Water-Energy-Carbon Nexus in Delhi

Key indicators, drivers and implications

By:Pratima Singh

Supervisor: Dr. Arun Kansal (TERI Univ.)Co-supervisor: Dr. Cynthia Carliell Marquet (UOB)

Water-energy-carbon nexus and under rated issues

ENERGY FOR WATER US- 4% for WT,5% GHG emission

from water sector (1) (no embodied energy)

S.A (eThekwini)- water distribution-0.10 kWh/m3 , GHG emission 0.139 kg CO2e/m3 (2)

Belgium- WWTP’s (0.05 to 1.34) MGD was (0.19 to 0.31)kWh/m3 (3)

NW Spain- Aeration (0.177 to 0.70) MGD was (1.13 to 2.07) kWh/m3 (4)

Toronto- WT 0.68 kWh/m3 and GHG 0.11 kg CO2e/m3 yr.(5)

UK- 3% for WS 41 million tonnes CO2e/yr (6) (no embodied energy)

WATER FOR ENERGY (7)

Coal production- 0.164 m3/GJ Crude oil- 1.058 m3/GJ Natural gas- 0.109 m3/GJ Hydropower- 5.4 m3/MWh Solar heating- 0.954 m3/MWh Nuclear plant- 2.726 m3/MWh Solar thermal power plant- 4

m3/MWh Thermoelectric power plant-

3.7 m3/MWh

4. Gallego et L., 20085. Racoviceanu et al.,20076. Rothausen.S; Conway.D, 20117. World energy council report, 2010

Sources:1. Rothausen.S; Conway.D, 20112. Friedrich et al. 20073. Lassaux et al., 2007

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Knowledge Gaps

• Lack of energy studies for urban water sector in Asia & Middle-East. (More focus on agriculture, industries and infrastructure)

• Only electrical energy consumption has been considered for the energy use in almost all the studies.

• Lack of information related to emission from wastewater system including various treatment processes.

• Lack of water-energy-carbon nexus study in South-Asian nation on water system

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Aim & Objective

The study aims to look into the water-energy nexus in a integrated manner for the entire urban water cycle. The nexus will focus on the criticality of one influencing the other. Total energy and forms of energy used in various aspect of urban water sector will be assimilated and also water used for energy generation will be accounted. The study will also look into the energy nexus to find its influence on the climate action plan of the city.

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Objectives• To find the energy intensity, various form’s of energy consumption

of urban water system- the factors that influence the energy use• To find how different forms has influenced overall energy

consumption and climate.• To find water requirement of energy generation• Comparative analysis of Birmingham and India water system–

lesson’s

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Scope

• System boundary commences at the point of raw water abstraction and ends with discharge of treated wastewater.

• Various forms of energy used for operation & maintenance will be accounted (Electrical, manual, petroleum). Energy for construction, embodied energy and chemical energy are not considered.

• Carbon emission (off-site and on-site) and potential fugitive emission during treatment process will be taken into account.

• Impacts associated with carbon emission’s are not considered.• The end use of water is not taken into account.

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Key research questions

• What is the energy share of water sector to the city’s total energy demand ?

• What is energy elasticity with respect to scale of treatment units and technology ?

• Does other forms of energy has any significance in total energy estimate ?

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Main activities of proposed research

Energy intensity (elect., manual, petroleum)On-site & fugitive emissions

Groundwater Surface waterIntermediate pumpingOff-site emissions

Energy intensity (elect., manual, petroleum)On-site emissions

Water pumping Tanker-fuelDomestic Booster pumpDomestic purifiersOff-site emissions

Wastewater pumpingOff-site emissions

Intermediate pumpingOn-site emissions

Energy for water

Water for energy

AbstractionDisposal

WW Treatment

WW collection Distribution

Treatment

Thermal power plants

Hydro power plants

Extraction & refining

Fuel production

Growing and

producing bio-fuels

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Case study - Delhi

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Preliminary results-LU/LC

1977 2006

<delhi-masterplan.com>

(Sharma et al. 2008) (Sharma et al. 2011)

NOIDA

10

Data Sources: <indiastat.com>, Census of India; Data Sources: <http://urbanindia.nic.in/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/DMA_Report/CHAPTER_3.pdf>

Population growth in NCR

11

Photo courtesy: Central Pollution Control Board, <www.google.com>

Yamuna basin

Yamuna

Population migration

Resource migration

Population and resource

migration- Yamuna

River basin

12

Existing water sources in Delhi

Water resources Delhi Total amount (MGD)

Yamuna Water 339 MGD

Ganga Water 240 MGD

Bhakra Beas Management Board water150 MGD

Ground water 100 MGD

Data Sources: MPD-2021, 2003.Department of Environment and Forest, 2010

Hathnikund barrageWestern Yamuna Canal, 113 km, 100MGD

Bhakra-Nangal storage/Sutlej river, 230 km, 140 MGD

Nangloi waterworks

Bawana waterworks

Dwarka waterworks

Haiderpur waterworks I

Najafgarh drain

Supplementary drain

Eastern Yamuna Canal, 25 km, 240 MGD

Chandrawal waterworks, 3 km

Wazirabad waterworks, 3 km

Bhagirathi waterworks

Sonia vihar waterworks

Shahdara Drain

OkhlaAgra Canal

Hindon Cut

228km

231kmHaiderpur waterworks II

20 km

25 km

112.4 km

Wazirabad barrage (210 MGD)

Sources of raw water, Delhi

Data Sources: DHI, 2010; http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/uiww/PPT_4th_Meeting/DJB_Water_PPT.pdf Thermal Power Plant

Tehri Dam/Upper Ganga Canal, 226 km, 240 MGD

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MPD-2021, 2003

MPD-2021, 2003

15

Data Sources: Shekhar et al.2009 CGWB; NCRPB

Declining trend in groundwater, NCR

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Ground water Units Avg. daily withdrawal (m3/d)

Avg. Depth (m) Energy estimated (kWh/d)

Delhi Private

DJB

Gurgaon Borewell and

Tubewell

NoidaBorewell and

Tubewell

Energy consumption for groundwater extraction

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Energy demand forecast for groundwater pumping

Year Estimated depth (m)

Estimated abstraction (m3/d)

Estimated Energy consumed (MWh/d)

Indirect GHG emission (Gg-CO2-e/d)

200120112021

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Public water supplies WTPs

Photo courtesy: www.stupco.com

Data Source: DJB

Name Capacity (MGD) Estimated Energy consumption (MWh/d)

Wazirabad (I, II & III) 120

Hayderpur 200

Sonia Vihar 140

Bhagirathi (North Shahdara) 100

Nangloi 40

Chandrawal (I & II) 90

Bawana 20

TOTAL 71019

Trend of increasing gap between water treatment

and water demand

Data sources: Department of environment and Forest, 2010

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Private water purifiers

Filter

Filter + U.V.

Reverse osmosis

1980s

1990s

2000s

Photo courtesy: www.google.com

21

Water consumption through purifiers

Daily production for water for cooking and drinking is found to be 40 liters/day per household

Data Source for energy consumption of RO & Filter + UV system: Uniphil Electronics Private Limited

Purifiers Estimated energy consumption (MWh/d)

Filter + UV 2.74R.O 122.35TOTAL 125.09

Categories Filter Filter + UV R.O (domestic + water markets) Nothing

HIG 2% 40% 43% 15%

MIG 4% 48% 31% 17%

LIG 13% 37% 12% 38%

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Water distribution

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Water distribution by tankers

Zones Summer months Rest of the year

No. of tankers used per week

Avg. capacity of the tankers (gallons)

No. of tankers used per week

Avg. capacity of the tankers (gallons)

Central NA NA NA NA

City & Sp 120 4500 120 4500

Civil lines 3620 trips 3000-10000 lit. 1045 6000-10000 lit

Karol Bagh 1000 trips 850 350 850

Mehrauli 91 1500 42 1500

Najafgarh NA NA NA NA

Rohini 1791 1350 714 1350

RWS-N 721 8667 221 2657

Shah/N 2100 5000 1000 5000

Shah/S 1700 1000 1150 1000

South 1365 trips 1320 450 1320

West 860 6000 660 6000

Data Source: TERI Report No. 1999EE44

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5741 Gallons of water is distributed everyday by private tankers.

On an avg. 1910 private and 400a public tankers distribute water all over Delhi.

Individual tankers travels 18 km on an avg. and makes 4 trips per day.

Tankers use diesel as fuel and they still run on old engine technology.

Photo’s courtesy: www.google.co.in/images

a- www.ccsindia.org25

Area without sewerage facility

Data source: DJB, 2010

Status-categories No. of colonies/villages

Unauthorized colonies 1639JJ clusters 1080Rural villages 201

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Gap between sewage generated and treated

Data source: DJB, 2010

WW gene

rated

WWTP in

stalled

capa

city

WW treate

d0

100200300400500600700 640

513

360

Wastewater scenario

MGD

MGD

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Methodology• Literature Review• Data collected

a) field observations, primary data collectionb) interactions with plant operators and c) One-on-one interviews d) time inventory of various activities on field for manual energy

using stopwatch. e) comprehensive inventorization of activities and their sub-

activities in STP demanding energy (manual, fuel, electrical)f) Validation of data with log-book and records of operation in

plantg) Equal representation of weekdays and weekends was

considered for monitoring

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Methodology

Estimation of electrical energy input• The electrical energy input is estimated by considering the electrical load of

the pump/motor (kW), time in hours (h) for which the motor is operated and total amount of wastewater treated.

 • Where, Ep is the electrical energy kWh/m3; is determined using

Q is the total flow of wastewater in m3/dP is the rated power of the electrical motor in kilo Watt (kW)T is the operation hours in a day (h/d) The motor efficiency is assumed as 80% (Fadare DA 2010).

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Estimation of manual energy input

• Where, Em is manual energy in kWh/m3 is determined usingn is the number of nature of activities (light, active, and

heavy)m is the number of gender (male, female) E is the human energy equivalent (kW)

N is the number of persons engaged in an activityT is the total time devoted in the activity (h/d)

Human power equivalent (E) in kWInput Male Female Activities in the treatment plant

Light 0.13 0.10 Switch on/off the raw water pump, maintain the log-book, check motor temperature

Moderate 0.14 0.11 Open/close the sludge drain valve, operation of valves for backwashing

Heavy 0.54 0.44 Prepare the chemical solution for dosing, fill the chemical solution in the dosing tank, collect the dried sludge in gunny bags 30

Estimation of fuel energy use • Fuel energy (Ef) kWh/m3 is calculated using eq.

• Where, 15.64 is the unit energy value of diesel in kWh/l (Devi 2007a)

D is the amount of diesel consumed in l/d.• Diesel consumption is also used for oiling and repairing of

machineriesEstimation of energy use(booster pumps) for domestic purpose

Interview based survey with the help of questionnaire having close ended and quantity based questions. Pilot study will be conducted

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Estimation of GHG emission’s• Calculation of direct and in-direct emissions associated with electricity

generation PCO2, electricity = Erequired ×∑ (Fi × EFi)

• Where, PCO2, electricity is GHG production of the plant (kg CO2e/m3) Erequired is the electricity demands of the plant in kWh/m3

Fi is the % contribution of the fuel (i) to satisfy electricity generation needsEFi is the GHG emission factor of fuel (i) in producing electricity in kg CO2e/kWh

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Process wise energy distribution

ASP32.99%

Ext-Aer32.1%

Phy-chem+bio-fil31.71%

Aer+Bio filt3.2%

% share to different process

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Total electrical energy consumption by centralized

WWTPs

45 40 40 40 37 30 25 20 20 20 16 12 10 10 10 10 10 5 3 2.2 2.2 2.20

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Electrical energy kWh/m3

34

Total fuel energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

0.00E+00

1.00E-02

2.00E-02

3.00E-02

4.00E-02

5.00E-02

6.00E-02

Series1 1.71E-04

Total fuel energy consumption

Ener

gy k

Wh/

m3

35

Rithala

1

Rithala

2

Coronation Pilla

r-1&2

Coronation Pilla

r-3

Okhla 1

Okhla 2

Okhla

3

Okhla 4

Okhla 5

Kondali 1

Kondali 2

Kondali 3

pappan

kalan

Najafga

rh

Yamuna v

ihar 1

Yamuna v

ihar 2

Vasant k

unj 1

Vasant k

unj 2

Sen Nursi

ng home

Delhi G

ateNilo

thi

Narela

0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

0.0012

0.0014

0.0016

0.0018

0.002

Manual energy kWh/m3

Manual energy kWh/m3

Total manual energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

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Total energy consumption by centralized WWTPs

0.00E+00

5.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.50E-01

2.00E-01

2.50E-01

3.00E-01

3.50E-01

4.00E-01

4.50E-01

5.00E-01

Series1 8.53E-02

Total energy consumption

Ener

gy k

Wh/

m3

37

Percentage share of energy

Electricity95%

Manual0%

Fuel5%

% of Energy forms

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Technology wise energy distribution

Screening 0.46%

Grit removal 9.3%

Primary Settling tank

0.59%

Raw sludge pump house

0.71%

Aeration 48%

Final settling tank

1.06%

Return sludge pump house

9.78%

Digester 1.90%

Gas holder 0.19%

Sludge bed fil-trate

0.26%

Centrifuge unit 0.06%

BIOFOR unit 18%

Pressdeg unit 0.75%

Flash mixer 0.75%

Densadeg unit 0.86%

Pump house 2.74%

Polishing unit 0.025%

DAF unit 0.56%

H2S scrubber 0.06%

Plant + Admin 3.94%

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Zonal energy distribution

Shah

adra

Rohini-Rith

alaOkh

la

Keshopur

Coronation pilla

r

Outer Delh

i0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Total electrical energy kWh/m3

Total electrical energy kWh/m3

Zone Popl.(mill)

Shahdara 1.1

Rithala 0.94

Okhla 2.86

Keshopur 2.29

CP 0.46

Outer Delhi 0.15

TOTAL 7.71

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Zonal % energy distribution (SPS+WWTP’s)

Shahadra 13% Rohini-

Rithala5%

Okhla 67%

Keshopur

4%

Corona-tion pil-

lar 3%

Outer Delhi7%

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Decentralized WWTP

WWTP Size of the Plant (m3/d)

Energy Consumption

(MWh/d)TERI WWTP 25 0.048SMB School

WWTP50 0.25

IOCL WWTP 100 0.18Delhi Haat WWTP 175 0.19

Escorts Hospital WWTP

300 0.36

Fortis Hospital WWTP

300 0.38

Apollo Hospital WWTP

1000 1.03

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Total energy consumption and CO2 emission in urban water cycle

Estimated energy consumed (MWh/d)

Indirect GHG emission (Gg CO2e/d)

Abstraction Ground water pumping only excluding surface water conveyance from distance

Water treatment Domestic/private Water PurifiersPublic

Distribution TankersPipeline (water supply + sewage)

WWT Centralized

TOTAL

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Water for energy

Name Fuel used Capacity Water requirement (MGD)Indraprastha power station Coal based 247.5 MW 8.6Rajghat power house

Coal based 135 MW 4.7

GTPS Gas based 282 MW 4.2

Pragati power station Gas based 330 MW 4.9

Badarpur TPP Coal Based 705 MW 24.6

TOTAL 1699.5 MW

Govt. of NCT of Delhi 2001-02

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Water for energy

Data Source: http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article2519668.ece

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article2525061.ece45

Key indicators, drivers and Implications

• Tension between water and energy is growing. Demand of energy for wastewater treatment WWTP’s in urban water cycle is increasing with increasing population, which is found to be 2.65Wh/m3 (3.9% of the total power demand of the city) and availability of water for energy generation is reducing resulting in less power generation during peak season.

• Increasing trends of energy demand for sewage pumping: In Delhi from all the 7 zones the total energy use for sewage pumping is found to be about 0.13kWh/m3 , (3.5% of the total power demand of the city)

• Process having the greatest impact on energy consumption: Aeration in activated sludge process that the highest energy use of 1.28kWh/m3 (48% of the total energy consumed in the treatment process).

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Key indicators, drivers and Implications

• Activated sludge process dominated the energy consumption with 0.87kWh/m3 (33% of the total energy consumed in the treatment process) compared to other technologies

• Increase in energy consumption with large urban spread: Out of the seven zonal areas in Delhi, it was found that Okhla zone consumed the highest amount of energy for sewage pumping and wastewater treatment, 1.86kWh/m3 (67% of the total energy consumed in treatment and pumping process).

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THANKS

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