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8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
1/9
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104
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105
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERGY
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
1. BioregionalApproach2. H ea lthyWatershed
3 . Wa te r Su pp ly
4 . Wa te r Sy st em5. R ainwaterH arve sting
Mmili buka ngosi ma bukwalu ihe
isi ike di nime Anam. Imeputa ihe
nmmili Anam icho ihe di nime ya
mma, nakwa imepe ya na oge, na
iru kwa ihe achoro iru nakwa iku
ihe ga ano ogo logo oge nebemmili gas esi na aga nebe mmili
ozizo ga esi agasi ike unwata
unwa nokiri kiri obodo a hu.
Water is both a blessing and a hardship in Anam.
The Anam water system will strategically design
water inrastructure, so that the annual fooding and
heavy rainall can be a positive natural orce in the
cycles o the city.
Systems
Water
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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NIGER RIVER WATERSHED
ANAMBRA RIVER WATERSHED
. WORLD
2. CONTINENT
3. BIOREGION
4. COUNTRY
5. STATE
6. REGION
8. ANAM CITY9. COMMUNITY
10.NEIGHBORHOOD
11.ECOSYSTEM
12.BLOCK
13.PARCEL
EZICHI RIVER WATERSHED 7.AGROPOLITAN
DRINKING DOMESTIC USE
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
TRANSPORTATION
ENERGY GENERATION AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION
RECREATION
&
MajorRiversandWatershedsoftheWorld
.
106
.
107
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERGY
APPENDIX
VISION
A Bioregional Approach
YukonMackenzie
Nelson
Mississippi
St.LawrenceDanube
Amazon
Paran
Volga
Ob
Yenisey
Lena
Kolyma
Amur
Ganges
Yangtze
HuangHe
Indus
MurrayDarling
LakeChadBasin
Congo
Zambezi
Orange
The NIGER RIVERBASIN is located in
western Africa and covers 7.5% of
the continent, spanning ten countries,
including Nigeria.
Totalareaofthecountry(km2)=923,770
Areaofthecountrywithinthebasin(km2)=584193
As%oftotalareaofbasin(%)=25.7
As%oftotalareaofcountry(%)=63.2
Averageannualrainfallinthebasinarea(mm)=535min.,
2845max.,1185mean
[Source:FAOLandandWaterDevelopmentDivision]
Euphrates&Tigris
Nile
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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NIGER
MALI
BENIN
Niger River Delta
Sahara Desert
ATLANTIC OCEAN
NIGER RIVER BASIN
BURKINO FASO
CAMEROON
SIERRA LEONENIGERIA
NigerRiverWatershedandFloodPlainspanseightcountries.
.
108
.
109
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERGY
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
The Niger River
Watershed Covers
62% of Nigeria
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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FEB:lowestwaterlevelofAnambra&EzichiRivers
SEPT:majoroodingbegins OCT:peakooding
JUN:rainyseasonstarts
WaterlevelsintheAnamregionchangedrasticallyovertheyear
.
110
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111
Living with FloodingTheNiger&AnambraRiverBasinishometotheAnampeople.Theeighttraditional
communitiesofAnamarecurrentlyspreadacrosstheregiongenerallyknownasa
riveroodplain.Formorethanthreemonthseachyear,thisareaistransformedinto
pervasivemarshlandsduetolowelevationandatterrain.Duringtherainyseason,the
regioncanreceiveupto200cmofrainfall.Atitspeak,waterlevelsrisecanriseupto
3metersinsomeareasandfarmersareforcedtoleavetheirfarmstostayathighland
settlementswithrelatives.Roadwaysarecutoffforcingschools,farmingandother
activitiestobesuspendeduntiltheoodwatersrecede.
The Challenge of BalanceAnnualoodinghasbecomeapartoflifefortheAnampeopleandtheytravel
throughouttheregionfromfarmtomarketontheriversbycanoetoconducttrade.
Theyrespondtothenaturalhydrologicalsystemsfortheirsurvivalandhaveinnovated
manysolutionsformanagingtheirresourcesduringtheoods.Onfarmsettlements,
farmersbuildexiblefarmstorageandconstructmoundsandhummocksneartheir
housingforprotection.Thewetlandconditionresultingfromtheoodsareacritical
contributortoregionalbiodiversityandecologicalstrength.Theseasonaloodwaters
serveasnaturalirrigationanddepositsnutrient-richsedimentsontofarmlands.
However,increasingpopulationandurbanizationcreatespressureonthehydrologic
systeminthisriverinearea.Conventionaldevelopmentcauseswetlandareasto
bereduced,whichdamageswatersupplyandquality.Adepletedoodplainalso
increasesriskofoodinginotherareasoftheregionaswaterrushesinduringthe
rainyseasonandaswaterlevelsriseinresponsetoglobalclimatechange.
A Community Wide ResponseWhiletheoodingoffersmanybenetstoagricultureandtheecology,itcreatesgreat
hardshiptothepeopleofAnam,forcingasubsistencelifestyleandcuttingthemofffromsocialservices.TheAnamcommunitiesarefacedwiththechallengeofbalancing
environmentalprotectionwithanurgentneedtoimprovehumanqualityoflife.An
ecologicallybalancedresponsewithintegratedwatershedmanagementisneededto
ensurethatbothhumansandtheenvironmentsurvive.Inarareregionalandcross-
communitycollaboration,leadersfromtheeighttraditionalAnamsettlementshave
joinedtogethertoaddresstheirdevelopmentneedsinabroader,morecohesive
manner.Withthisapproach,theRebirthCouncilisembarkingonaremarkable
community-ledprocess,amodelattheforefrontofbestpracticesinRegionalPlanning
&Development.
PRODUCTIVITY
+
QUALITY
%
EQUITY
=
DIVERSITY
X
MOBILITY
>
VITALITY
!
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERGY
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
Healthy Watershed
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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80%ofindustriesinNigeriadischargeliquids,solids,andgaseouswastes
directlyintotheenvironmentwithout
adequatetreatmentthatmeatsthebasicstandards.
PlasticBags
Percent of Nigerians usingimproved drinking water
in 2008:
58%
0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000
Death by War
Death by Water Illness
Watermarks
Number o Nigerian impacted by fooding each year in the Niger River Basin: 1,000,000[AfricanInstituteforAppliedEconomics]
Millimeters (inches) o rainall annually in Anam: 1400-2200 (55-78)[LaserEngineering&ResourceConsultants]
Average number o miles walked by women in Arica to collect water: 4[LivingWaterCanada.Org]
Current number o Nigerians under danger rom erosion and food disaster: 50 million[FederalGovernmentofNigeria]
Percent o Nigerians who depend on purchased satchet water rom outside sources: 70
HumanBodyWaste
AgriculturalFertilizers
Pesticides
Oil&Petroleum
Bottles&Cans
Soaps&Detergents
ToxicChemicals
Plastic&Rubber
Smoke&Exhausts
Trash
.
112
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113
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERG
Y
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
Causes of Water Pollution
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Each WATER BOREHOLE with a solar
pump can supply potable water for
approximately 1,600 people per day
75 liters a day per resident
for drinking and non-drinking uses
[washing, irrigation, toilets]
WATERWILLBE
TRANSPORTED
BYHANDCART
ORBIKETRAILER
TOHOUSES
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERG
Y
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
Strategies
Outsideofagriculture,wateristhemostsignicantecologicalfeatureofthe
cityandpresentsbothauniqueadvantageandadesignchallenge.Thesite
ofAnamcityisconvenientlysitedneartheEzichiRiver(whichfeedsintothe
AnambraandthenNigerrivers),andreceivesabundantrainfalleachyearand
hasaccesstoalargeregionalaquifer.However,duetoitslowelevation,the
regionispronetooodingeveryrainyseason.Therefore,waterstrategiesis
concernedwith:
Qualityurbanwaterprovision
Flood&stormwatermanagement
Balanceofnaturalhydrologicalcycleofwater
Waterconservationand
Autonomoussmall-scalesystems.
PRODUCTIVITY
+
QUALITY
%
EQUITY
=
DIVERSITY
X
MOBILITY
>
VITALITY
!
Water Supply
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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ANAM REGIONAL GROUNDWATER DATA FOR BOREHOLESAlluvial Plains Borehole level 40 m(average)
Typical Borehole yield 4 L/sec
Static water levels 10 m
Water Table 5 .5 m
Aquifer Screen position 30 m
Est. Full Day Water Pumping 115,200 L/8-hrday
Each Borehole (1 per superblock) 1536 peopleserved/day(75L/person/day)
.
116
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WATER BOREHOLE
& POTABLE WATER
SUPPLY
PERMEABLE SURFACE
FOR GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE
50 METERS
ONE (1) BOREHOLE PER SUPERBLOCK
WATER
ANAM
MODEL
LAND
WATER
SOCIAL
ECONOMY
MOBILITY
ENERG
Y
APPENDIX
VISION
WATER
Recommendations
Prioritizerechargeofgroundwatertableandaquifersthroughpercolatingpits,rechargewells,sandpondsandporouspaving.
Requiredualpipingsystemsineachunittoallowforpotableandgrey
waterdelivery.
Installsharedwaterboreholesatcommunityutilityblockswithonsite
storageandtreatment/ltration(UVunitsandmicronlters)asmain
potablewaterprovision.
Requirerainwatercatchmentsystemsasasupplementalwatersource
oneachunit.
Restrictlandscaping&reprotectionwaterdemandstorainwater(or
untreatedwellwater).
Maintainonsiterainwatertreatmentsystemstodeliverpotablewaterto
units.
Installwater-conservingxturesinallbuildings(i.e.lowowfaucets&
toilets,showeraerators). Utilizesharedsmall-scalewatertreatmentplantstosupportgrey
waterrecyclingforlargebuildingsorinstitutions.Incorporatecreative
installationofutilitieswithinlandscape(i.e.childrensplaypumpor
landscapedparkinglots).
Designallbuildingsandurbanspacestoberesilientthroughannual
oodingand100yearoodlevels.
Indicators
Reducedwaterusagepercapita50%lessthaninternationalaverage
Increasedrainwatercatchmentanduseatleast80%ofannualrainfall
collectibleovercatchmentarea Decreasedpotablewaterdemandthroughincreasedgreywaterrecycling
100%greywaterrecycleorltration
Decreasedcommercial&agro-industrialwaterdemand
Increasedurbanstormwaterinltrationandgroundwaterrechargeat
least50%ofurbanspacewillbepervious
Increasedusablelandareathroughdecreasedoodzones
8/4/2019 Water: Anam City Master Plan
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YOUR
HOUSE
GROUND WATER TABLE
GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE1
2
BORE
HOLE
RIVER
EVAPOR
ATION
PERMEABLE SURFACES & BIOSWALES
3 RAINWATER HARVEST
RAINFALL
RUN
OFF
INTE
RFLOW
4 RECYCLE &
CONSERVE
1
2
3
4
target
35%
(prede
velo
pment4
5%)
target 80-90%(pre development 100%)
target10-
20%
(pred
evelo
pment