX of DD800 RX of E-GSM900 TX of E-GSM900

PIM3

PIM5PIM7PIM9PIM11





3.2.3 Array layout

To achieve desired system performance, array layout of antenna for co-site solution should be treated carefully. Side-by-side, Co-axial and Side-by-side with co-axial are usual choice. When compact size is most need, radiator elementlevel sharing (RELS) is another good choice in array design.

Co-axial Side-by-side Side-by-side with co-axialFigure 3.6 Array layout

Co-axial layout is more suitable for the application where frequencies are far away from each other in spectrum. It canachieve good radiation pattern and realize compact size, but impact between low and high frequency unit is somewhatserious that good electrical specifications are difficult to achieve. Side-by-side layout can reduce impact between units,but direction of pattern and symmetry deteriorate for asymmetric reflector and width of total antenna is wider.Radiator element level sharing (RELS) is new solution, which is based on combiner PCB or cavity designing cascade with feeding network. The antenna size for this layout keeps the same, performance of different bands issimilar, and downtilt angle optimization can be done independently). However, reliability of the antenna challengesmore when a large number of combiners are arranged.




Figure 3.7 Sharing element layout

3.3 TDD/FDD CO-SITE SOLUTION

When bandwidth of antenna can cover TDD and FDD band at the same time, co-site solution can be applied. For aantenna array which bandwidth is 1.71G~2.69G, we can choose suitable band from Band 33 to Band 40 to combinewith FDD band. Though PIM is not considered in TDD system, it should be key parameter in co-site solution becausePIM from TDD may fall in the RX band of FDD. Using principle of section 3.2.2 PIM analysis can be done for Band1/Band 40 and Band 7/Band 40. PIM 9 or PIM 3 of Band 40 should be considered in this condition.To demonstrate the architecture of this solution clearly, we analyse the combination of Band 7 and Band 40. This array

can be designed to cover 2.3G~2.7G. Using the technique of sharing element mentioned in section 3.2.3, TDD/FDDco-site can be achieved. Figure 3.7 shows the architecture of this antenna array. Duplexers are set behind the antennaelement. TDD and FDD paths use different feeding network. In this architecture PIM of element is a challenge becauseof the lack of analysis and improved technique. N connector is widely used in TDD system. When this connector isused in co-site solution, we suggest that plating or alloy treatment should be employed to improve PIM. Besidesantenna PIM we should also pay the same attention to PIM in link.

Table 3.5 PIM for Band 1/Band 40 and Band 7/Bands 40

Mode TX MHz RX MHz

E-UTRA Band 1

UMTS Band 12110 –2170 1920 –1980

E-UTRA Band 7 2620 –2690 2500 –2570

E-UTRA Band 40TD-SCDMA-E 2300 –2400 2300 –2400




Figure 3.8 Analysis of PIM from Band 40 to Band 1

Figure 3.9 Analysis of PIM from Band 40 to Band 7Typical spec for a wideband antenna 2300-2700 MHz including Band 40 and Band 7Frequency range (MHz) 2300-2400 2500-2690

Polarization(°) ±45°

Tilt

Gain(±0.5dB)

0 5 10 0 5 10

17.3 17.2 16.8 17.4 17.3 17.0

3dB beamwidth

(horizontal) (±4°)68 65

10dB beamwidth

(horizontal) (±10°)

(reference) 132 127

Variable Electrical Downtilt Range 0 10°3dB Beamwidth

(vertical)7.5°±0.5° 7°±0.5°

Front to back ratio, copolar

(180°±30°) (dB) >=26,Typ.30

Front to back ratio, cross-polar) (180°±30°) (dB) >=24,Typ.26

Sidelobe suppression for first sidelobe above

vertical (dB), Typ.

0 5 10 0 5 10

17 16 16 17 16 15

Sidelobe suppression within 30°–150° sector >9dB

Typ. 12

RX of Band1 TX/RX of Band40

TX/RX of Band40 RX of Band7






above vertical

Cross Pole Discrimination (dB)>=18dB @ 0

Typ. 10dB @ 10dB

Intermodulation (dBc) (2X20W Carriers) > 150dBc PIM3

Max. CW power per input (W) 250 (at 50 °C ambient temperature)

Isolation Between Ports (dB) >=30

VSWR <=1.4:1

Impedance(Ω) 50Vertical Beam Squint Across Downtilt Range(°) <= 0.5

4 8 PATH ANTENNA SOLUTIONS

The 4 columns 8 antenna elements dual polarized smart antenna is referred to 8 path smart antenna or dual polarizedsmart antenna. Dual polarized smart antenna technology is also termed as beamforming, exploits knowledge ofchannel information at transmitter. It utilizes the channel information to build the beamforming matrices as pre-filters attransmitter to achieve link gain and capacity gain.When evolving to TD-LTE, dual polarized smart antenna can be used to substantially to improve the TD-LTE systemperformance by leveraging the “spatial” characteristics of the wireless channel. Dual polarized smart antenna with the

single-antenna port (port 5) can improve the power efficiency, and Dual polarized smart antenna with dual layertransmission (port 7 & port 8) can increase the effective date rate. So the dual polarized smart antenna is best choicefor TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE.

At the same time, when evolving to TD-LTE, many operators find it difficult to obtain new sites for TD-LTE basestations. Likewise, due to restrictions from authorities, zoning regulations, or concerns regarding RF exposure, it isoften difficult to add antennas to existing sites. However, co-site solutions enable operators to reuse existing equipment.The co-site solutions is used to signify the sharing of equipment between different systems at a given site, for example,the antenna, system, power and battery backup system, transmission, cooling, and shelters.This article solely discusses the co-site of antenna system for TD-LTE and TD-LTE with different frequency spectrum,TD-SCDMA, TD-LTE and GSM, TD-LTE and TD-LTE-A.

4.1 REQUIREMENT

TD-LTE system is being rolled out in some global operators’ network. Furthermore, TD-LTE has raised a great interestto more and more operators in the world. TD-LTE networks have being or will being rolled out by operators who ownGSM network or LTE FDD network simultaneously. It means that operators need co-site solutions for GSM900/GSM1800, TD-SCDMA (1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz), TD-LTE (2500-2690 MHz)/ TD-LTE-A in networkdeployment. In the text that follows, we take an investigation in co-site solutions of antenna system for

- TD-LTE and TD-LTE with different frequency spectrum- TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA- TD-LTE and GSM- TD-LTE and FDD-LTE- TD-LTE and TDD-LTE-A

Depending on the requirements, there is a way of co-site antenna systems solution for TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA. Thesimplest method is to share antenna for TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA, replacing existing TD-SCDMA 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz dual-polarized smart antenna with 1880-1920/2010-2025/2500-2690MHz dual-polarized smart antenna.China mobile received the 2500-2690 MHz spectrum for TD-LTE, which necessitated smart antenna co-site solutionsfor TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE. So, the China mobile developed 1880-1920/2010-2025/2500-2690 MHz dual-polarized




smart antenna which is referred to smart antenna. The smart antenna can be used to share the TD-SCDMA with new

TD-LTE system.Three co-site solutions of antenna system for TD-LTE/TD-SCDMA or TD-LTE/TD-LTE are

1. smart antenna sharing solution : smart antenna, filter combiner2. smart antenna sharing solution: smart antenna Integrated with filter combiner and Multi-

Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC)3. smart antenna sharing solution : independent Electrical Tilt smart antenna Integrated with filter combiner

and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC)The solution 1 shares smart antenna by filter combiner. Figure 4.1 shows smart antenna sharing solution 1. In thissolution, after replacing existing TD-SCDMA dual-polarized smart antenna with smart antenna, we should add filtercombiner and TD-LTE RRU to existing sites. We can find it is difficult to add filter combiner and TD-LTE RRU toexisting sites.In this case, in order to solve difficulty in the installation of filter combiner, we develop smart antenna Integrated with

filter combiner and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC). Existing TD-SCDMA dual-polarized smartantenna is replaced with smart antenna Integrated with filter combiner and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface(MCIC), this solution is called smart antenna sharing solution 2, and is shown as Figure 4.2.Since the antenna down-tilt angle and antenna direction is the same for TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA system in smartantenna solution 1 and solution 2, the antenna down-tilt angle can’t be adjusted independently which will affects thecell planning. So the smart antenna sharing solution 3 is designed, and FA/D independent Electrical Tilt smart antennaIntegrated with filter combiner and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC) is used in smart antenna sharingsolution 3, and is shown in Figure4.3.The down-tilt angle of TD-LTE and the down-tilt angle of TD-SCDMA can beadjusted independently from 2 degree to 12 degree.This three smart antenna sharing solutions are also be used in co-site solutions of antenna system for TD-LTE andTD-LTE with different frequency spectrum. For example, the frequency range of first TD-LTE system is 1880-1920/2010-2025, and the frequency range of another TD-LTE system is 2500-2690 MHz.

The three type smart antenna will be introduced in the following section.

1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8

d

-

cal

filter combiner

FAD smartantenna

TD-LTE BBU

Power Cable Optical fiber

TD-SCDMA(or TD-LTE) BBU

TD-SCDMA(orTD-LTE)

RRUTD-LTE RRU

Figure 4.1 smart antenna sharing solution 1






1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8

d

cal

Figure 4.4 schematic diagram of 4 columns 8 antenna elements dual polarizedsmart antenna (such as FAD frequency smart antenna)

Currently for TD-SCDMA, the frequency range of dual-polarized smart antenna is 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz. So, itsupper frequency U f is 2025 MHz and its lower frequency L f is 1880 MHz. The percentage of bandwidth is calculated

as follows:( )

( )%43.7%

2/100

bandwidthof percentage =+

−=

LU

LU

f f f f

The column spacing for TD-SCDMA dual-polarized smart antenna at the range of 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz isdesigned as 75mm, so the column spacing Ld at lower frequency L f is L

λ 47.0 in wavelength, and its column

spacing U d at upper frequency U f is U λ 5062.0 in wavelength.

Since the column spacing is an significant parameter for design of the dual polarized smart antenna, and a percentage

of bandwidth %43.7 is very low percentage of bandwidth for dual polarized smart antenna design, so it is easy todesign this column spacing for such a low percentage of bandwidth. But as the percentage of bandwidth increases, thedesign of column spacing will become difficult.For example, when the frequency range of FAD smart antenna is 1880-1920/2010-2025/2500-2690 MHz, its upper

frequency U f is 2690 MHz and its lower frequency L f is 1880 MHz. In this case, the percentage of bandwidth is

calculated as follows:

( )( )%45.35%

2/100 bandwidthof percentage =

+

−=

LU

LU

f f f f

A percentage of bandwidth %45.35 is very wide bandwidth parameter. And it has a strong relationship with columnspacing design. Typically, in multiple columns smart antenna application, the column spacing is approximately λ 5.0

or f c

5.0 . The choice of frequency f is very important to smart antenna performance. If we choose the U f f = ,

U U d λ 5.0=

L LU

L L

LU L f

f c f d

d λ λ λ 3494.05.0

===

So in this case, the column spacing Ld at lower frequency L f is Lλ 3494.0 in wavelength, when its column spacing

U d at upper frequency U f is U λ 5.0 in wavelength. Since column spacing of L

λ 3494.0 will lead mutual coupling




between columns to increase and the increased mutual coupling will lead to element beam broadened, and then

eventually lead to element gain decreased. So the physical column spacingU f c5.0 is not suitable.

When the physical column spacing of FAD smart antenna is designed as 75mm, the column spacing at lowerfrequency L f in wavelength is L

λ 47.0 , and its column spacing at upper frequency U f in wavelength is U λ 6725.0 .

The physical column spacing of FAD smart antenna is same with the column spacing of TD-SCDMA dual-polarizedsmart antenna in 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHzThe performance of FAD smart antenna in 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz is close to performance of TD-SCDMA dual-polarized smart antenna in 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz. And the performance of FAD smart antenna in 2500-2690MHz can meet the requirement of TD-LTE system. The detail performance parameters of FAD smart antenna aredefined as:

Table 4.1 Parameters of FAD smart antenna (example)

Number Category Parameter Value

1 FrequencyParameter Freqency Range MHz

1880-1920 F /2010-2025 A/2500-2690 D

2 StructureParameter

Path Number 8

2 Array Type linear array3 Polarization Type ±45°4 Column Number 45 Column Spacing mm 756

CircuitParameter

Electrical downtilt ° 6

7 Electrical downtilt Accuracy ° ±18 Input impedance ohm 509 Antenna Port VSWR ≤1.5

10 Isolation between same polarizationports(dB)

≥25

11 Isolation between cross-polarizationports(dB)

≥28

12 Maximum input power W ≥50

13

CalibrationParameter

Transmission loss from antenna elementport to calibration port (dB) -26±2

14Difference in transmission coefficient

between any 2 antenna element port tocalibration port in magnitude(dB)

≤0.5

15Difference in transmission coefficient

between any 2 antenna element port tocalibration port in phase(deg)

≤5

16 Calibraion port VSWR ≤1.5 17 Calibration port directional coupler (dB) ≥15

18 Active returnloss

Active return loss of antennaelement(Relative to 50 ohms

dB ≤-10

19Vertical beam

Vertical half-power beam width ° ≥7/≥6.5/≥5

20Upper side suppression(USLS) dB

dB ≤-16

21 Lower Null Fill dB dB ≥-2222 Element beam Gain dBi ≥14.5/≥15/≥16.5 23 Horizontal half-power beam width ° 100±15/90±15/65±15




24Horizontal gain attenuation at ±60°

dB -/-/-12±3

25 Horizontal FBR dB 23

26Horizontal pattern Cross-polarization

ratio on Axis dB ≥15


ratio In range of ±60degree dB ≥10

28

65 degreebroadcast beam

Gain dBi [note 1] ≥14.5/≥15/≥15

29 Horizontal half-power beam width ° 65±5

30Horizontal gain attenuation at ±60°

dB -12±3

31 Horizontal FBR dB 28


ratio on Axis dB ≥15


ratio In range of ±60degree dB ≥10

34Ripple in range of Horizontal half-power

beam width dB ≤2

35 0 degree scanbeam

Gain dBi ≥20.5/≥21/≥22.5

36 Horizontal half-power beam width ° ≤30/≤28/≤25 37 Horizontal FBR dB 28

38 Horizontal side lobe level dB ≤-12

39Difference of right and left Horizontal

side lobe level dB dB ≤2

40 Lightningprotection Lightning protection DC Ground

41 Mechanicalparameter

Connector Number 8 antenna connector + 1calibration connector

42 Connector Type N-50K43 Connector position Bottom

44 Mechanicaladjustment

Mechanical tilt (°) 0~+10

45 Mounting hardware (mm) 50~115

note 1 including + power divider loss - power loss due to weight amplitude(dB)




4.3 ANTENNA DESIGN: ANTENNA INTEGRATED COMBINER

In order to solve the difficulty in the installation of filter combiner, we develop FAD smart antenna Integrated with filtercombiner and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC). And it is referred to FA/D combined smart antenna.Figure 4.5 shows the schematic diagram of FA/D combined smart antenna.

d

-

filter combiner

FAD smart antennaIntegrated wit h

filter combiner and(MCIC)

MCICInterface

Figure 4.5 schematic diagram of FAD smart antenna Integrated with filter combiner

and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface (MCIC).One (1) filter combiner, and 4 MCIC interface are integrated to smart antenna. The physical column spacing of FA/D

combined smart antenna is 75mm, and 4 columns045± polarized antennas are vertically oriented, and are spaced at

a distance of 75mm, Antenna elements 1,2,3,4 are 045+ polarized, and antenna elements 5,6,7,8 are

045− polarized. Antenna 1-8 port and calibration port are connected to combined port of filter combiner.

filter combiner

MCICInterface

FC FC FC FC FC FC FC FC

1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8cal

FC

Combined port

2 path filtercombiner

5- coaxial MCICfor 2500-2690MHz

5- coaxial MCIC for1880-1920/2010-

2025MHz


2025MHz


Figure 4.6 schematic diagram of filter combiner and MCIC interface

Figure 4-6 shows schematic diagram of filter combiner and MCIC interface. This filter combiner is composed of 9 twopath filter combiner. Every little 2 path filter combiner has two filter branches connected to a common combined port.One filter branch is designed to 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz; another filter branch is designed to support the range of2500-2690 MHz. The little 2 path filter combiner enables signals from each filter branch to be combined on the

common combined port and avoid signals from one filter branch leaking into another filter branch. The little filtercombiner also allows a combined signal that has been inserted the common combined port to be separated into itscomponents on the separated filter branches. The general characteristics of filter combiners are low loss and excellentisolation between branches.




The MCIC interface is used in FA/D combined smart antenna design, 1 5- coaxial MCIC connector and 1 4-coaxial

MCIC connector are designed for TD-SCDMA 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz system. Meanwhile, another 1 5- coaxialMCIC connector and 1 4-coaxial MCIC connector are designed for TD-LTE 2500-2690 MHz system.

4.4 ANTENNA DESIGN: INDEPENDENT RET

In order to solve the difficulty in cell planning for FA/D combined smart antenna , we develop FA/D independentElectrical Tilt smart antenna Integrated with filter combiner and Multi-Coaxial Incorporative Cable Interface(MCIC).which is referred to FA/D independent electrical tilt smart antenna. Figure 4.7 shows schematic diagram ofFA/D independent Electrical Tilt smart antenna.

-

FA/D independentElectrical Tilt smart

antenna Integrated withfilter combiner and

(MCIC)

Ph

ase

Shi

fter

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FCFC

Phase

Shi

fter

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FCFC

Phase

Shi

fter

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FCFC

Ph

ase

Shi

fter

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FC

FCFC

d

FC is 2 pathfilter combiner


2025MHz


2025MHz5- coaxial MCICfor 2500-2690MHz


Figure 4.7 schematic diagram of FA/D independent Electrical Tilt smart antenna

Integrated with filter combiner and MCICThe physical column spacing for FA/D independent Electrical Tilt smart antenna is 75mm, and 4 columns

045± polarized antennas are vertically oriented, and are spaced at a distance 75mm,.Antenna elements 1,2,3,4 are045+ polarized, and antenna elements 5,6,7,8 are 045− polarized. Each polarized (-45 or +45) dipole is integrated

with 2 path filter combiner. Each polarized (-45 or +45) dipole is connected to the common combined port of 2 pathfilter combiner. The two filter branches of 2 path filter combiner are independent connect to the FA (1880-1920/2010-2025) phase shifter and D (2500-2690 MHz) phase shifter.The MCIC interface is used in FA/D independent Electrical Tilt smart antenna design, 1 5- coaxial MCIC connectorand 1 4-coaxial MCIC connector are designed for TD-SCDMA 1880-1920/2010-2025 MHz system, and they areconnected to the FA phase shifter. Meanwhile, another 1 5- coaxial MCIC connector and 1 4-coaxial MCIC connectorare designed for TD-LTE 2500-2690 MHz system, and they are connected to the D phase shifter.

4.5 TDD 3G/4G CO-SITE

In recent years, CMCC has been preparing to deploy a 4G TD-LTE network. There will be many challenges andopportunities to deploy 3G\4G co-site networks. In China, the TD-SCDMA network based on BMA antenna hasarranged more than 13,700 pcs (estimated value), running for more than 2 years, and come out good results afterstood on sun, wind, rain, salt spray, high and low temperature and other environmental challenges outside the field.These huge resources push CMCC to offer better antenna solutions to resolve this big challenge.




4.5.1 Solutions

For 3G\4G co-site deployment, TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA co-antenna should be required in most scenarios. However, itis not easy to find sufficient antenna resources for 4G deployment. Fortunately, there are many benefits to deploy3G\4G co-location networks:

Co-location deployment is convenient for unified capacity and coverage planning.

Saves TCO (by sharing of site, peripherals, BBU, CN, etc).

Easy for engineering and maintenance

Easy for co-antenna as 3G TD-SCDMA also adopts 8-path antennasBefore 4G deployment, 3G TD-SCDMA wireless networks have been built in A band (2010-2025 MHz) and F band(1880-1920 MHz). D band (2570-2620 MHz) TD-LTE is introduced for outdoor co-site deployment.Here are two solutions for TDD 3G/4G co- antenna:(1) One is FAD Antenna solution with a built-in combiner. In this solution, the combiner is built in the antenna.(2) The other is Band D RRU solution with a built-in combiner. In this solution, the combiner is out of the antenna, andbuilt in the RRU.There are two kinds of TD-LTE co-antenna options, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 4.1 TD-LTE co-antenna optionsBoth solutions have pros and cons. In the early stage, we adopt the built-in RRU combiner solution. However, as theantenna technology becomes more and more mature, the built-in antenna combiner solution is more attractive and allof antenna vendors claim that they can fully support this technology. Due to easy maintenance, when one RRU isunder maintenance, the services on other RRUs can still run normally without any interruption.




Table 4-1 Pros and Cons Between Two Co-antenna Solutions

Band D RRU With a

Built-in Combiner

FAD Antenna With a

Built-in combiner Comparison Conclusion

Volume/Weight

Volume: increases by

1.5L~2.5L;

Weight: increases 1.5-2.5

kg

Volume: increases by

1.5L~2.5L;

Weight: increases by

1.5~2.5 kg

Same

Cost Increases 400-500 RMB Increases 400-500 RMB Same

Reliability Little effect on BS reliability Little effect on BS reliability Same

Maintenance

High coupling;

Maintenance of Band D

RRUs will affect Band AF

RRUs.

Low coupling;

Maintenance of any RRU

will not affect others.

The second one makes

operation and maintenance

more convenient and

reduces downtime.

Product

Support

RRUs need to be tailored,

which goes against the

commonality of TD-LTE

products.

Supported by antenna

vendors;

No impact on TD-LTE

globalization

The second solution will not

impact TD-LTE

globalization.

In a word, we recommend the built-in antenna combiner solution.

4.5.2 Simulation

Many infrastructure vendors have carried out simulation tests in 3G/4G co-site scenarios, and the test results showgood performance and compliance with the real field test. Our simulation is shown as follows.RSRP and CINR in one cell represent the coverage performance. That is, in one cell, we may receive different signalquality in different points. CINR will show different signal quality you may get from a near point to a far point accordingto the location of the base station.Throughput shows the capacity performance in one cell, including average spectral efficiency and edge spectralefficiency.

As shown in the following tables, the performance including RSRP, CINR distribution shows that the results are quitenormal and similar to the independent antenna simulation result. And the throughput with co-antenna solution is justaround the normal average throughput value, with little affected. In a word, there is little difference in capacity andcoverage performance whether co-antenna or non co-antenna solution is adopted.

Table 4-2 TDD 3G/4G Co-site Simulation Result - RSRP




Value

X < -110 20.81%-110 <= X < -105 25.86%-105 <= X < -100 23.16%-100 <= X < -95 6.19%

-95 <= X << +INF 23.14%

Table 4-3 TDD 3G/4G Co-site Simulation Result -CINR

Value

-INF << X < -2 24.24%-2 <= X < 0 24.13%0 <= X < 5 37.40%

5 <= X < 10 11.94%10 <= X < 15 1.35%

15 <= X << +INF 0.21%

Table 4-4 TDD 3G/4G Co-site Simulation Result -Throughput

LOAD=50%UL\DL Average Throughput ( Mbps) Edge Throughput ( Mbps)

DL 7.85106 0.455112UL 2.40136 0.14072

Here are some co-antenna scenarios. Take TD-SCDMA/TD-LTE co-antenna for example. The results include 3different scenarios:

(1) Optimized for TDS

(2) Optimized for TDL

(3) Trade-off between TDL and TDSThere are some antenna parameters to be optimized for TD-LTE or TD-SCDMA coverage and capacity, includingdown tilt angle, transmit power, heights of antenna, etc.The results are shown in the following tables.

Table 4-5 TDD 3G/4G Co-site in Different Scenarios -CINR

Value Optimized forTD-L

Optimized for TD-S

Trade-off

-INF << X < -2 12.45% 15.39% 13.03%-2 <= X < 0 13.83% 17.21% 14.94%0 <= X < 5 32.24% 34.98% 34.50%5 <= X < 10 22.48% 20.55% 22.51%10 <= X < 15 13.28% 8.75% 11.20%15 <= X << +INF 5.72% 3.12% 3.82%






electrical specification. It should be noted that co-axial layout with large frequency interval, such as 900 MHz and 1800

MHz, is not suitable for this solution because wide dimension will increase conspicuously.Solution 3 is stacked design, in which dual band dual-polarized antenna for 800/900 MHz and 1800/2100 MHz will beadded to the top of the TDD antenna. Because isolation of stacked layout in longitude dimension is better than that ofside-by-side solution, implementation of solution 3 is the easiest among these solutions. But there is the leastconvenience for large size.

Solution 1A Solution 1B

Solution 2 Solution 3Figure 4.9 Array layout of 8 path antenna for co-site solution

i. CollusionSolution 1A Solution 1B Solution 2 Solution 3

Frequencyexpedition

Easy, not supportlow band

Easy, not supportlow band

Easy, notrecommend forlow frequency

Easy

Electricalspecification

difficult difficult moderate easy

Beam control hard hard Easy EasyMutual coupling Great Great General LessSize Compact Compact Moderate Extraordinary long




4.7 ANTENNA PRODUCTS

4.7.1 Side-by-side layout

Here is datasheet of an example of TD/GSM dual band antenna

Figure 4.10 Port definition of TD/GSM dual band antenna

Table 4.9 Basic information of TD/GSM dual band antennaFrequency (MHz) TD: 1880~1920/2010~2025/2300~2400

GSM: 824~960/1710~2170Pre-set downtilt TD: 6° GSM: 0~15°/0~8°Polarization ±45°Number of units in column TD (2×4)+GSM(2×2)Distance of unit (mm) 65Distance between adjacent ports (mm) ≥50

Range of mechanical downtilt -5°~+10°Size of antenna (mm) 1400×550×145Size of package (mm) 1440×650×250Weight of antenna (Kg) 22Weight of Package (Kg) 4Weight of antenna with package (Kg) 29

Here is datasheet of TD/GSM antenna

Figure 4.11 Port definition of TD/GSM antenna

Table 4.10 Basic information of TD/GSM antennaFrequency (MHz) TD: 1880~1920/2010~2025/2300~2400

GSM: 1710~2170Pre-set downtilt TD: 6° GSM: 2~12°Polarization ±45°Number of units in column TD (2×4)+GSM(2×1)Distance of unit (mm) 65

Distance between adjacent ports (mm) ≥50 Range of mechanical downtilt -5°~+10°Size of antenna (mm) 1400×550×145Size of package (mm) 1440×650×250Weight of antenna (Kg) 22




Weight of Package (Kg) 4

Weight of antenna with package (Kg) 29

4.8 LAB TEST

The Measurements of above antenna are listed as below. Table 4.11 to 4.13 is for TD/GSM dual band antenna, andTable 4.14 to 4.16 is for TD/GSM antenna.

Table 4.11 Isolation of TD antenna (dB)Same polarization Different polarization

Iso(dB)

F (MHz) S12 S23 S34 S56 S67 S78 S15 S26 S37 S481880 -38.6 -42.9 -36.7 -47.8 -39.8 -52.5 -30.7 -32.2 -33.9 -36.81900 -42.5 -44 -42.4 -43.6 -38.4 -50.1 -29.3 -30.8 -30.0 -33.3

1920 -42.0 -46.7 -48.7 -44.3 -39.5 -44.1 -31.7 -32.5 -31.4 -33.12010 -42.7 -34.8 -42.5 -36.3 -42.4 -39.8 -30.8 -30.3 -28.8 -29.92018 -44.5 -35 -42 -36.9 -42.7 -39.5 -31.7 -30.2 -28.8 -29.52025 -47.2 -35.4 -41.5 -37.3 -43.4 -39.4 -37.9 -30.2 -28.6 -29.92300 -40.7 -47.8 -41.3 -50.0 -41.6 -45 -36.0 -33.2 -35.6 -34.42350 -43.3 -45.5 -43.5 -45.4 -49 -45.2 -30.9 -33.9 -32.3 -32.52400 -40.3 -47.7 -44.2 -45.6 -46.3 -42.8 -36.7 -38.7 -40.5 -36.8

Table 4.12 Isolation of GSM antennaDowntilt (deg) Frequency (MHz) Iso (dB)

T 0 824~960 -32.8T 5 824~960 -32.0T10 824~960 -33.6T15 824~960 -39.2T 0 1710~2170 -37.4T 4 1710~2170 -32.8T 8 1710~2170 -37.9

Table 4.13 Isolation of TD and GSM antenna for port 4 (dB)Same polarization Different polarization

Iso(dB)

F (MHz) 824~960 1710~2170 824~960 1710~21701880 36.7 38.4 35.9 36.81900 36.5 37.4 36.4 37.4

1920 36.1 37.3 36.7 39.12010 37.0 36.5 36.5 36.72018 37.1 37.2 36.9 38.32025 36.7 35.9 36.1 37.62300 36.6 39.1 35.7 35.92350 38.1 38.4 37.3 37.22400 38.5 38.8 38.1 37.1824 36.9 / 37.4 /892 38.0 / 37.1 /960 37.7 / 36.9 /

1710 / 37.6 / 38.9

1940 / 36.8 / 37.52170 / 38.4 / 36.1




Table 4.14 Isolation of TD antenna (dB)

Same polarization Different polarization

Iso(dB)

F (MHz) S12 S23 S34 S56 S67 S78 S15 S26 S37 S481880 -38.6 -42.9 -36.7 -47.8 -39.8 -52.5 -30.7 -32.2 -33.9 -36.81900 -42.5 -44.0 -42.4 -43.6 -38.4 -50.1 -29.3 -30.8 -30.0 -33.31920 -42.0 -46.7 -48.7 -44.3 -39.5 -44.1 -31.7 -32.5 -31.4 -33.12010 -42.7 -34.8 -42.5 -36.3 -42.4 -39.8 -30.8 -30.3 -28.8 -29.92018 -44.5 -35.0 -42.0 -36.9 -42.7 -39.5 -31.7 -30.2 -28.8 -29.52025 -47.2 -35.4 -41.5 -37.3 -43.4 -39.4 -37.9 -30.2 -28.6 -29.92300 -40.8 -47.8 -41.3 -50.0 -41.6 -45.0 -36.00 -33.2 -35.6 -34.42350 -43.3 -45.5 -43.5 -45.4 -49 -45.2 -30.85 -33.9 -32.3 -32.52400 -40.3 -47.7 -44.2 -45.6 -46.3 -42.8 -36.71 -38.7 -40.5 -36.8

Table 4.15 Isolation of GSM antennaDowntilt (deg) Frequency (MHz) Iso (dB)

T 0 1710~2170 -31.4T 4 1710~2170 -33.1T 8 1710~2170 -30.2

Table 4.16 Isolation of TD and GSM antenna for port 4 (dB)Same polarization Different polarization

Iso(dB)

F (MHz) 1710~2170 1710~21701880 39.4 37.81900 36.4 38.4

1920 38.3 39.12010 38.5 36.72018 37.2 39.32025 35.9 37.62300 38.1 36.92350 38.4 37.72400 38.8 37.61710 36.6 38.51940 36.8 38.52170 38.4 37.1

4.9 KEY ANTENNA PARAMETERS

The parameters of FA/D combined smart antenna are shown Table 4.17 as example.Table 4.17 Parameters of FA/D combined smart antenna

Number Category Parameter Value

1 FrequencyParameter Frequency Range MHz 1880-1920/2010-

2025 2500-2690

2 StructureParameter

Path Number 8 8

2 Array Type linear array linear array3 Polarization Type ±45° ±45°

4 Column Number 4 45 Column Spacing mm 75 756 Circuit

ParameterElectrical downtilt ° 6 6

7Electrical downtilt Accuracy

° ±1 ±1




8 Input impedance ohm 50 50

9 Antenna Port VSWR ≤1.5 ≤1.5 10 Isolation between same

polarization ports(dB)≥25 ≥25

11 Isolation between cross-polarization ports(dB) ≥28 ≥28

12 Maximum input power W ≥50 ≥50

13

CalibrationParameter

Transmission loss fromantenna element port to

calibration port (dB)-26±2 -26±2

14

Difference in transmissioncoefficient between any 2antenna element port to

calibration port inmagnitude(dB)

≤0.5 ≤0.5

15

Difference in transmissioncoefficient between any 2antenna element port to

calibration port in phase(deg)

≤5 ≤5

16 Calibraion port VSWR ≤1.5 ≤1.5

17 Calibration port directionalcoupler (dB)

≥15 ≥15

18 Active returnloss

Active return loss of antennaelement(Relative to 50 ohms

dB ≤-10 ≤-10

19 Vertical beam Vertical half-power beam width° ≥7/≥6.5 ≥5

20Upper side suppression(USLS)

dB dB ≤-16≤-16(2~7)≤-14(8~12)

21 Lower Null Fill dB dB ≥-22 ≥-2222

Element beam

Gain dBi ≥14/≥14.5 ≥16.5

23Horizontal half-power beam

width ° 100±15/90±15 65±15

24Horizontal gain attenuation at

±60° dB -/- -12±3

25 Horizontal FBR dB 23 23

26

Horizontal pattern Cross-

polarization ratio on AxisdB

≥15 ≥15

27Horizontal pattern Cross-

polarization ratio In range of±60degree dB

≥10 ≥10

28 65 degreebroadcast

beam

Gain dBi [not e 1] ≥14/≥14.5 ≥16


width ° 65±5 65±5

30Horizontal gain attenuation at

±60° dB -12±3 -12±3


32Horizontal pattern Cross-

polarization ratio on AxisdB

≥15 ≥15




33

Horizontal pattern Cross-

polarization ratio In range of±60degree dB ≥10 ≥10

34Ripple in range of Horizontalhalf-power beam width dB

≤2 ≤2

35

0 degree scanbeam

Gain dBi ≥20/≥20.5 ≥21


width ° ≤30/≤28 ≤25


38Horizontal side lobe level

dB ≤-12 ≤-12

39Difference of right and leftHorizontal side lobe level

dB dB ≤2 ≤2

40 Lightningprotection Lightning protection DC Ground DC Ground

41 Mechanicalparameter

Connector Number 2( 1 4- core and 1 5-core)

2( 1 4- core and 15-core)

42 Connector Type MCIC MCIC43 Connector position Bottom Bottom44 Filter combiner Band suppression(dB) ≥32 ≥32 45 insertion loss(dB) ≤0.4/≤0.4 ≤0.5

46 Mechanical

adjustmentMechanical tilt (°) 0~+10

47 Mounting hardware (mm) 50~115note 1 including + power divider loss - power loss due to weight amplitude(dB)

4.10 TRIALS

As co-antenna technology is implemented in 3G\4G co-site scenarios, we have carried out trials to demonstrate thatco-antenna is a good choice with little performance loss. Furthermore, this technology brings many advantages suchas less cost, easier installation, etc.Take the test project located in Tianhe District, Guangzhou in CMCC’s trial network by ZTE’s equipment as example.The test environment is characterized by dense population in CBDs with heavy traffic. The following figure shows the

test route map.




Figure5. 4-4 Test Route Map

Before the test, we make assumptions and conditions. We take a contrast test between the co-antenna solutions andbroadband independent-antenna solutions. Both base stations and antennas are installed under the same conditionsto ensure our contrast test more meaningful. The test includes antennas of 61m high, down tilt angle of 6 degree,

UL\DL ratio of 2:2.

Under these conditions, we get the TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA performance results for two solutions. As shown in Figure 4.1 and 4.2, it is clear that the TD-LTE performance with the co-antenna solution is quite similar tothat with the independent antenna solution. These performance parameters such as TD-LTE throughput, BLER, RSRP,SINR are taken into account. The results fully prove that there is little difference in performance whether the co-antenna solution or the non co-antenna solution is adopted. This co-antenna technology is highly recommended.

Figure 4.1 TD-LTE Test Result with Co-antenna Solution




Figure 4.2 TD-LTE Test Result With Independent Antenna Solution

Another field test result shows that with co-antenna solution, the existing TD-SCDMA wireless performance is notaffected. These parameters including TD-S throughput, BLER, RSRP, SINR are quite the same.

Figure 4.3 TD-S Test Result with Co-antenna Solution



Figure 4.4 TD-S Test Result with Independent Antenna Solution

In conclusion, the trials test result shows that TD-LTE and TD-SCDMA performance with the co-antenna solution isquite similar to that with the independent antenna solution.

5 REFERENCES[1] MIMO and Smart Antennas for 3G and 4G Wireless Systems; Practical Aspects and DeploymentConsiderations; 3G Americas May 2010[2] ITU-R, M.2134, Requirements related to technical performance for IMT-Advanced radio interface(s)[3] ITU-R, M.2135, Guidelines for evaluation of radio interface technologies for IMT advanced.[4] 3GPP TS 36.213, v10.0.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer procedures.

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