UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS OF DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION

COMMODITIES-GENDER NEXUS IN TANZANIA

Mercure Paris La Villette Hotel, Paris, France3th December, 2015

A. Z. Sangeda, D.D. Maleko and G.C. Kajembe (Sokoine University of Agriculture-Tanzania)

PRESENTATION OUTLINEIntroductionAnalytical frameworkMethodologyFindingsConclusionsPolicy Action Measures-REDD+

(implications)

COMMODITIES Charcoal making Simsim (Sesamum

indicum) farming

Introduction• Emissions from land use changes, are responsible for

anthropogenic emissions (30%)

• Shifting cultivation and charcoal making are the major traditional drivers of deforestation

• Charcoal and Simsim are commercialized commodities

• Tanzania is the 12th among those having largest forest loss per year in Africa.

• An estimated 90% of the country’s energy needs are satisfied through the use of woodfuels.

Infrastructure development

•Settlements•Urban expansion

•Mining

Wood extraction

•Charcoal production•Wood fuel collection

•Logging

Agricultural expansion

•Shifting cultivation•Agriculture

extensification

Environmental factors

•Uncontrolled fires

DIRECT or PROXIMATE DRIVERS

UNDERLYING DRIVERS

Policy & Legal framework

•Inconsistencies•Weak

Socio-economic

•Poverty•Low employment

opportunities•Insecure land tenure

Demographic

•Population growth•Immigration

•Population density

Institutional

•Poor funding•Low staffing levels•Lack of transport•Low staff morale

Environmental

•Climate variability•Soils

•Topography

Forest LOSS

About charcoal…• The annual consumption of about 500,000 tons in Dar

es Salaam

• HHs using charcoal for cooking in DSM has increased from 47% to 71% between 2001 and 2007

• Unregistered activities in charcoal with estimated revenue loss of about US$100 million per year.

About Simsim..• Grown to respond to declining crops (cotton and

cashew nuts), not vulnerable to damage by wildlife, short rotation -profitable

• In 2013, Tanzania was among the five top producers of Simsim worldwide.

• Myanmar was a leading with 0.89 m tons (0.56ton/ha) while Tanzania was the fifth with 0.42 m tons (0.67 ton/ha)

• Cash crop in Southern, Eastern, Central and Northern parts of Tanzania

• Importers :Japan, USA, Netherlands, Canada and France

About simsim…

• Price setting and taxation systems are arbitrary

• Climate change stress which increases production costs for agricultural inputs

• Low associative ability with other crops

• Shade intolerant, thus require pollarding of trees or clear cutting for appealing yields

REDD+ Readiness in Tanzania

• Completed 9 REDD+ pilot projects (2008-2012)

• National REDD+ strategy (2013) with Action Plan

• National REDD+ safeguards developed (2014)

• Completed a comprehensive country-wide forest inventory programme (NAFORMA-2013/14)

• National Carbon Monitoring center (MRV-2015)

REDD revenue distribution model-Trial payment in Kilosa, Tanzania (TFCG, 2012)

TZS 73,234,540/=M1,205 men, 1,272 women and 2,015 children 5 villages

Analytical framework• The underlying causes of land use degradation are defined

by the needs of men and women (daily subsistence, energy, and other products)

• Search for income, employment opportunities, generation of revenue etc. determine the extent of drivers and actors.

• ??How can these needs be reconciled to meet sustainability and livelihoods of men and women who depend on land resources?

Methodology

KILOSA KILWAKISARAWE

STUDY SITES IN TANZANIA

Sampling and Data collection• PRA (Dec 2014 to Jan 2015) targeting charcoal producers and

simsim growers –Reconnaissance survey (60 participants in three villages)

• HH questionnaire survey-March to April 2015 (178 respondents) 60% male and 40% female in six villages.

• Informal interviews (semi-structured questionnaires) - actors in the production and value chain of the two commodities

• Local level feedback discussions –validation of findings

• National stakeholders discussion-policy implications

Key findings- Charcoal

• Charcoal production is done by both men and women (women are taking over)

• Limited signs of sustainability of charcoal business in Tanzania (procedural-equity).– luck legal framework, benefit sharing structures and skills to

improve efficiency and recovery

• Charcoal is profitable but distribution is unevenly along the value chain (distributive-equity) except under sustainable charcoal project-Kilosa District

District Village Price/ 100Kg bag (T.Shs)

Production costs/100kg bag (T.Shs)

Profit margin

Kilosa Nyali 9,900 6,806 3,094

Zombo 12,091 7,025 5,066

Kisarawe

Gwata 13,778 7,580 6,198

Vikumbulu 13,400 4,749 8,651

Kilwa Migeregere 12,100 6,489 5,611

Nanjiringi A 16,615 6,300 10,315

 Overall 12,573 6,250 6,323

Profit margin for charcoal in 100kg bags in the 3 study districts, April, 2015

Findings Charcoal…• Females are benefiting more from the charcoal

business as compared to men.

• Women are in the most profitable nodes of the value chain (wholesalers and retailers)

• Due to grants and loans offered to females (WWF), they tend to take over from men in charcoal business.

Value chain analysis for charcoal production in the study sites

Tree species identification and felling (Males and Females)

Packing (Males & Females)

Staking, soiling work and firing (Males & Females)

Loading and unloading (Males)

Transporting (Males & Females)

Cross-cutting (Males and Females)

Retailing (Females)

Charcoal value chain and net profits per 100Kg bag for various actors

Producer (Males and Females)Net profit (US$ 2.2)

Wholesaler (Males and females)Net profit (US$ 4.5)

Retailer (Females)Net profit (US$ 3.7)

Consumer (Males and Females)

Local trader (Males)Net profit (US$ 3.2)

Findings -Simsim• More than 50% of farmers use traditional breeds of simsim

seeds although improved seeds such as Naliendele 92, Ziada 94 and Lindi 02 exist.

• Although farmers apply pesticides, they do not use fertilizers in simsim production.

• Shifting cultivation is declining due to strict bylaws by village governments

• Gender roles are gradually changing (more men and youth) due to commercialization.

Yields with associated costs and benefits of Simsim in the study sites for 2014-2015 (N=129) (1 USD =1900 Tshs)

District Village Average yield/acre (Kg)

Average price/Kg (TShs)

Average revenue/acre/ annum (TShs)

Average total costs/acre/ annum (TShs)

Profit margin (TShs)

Kilosa Nyali 189 1,985 374,029 221,606 152,423

Zombo 201 2,052 411,596 227,139 184,457

Kisarawe

Gwata 115 1,769 204,472 182,558 21,915Vikumbulu 121 2,011 244,119 184,000 60,119

Kilwa Migeregere 154 2,161 331,321 225,685 105,636

Nanjilinji A 158 2,085 330,032 225,096 104,937

Overall   163 2,014 329,017 213,543 115,474

Findings…• Market potential is very high but yield is still

very low (low input low output)

• High nutrient mining as there is no intercropping or mixed farming

• Simsim production is profitable and it attracts many youth due to its short rotation 4-5 months

Effects of charcoal and simsim production to land use cover change

“Many village lands are bare because, they are harvested for charcoal making in the name of crop farming”

There is a relationship between simsim farming and charcoal making

Example of effect of shifting cultivation on vegetation cover in Kilosa

Land cover and land-use

Symbol Land-cover Land-use

Bush land Short fallow shifting cultivation

Closed woodland

Forest reserve 2

Forest Forest reserve 1

Grass land Permanent agriculture

Open woodland Long fallow shifting cultivation

Land cover and land-use …

Change detection performed in ArcMap 10

-Identification of different land-cover and land-use transitions

19952012

Conclusion• Charcoal and simsim are major drivers of forest

degradation and deforestation in the study areas.

• All actors in the value chain do benefit from the current land uses (charcoal making and simsim production).

• Men and youth benefit more in simsim value chain while women do in charcoal value chain.

• Formalization/legalization of charcoal production improves benefit sharing and therefore more equity among the actors.

Policy action measures (implications for REDD+)

Raise awareness and empowerment of all gender categories/actors on sustainable charcoal/simsim production along their value chains.

Promote improved charcoal technologies

Support Ministry of Energy to finalize and implement Biomass Energy strategies

• Assist intensification of simsim through strategies to control weeds/pests

• To promote land-use tenure rights through effective land-use planning

This research was funded by UK aid from the UK Government, however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the UK Government.