11

WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIFIJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIFSMALL DAMS ORGANIZATIONSMALL DAMS ORGANIZATION

ISLAMABADISLAMABAD

22

33

44

INDUS INDUS RIVER RIVER BASIN BASIN FROM FROM SPACESPACE

55

WATER RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Water Resources Management is the integrating Water Resources Management is the integrating concept for a number of water sub-sectors concept for a number of water sub-sectors hydropowerhydropower water supply and sanitationwater supply and sanitation irrigation and drainageirrigation and drainage environment. environment.

An integrated water resources perspective An integrated water resources perspective ensures that social, economic, environmental ensures that social, economic, environmental and technical dimensions are taken into account and technical dimensions are taken into account in the management and development of water in the management and development of water resources.resources.

66

OVERVIEW

Pakistan is one of the world’s most arid countries, with an average rainfall of under 240 mm a year. The population and the economy are heavily dependent on an annual influx into the Indus river system (including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion cubic meters of water, that emanates from the neighboring countries and is mostly derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas

77

The balance between population The balance between population and available water already makes and available water already makes Pakistan one of the most water Pakistan one of the most water stressed countries of the worldstressed countries of the world

with rapid population growth it will with rapid population growth it will soon enter a condition of absolute soon enter a condition of absolute water scarcitywater scarcity

OVERVIEW-2

88

99

DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF WATER IN PAKISTAN

(Cu

bic

Met

ers

Per

Cap

ita

Per

Yea

r)

1010

WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTANOF PAKISTAN

Rain fallRain fall

GlacierGlacier

Ground waterGround water

1111

RAINFALLRAINFALLPakistan lies in an arid and Pakistan lies in an arid and semi arid climate zone semi arid climate zoneSources of rainfall Sources of rainfall MonsoonMonsoon Western disturbancesWestern disturbances

Mean Annual rainfallMean Annual rainfall Lower Indus Plain < 100 mmLower Indus Plain < 100 mm Upper Indus Plain > 750 mmUpper Indus Plain > 750 mm

Average seasonal rainfall Average seasonal rainfall Kharif = 212 mmKharif = 212 mm Rabi = 53 mmRabi = 53 mm

1212

10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99) 10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99) RAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIESRAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIES

1313

GLACIERGLACIER

Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of the largest glacier in the world outside the polar the largest glacier in the world outside the polar region.region.Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut 2250 Km2250 Km22 and accounts about 80% of summer and accounts about 80% of summer runoff in river. runoff in river. Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush and starts rising approximately a month earlier and starts rising approximately a month earlier than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of late Rabi and early Kharif crops. late Rabi and early Kharif crops. Snow melt account for more than 50% of the Snow melt account for more than 50% of the flow in Jhelum River. flow in Jhelum River.

1414

SURFACE WATER ACCOUNTSURFACE WATER ACCOUNT

Average annual volume of water Average annual volume of water from rainfall and snow meltfrom rainfall and snow melt

154.00 154.00

From Western RiversFrom Western Rivers 144.91144.91

From Eastern RiversFrom Eastern Rivers 9.149.14

Diversion for irrigationDiversion for irrigation 104.73104.73

Flow to seeFlow to see 39.4039.40

System lossesSystem losses 9.909.90

MAF

1515

DETAIL OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY

River Average annual flow (1922-61)

Average annual flow (1985-95)

Average annual flow (2001-02)

Indus 93 62.7 48.0

Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85

Chenab 26 27.5 12.38

Ravi 7 5.0 1.47

Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02

Kabul 26 23.4 18.9

Total 189 148.8 92.62

MAF

1616

SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND CONSUMPTIONSAND CONSUMPTIONS

  

1717

Ground WaterGround Water

Total Groundwater Potential =Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF 55 MAF

Groundwater Abstraction =Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF 41.5 MAF

PunjabPunjab (81 % abstraction)(81 % abstraction) 80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline

SindSind (12 % abstraction)(12 % abstraction) 23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline

NWFPNWFP (5 % Abstraction)(5 % Abstraction)

BalochistanBalochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)(1.2 % Abstraction)

1818

GROWTH IN USE OF GROWTH IN USE OF TUBEWELLSTUBEWELLS

1919

GROWING ROLE OF GROWING ROLE OF GROUNWATER IRRIGATION GROUNWATER IRRIGATION

2020

DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

Description Average annual

withdrawals (MAF)

Under Colonial Rule (1850 – 1947)

67

Post independence development (1947-60)

85

Indus Water Treaty 1960 108~105

2121

INDUS WATER TREATY 1960

2222

INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960

SALIENT FEATURES

All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas and Sutlej allocated to India.

All waters of western rivers namely Indus, Jhelum and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except some specified uses in occupied Kashmir.

Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern river canals from the western rivers by constructing suitable replacement works.

Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.

2323

SALIENT FEATURES

Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to inform the other party at least six months in advance and supply necessary details to enable the other party to satisfy itself that the proposed work does not adversely affect the other party.

Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations any problem arising thereof.

Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes outlined.

Differences and disputes first to be resolved by negotiations by the permanent Indus commission failing which procedure for settling such

INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960

2424

INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

DAMS

i) Terbela on River Indus.

ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum

NEW BARRAGES

i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus

ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum

iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab

iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab

v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi

vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej

2525

NEW LINK CANALS

i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)

ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)

iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)

iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin (Q-B Link)

v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)

vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)

vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)

OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.

i) Trimmu Barrage

ii) Balloki Barrage

INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

2626

KEY WATER INFORMATIONKEY WATER INFORMATION

No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Satluj)

No. of major reservoirs 3

No. of barrages / HW / Syphons 23

No. of main canal system 45

No. of interlink canals 12

Length of canals 60800 Km

Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km

Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF

Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF

No. of tubewells >550,000

Irrigated area 36 Million Acres

Average escapage to the sea 39.4 MAF

2727

ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND ESCAPAGES TO THE SEAESCAPAGES TO THE SEA

2828

STORAGE PER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT SEMI ARID COUNTRIES

2929

INDUS INDUS RIVER RIVER BASINBASIN

3030

INDUS BASIN INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION IRRIGATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

3131

LARGE LARGE DAM IN DAM IN

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

3232

SALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAMSALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAM

Dam typeDam type Earth fillEarth fill

HeightHeight 380 ft (above riverbed)380 ft (above riverbed)

LengthLength 10,300 feet10,300 feet

Lake AreaLake Area 97.70 Sq. Miles97.70 Sq. Miles

Catchment AreaCatchment Area 12,870 Sq. Miles12,870 Sq. Miles

Gross Storage CapacityGross Storage Capacity 5.88 MAF5.88 MAF

Live storage capacityLive storage capacity 5.34 MAF5.34 MAF

Main spillway capacityMain spillway capacity 1.01 Million Cusecs1.01 Million Cusecs

Year of completionYear of completion 19671967

Hydropower generationHydropower generation 1000 MW1000 MW

3333

RAISING OF MANGLA DAMRAISING OF MANGLA DAM

The capacity of Mangla Dam has The capacity of Mangla Dam has been reduced by 19.22 % due to been reduced by 19.22 % due to silting silting Raising of Mangla Dam is in Raising of Mangla Dam is in progress, main features are: -progress, main features are: - Increase in height Increase in height == 40 feet40 feet Additional storageAdditional storage == 3.1 MAF3.1 MAF Additional powerAdditional power == 1000 GWh1000 GWh

3434

SALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAMSALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAM

Dam type Earth and rockfill

Height 485 ft (above riverbed)

Reservoir Area 95 Sq. Miles

Gross storage capacity

11.62 MAF

Live storage capacity

9.7 MAF

Main spillway capacity

6.5 Million Cusecs

Year of completion 1977

Power generation 3,478 MW

3535

3636

STORAGE LOSS IN EXISTING RESERVOIRS

Dam Dam

Designed Designed Live Live

Storage Storage (MAF)(MAF)

Existing Existing Live Live

Storage Storage (MAF)(MAF)

PercentaPercentage Lossge Loss

TarbelaTarbela 9.79.7 7.27.2 -26%-26%

ManglaMangla 5.3 / 4.755.3 / 4.75 4.54.5 -15%-15%

ChashmaChashma 0.90.9 0.40.4 -55%-55%

TotalTotal 15.915.9 12.112.1 -25%-25%

3737

WATER ACCORD 1991

3838

Existing uses of provinces remain untouched

and protected.

N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are

provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.

Need for additional storages on the Indus and other rivers

admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural

development.

Need for minimum escapages to sea below Kotri to check sea

intrusion recognized. Further studies desired to establish

minimal escapage needs below Kotri.

SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

3939

No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water resources of Indus tributaries flowing through its area.

Need for establishing Indus river authority for implementation of the accord recognized and accepted.

IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to have representation from the four provinces.

Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of the accord

Provinces are free to under take new projects within their agreed shares.

Within their allocations provinces may modify uses both system wise and period wise.

SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

4040

APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991

PROVINCESPROVINCES KHARIFKHARIF RABIRABI TOTALTOTAL

PUNJABPUNJAB 37.0737.07 18.8718.87 55.9455.94

SINDH*SINDH* 33.9433.94 14.8214.82 48.7648.76

N.W.F.P (a)N.W.F.P (a) 3.483.48 2.302.30 5.785.78

CIVIL CANALS (b)**CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.801.80 1.201.20 3.003.00

BALUCHISTANBALUCHISTAN 2.852.85 1.021.02 3.873.87

TOTALTOTAL 77.3477.34 37.0137.01 114.35114.35

CIVIL CANALS (b)**CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.801.80 1.201.20 3.003.00

* INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR

METROPOLITAN KARACHI.

** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.

BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES

AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:

PUNJAB SINDH N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN TOTAL: 37% 37% 14% 12% 100%

(MAF)

4141

SHARING PROCEDURE PARA (14) OF ACCORD.

14(a) The System Wise Allocations will be worked out separately on ten daily basis and will be attached

with this agreement as part and parcel of it.

14(b) The record of actual Average System uses for the period 1977-82 would form the guide line for developing a future regulation pattern. These ten daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to

correspond to indicated seasonal allocations of the different canal systems and would form

the basis for sharing shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis.

4242

APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS (PROMISE AND PROSPECTS) (PROMISE AND PROSPECTS)

– AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991– AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991

MAIN FEATURES

Existing uses of all provinces to be protected.

Allocations to different canal systems to

be worked out separately on the basis of

ten daily uses. These uses to help

determine sharing of shortages and

surpluses

4343

WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991 SHARING PROCEDURE1991 SHARING PROCEDURE

Sindh holds that the available river supply

should be shared between Punjab and Sindh on

the basis of para (2) accord allocations reflected

in para 14(a) of the accord.

Punjab emphasizes that the relevant clause for

sharing of available river supply is para 14 (b) of

the accord, which envisages sharing of

shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis

on the basis of average system uses 1978-82.

4444

SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS PER WATER ACCORD 1991PER WATER ACCORD 1991

ProvinceProvince Kharif Kharif (MAF)(MAF)

Rabi Rabi (MAF)(MAF)

Total Total (MAF)(MAF)

PunjabPunjab 37.0737.07 18.8718.87 55.9455.94

SindhSindh 33.9433.94 14.8214.82 48.7648.76

NWFPNWFP 05.2805.28 03.5003.50 08.7808.78

BalochistanBalochistan 02.8502.85 01.0201.02 03.8703.87

Total Total 77.3477.34 37.0137.01 114.35114.35

4545

Comprises Five Members. One from each

Province and one from Federal Government.

First Chairman Member Balochistan followed by

NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Federal.

Term of Office

Chairman One Year

Member Three Years

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY

4646

Decisions taken by majority votes.

In case of equality of votes,

chairman exercises casting vote.

Aggrieved party to approach

Council of Common Interest for

redressal.

DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA

4747

WATER MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE

IRSA prepares theIRSA prepares the Forecast of Water Availability Forecast of Water Availability for Kharif and Rabi crops for Kharif and Rabi crops

Based on water availability Forecast IRSA Based on water availability Forecast IRSA determines Provincial shares according to Water determines Provincial shares according to Water Accord Provisions.Accord Provisions.

Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution Programme based on its share in consultation Programme based on its share in consultation with Punjab Agriculture Department. with Punjab Agriculture Department.

If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational Programme of operation of channels is prepared Programme of operation of channels is prepared and implemented by the field formations. and implemented by the field formations.

4848

PRESENT PROJECTS

4949

The Pakistan Water Strategy and WAPDA’s Vision 2025 have reviewed likely future demands and the implied requirements for storage. If no new storage is built, canaldiversions will remain stagnant at about 104 MAF and the shortfall will increase by about 12% over the next decade. The Pakistan Water Strategy calculates that Pakistan needs to raise storage capacity by 18 MAF (6 MAF for replacement of storage lost to siltation and 12 MAF of new storage) by 2025 in order to meet the projected requirements of 134 MAF.

PAKISTAN WATER STRATEGY AND WAPDA’S VISION 2025

5050

RAISING OF MANGLA DAM PROJECT

LocationAt Mangla Azad Jummu and Kashmir and District Jhelum (Punjab)

Dam TypeLengthHeight

Dam Earth and Rockfill 11200 Ft.420 Ft.

Canal Length 0 Miles

Canal Capacity 0

Storage 2.9 MAF Power 772 KW Cost 1025 Million US($) Con. Period 6 Years

Status Rs.8000 Million has been arranged by WAPDA, through SUKUK Bonds.

Implementation International Competitive Bidding (ICB)

River Jhelum

5151

SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT

LocationAbout 2 miles (3km) upstream of Sabakzai

village Zhob Distt. Bulochistan

Dam TypeLengthHeight

Dam Earth Fill Zoned Embankment 1300 Ft.98.42 Ft.

Canal Capacity 3284

Storage 25046 AF

Area To Benefit 25000 Acres

Power 100 KW Cost 19 Million US($)

Con. Period 3 Years

Status Feasibility complete. PC-I Sumitted.

River Sawar Rud Tributry Zhob

5252

SATPARA DAM PROJECT

LocationAbout 3.74 Miles 6 KM South of Skardu. FANA

Dam TypeLengthHeight

Dam Earthfill 560 Ft.128 Ft.

Canal Length 24.5 Miles

Canal Capacity 170

Storage 0.05 MAF

Area To Benefit 15536 Acres

Power 12.7 KW

Cost 36 Million US($)

Con. Period 4.25 Years

Status Construction in progress.

River Satpara Stream

5353

MIRANI DAM PROJECT

LocationIn the Dasht River Basin about 30 miles (48 km) West of Turbat Town in Makran Divn of Bulochistan.

Dam TypeLengthHeight

Dam Concrete Faced Rock Fill 335 Ft.127 Ft.

Canal Capacity

377

Storage 0.3 MAF

Area To Benefit

33200 Acres

Cost 101 Million US($)

Con. Period 4 Years

Status Under Construction on EPC/Turnkey Basis

River Dasht

5454

FUTURE PROJECTS

5555

INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES

5656

KALABAGH DAM

Dam Height 260 Ft.

Storage 6.18 MAF

River INDUS

5757

BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT

LocationAbout 200 miles(320 km) upstream of Tarbela Dam.

Dam TypeLengthHeight

Dam Roller Compacted concrete 3402 Ft.909 Ft.

Canal Length 0 Miles

Canal Capacity 0

5858

SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

5959

SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY

6060

6161

WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN POTOHAR

PLATEAU OF PUNJAB PROVINCE

6262

KEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAUKEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAU

LOCATIONLOCATION RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI. JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI. ATTOCK AND ISLAMABADATTOCK AND ISLAMABAD

AREAAREA 22000 Sq.Km22000 Sq.Km

No. OF VILLAGESNo. OF VILLAGES 26002600

POPULATIONPOPULATION 4.2 MILLION4.2 MILLION

ANNUAL RAINFALLANNUAL RAINFALL 400 TO 1400 MM400 TO 1400 MM

TOPOGRAPHYTOPOGRAPHY UNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPESUNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPES

MAIN RIVERSMAIN RIVERS INDUS & JHELUMINDUS & JHELUM

6363

STATISTICS

Description Punjab Province Potohar plateau

Area

Population

Cultivated Area

Irrigated

Rain fed

205345 Sq Km

74.0 Million

10.70 M ha

8.10 M ha

(75.70% of CA)

2.60 M ha

(24.30% of CA)

24000 Sq Km

6.66 Million

1.00 M ha

25500 ha

(2.55% of CA)

0.987 M ha

(97.45% of CA)

6464

HYDROLOGY OF POTOHAR

Total basin area 22307 Sq. Km

No. of basins 6 (Soan, Haro, Reshi, Bunha, Kahan and Kanshi)

Average yearly runoff 1.88 MAF

Runoff Tapped 0.22 MAF (11.70%)

Balance runoff available

1.66 MAF (88.30%)

6565

Soan River

Sill River

Korang River

Ling River

Harro River

Soan R

iver

Rawal Pindi

Soan Basin

Haro Basin

Kanshi Basin

Kahan Basin

Bunha Basin

Reshi Basin

F Jang

Chakwal

Talagang

Jhelum River

Indu

s Riv

erAttock

Jhelum

Area A

Area A

Area B

Area C

Area D

6666

DETAIL OF DAMS

Dams Constructed by WAPDA (1962) 1 No.

Dams Constructed by ADC (1961-1972) 10 No.

Dams Constructed by Small Dams Organization

1973-1986

1986-1995 (ADB Funded)

2000-2005

8 No.

12 No.

10 No.

Dams under construction 9 No.

Total 50 No.

6767

DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF DAMS

District Completed Under construction

Islamabad 2 0

Rawalpindi 6 1

Attock 15 1

Chakwal 12 4

Jhelum 6 3

Total 41 9

6868

BENEFITS FROM 50 DAMS

Assured Irrigation supplies to 25500 ha of landDrinking water supplies

22 MGD from Rawal Dam to Rawalpindi city0.55 MGD from Khokharzer Dam to Ckakwal City2.5 MGD from different dams for small schemes

Flood ControlDevelopment of Fish CultureImprovement in environment Ground water rechargeRecreational facilities

6969