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1 Waste, Abuse, and Fraud How We Sort It Out Timothy S. Brady, Ph.D., FACHE, FHFMA Regional Inspector General OEI LIMITED OFFICAL USE ONLY DHHS/OIG A C L Agency for Community Living ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Page 1: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Waste, Abuse, and Fraud

How We Sort It Out

Timothy S. Brady, Ph.D., FACHE, FHFMA

Regional Inspector General OEI

LIMITED OFFICAL USE ONLY DHHS/OIG

A C LAgency for Community 

Living

ATSDRAgency for Toxic 

Substances and Disease Registry

Page 2: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Office of Audit ServicesProvides all auditing services for HHS to improve operations.

Office of Counsel to the Inspector GeneralGeneral legal services, civil, criminal, and administrative cases, corporate integrity agreements, advisory opinions.

Protect the integrity of HHS programs through program inspections and evaluations.

Office of Evaluation and Inspections

Office of InvestigationsInsure the integrity of HHS Programs through prevention,deterrence, and prosecution.

Waste, Abuse, And Fraud

Academic Medicine: August 2013 ‐ Volume 88 ‐ Issue 8 ‐ p 1081–1087

Questionable Billing Issues

Page 3: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Inquiry‐suspicious claims patterns

Identify billing patterns

Relationship Modeling

Analysis and referral action

Uncovering Potential Fraud

Suspicious Claims Patterns

• Claims v. other behavior

– Quick start‐up

– DME: avoid customers

• Unusual geographic areas

– Determine characteristics to measure

– Group claims by CBSA

– Compare CBSAs

– Similarity to known problems

Developing a predictive model

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Assemble training data

Develop predictors

Apply model to new data

Train model

Page 4: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Physicians (actually includes all non‐institutional Part B providers except DME)

Part D pharmacies

Part D prescribers

Part D controlled substance prescribers (“pill‐mill” model)

Home health agencies

Plus in development:  Part B items that are ordered (such as DME and lab claims)

Predictive models to detect Medicare fraud

$0 $100,000,000 $200,000,000 $300,000,000 $400,000,000 $500,000,000

New York

Miami

Los Angeles

Detroit

Houston

Philadelphia

Medicare payment to provider outliers (at least 10 drug/procedure categories)

2009

2010

2011

2012

Overall geographic concentration 

of provider outliers

Provider outliers:  New York2009‐2012

12

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Other providers

Other physician

Podiatry

Fam/Gen Practice

Phys Med/Rehab (MD)

Phys/Occ/Chiro

Int Medicine

Pharmacy

CMHC

Home Health

Number of provider outliers (at least 10 drug/procedure categories)

2009

2010

2011

2012

Page 5: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Provider cluster example

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Physicaltherapist

Internalmedicine

Occupationaltherapist

Chiropractor

IDTF

= 81 to 100%

= 61 to 80%

= 41 to 60%

= 21 to 40%

= 1 to 20%

1,954 patients

2,053 patients

1,198 patients

2,795 patients

729 patients

= in FPS*

= not in FPS

*Fraud Prevention System

Relationships

• Provider rings

– Beneficiary sharing

– Ownership connections

• Beneficiary‐provider connections

– Distance

– Multiple statuses (inpatient v. part B)

– Referring/ordering strangers

Questionable Billing Practices

Waste or Abuse??

Page 6: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Red Flag Issues

Surge or significant growth in procedure or service line‐ outcomes

Practice patterns out of norm‐ necessity

Complaints or concerns‐ unnecessary procedures

Coverage criteria and documentation‐medical necessity

Improper Payments

• Federal funds paid to wrong recipient

– Identity theft

• Recipients receive incorrect payment amount

– Upcoding

• Lack of appropriate documentation

– No edits to stop payment

• Recipients use funds in improper manner

– Grant abuses

The Dentist  is waiting 4 U

Page 7: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Nursing Homes99% of records reviewed did not contain evidence of compliance with Federal requirements for care plan development 

Assisted Living Facilities77% of beneficiaries reside in facilities cited for one or more deficiencies

For Profit Hospices in ALFsPaid $193 million in 4 States (AZ,CA,PA,TX) in 2012‐ serving 150 patients 

Home Health Agencies15% of HHAs repeat deficiency citations

Questionable Practices?

Diabetic Testing Supplies (DTS)

• Medicare claims data revealed claims for the more expensive, non‐mail‐order DTS increased after a reimbursement rate difference implemented in 2009.

• Audit found suppliers may have been taking advantage of a loophole by delivering DTS in company‐owned vehicles, costing Medicare millions. 

• The loophole was closed with various measures. 

Page 8: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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March 2014

Questionable Billing for Medicaid Pediatric Dental Services in New York  OEI‐02‐12‐00330

Analysis of fee‐for‐service paid claims for general dentists and orthodontists who provided services to 50 or more children in 2012.

Identified 23 general dentists and 6 orthodontists ‐ extreme outliers when compared to their peers.Medicaid paid these providers $13.2 million for pediatric dental services in 2012. 

A third of the general dentists associated with a single dental chain that had settled lawsuits for providing services that were medically unnecessary or that failed to meet professionally recognized standards of care to children.

FRAUD

Second Highest Chiropractic Medicare Biller in California Pleads Guilty to Health Care Fraud

U.S. Department of Justice For Immediate Release September 25, 2013

LOS ANGELES – A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted over $1.7 million in false and fraudulent claims to Medicare….  As part of his guilty plea, [he] admitted that, in an effort to conceal his fraud from auditors, he staged an early‐morning car jacking outside his office and falsely reported that his patient files had been stolen. 

Page 9: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Chiropractor’s Office

So Cal HHA Owner Sentenced‐ July 2014

• Great Care Home Health Inc.

– $5 million scheme over 3 years

• Targeted elderly Korean beneficiaries

– Paid cappers and beneficiaries for referrals

– Billed for non‐home bound, unlicensed services

• Accomplices 

– 71 y/o physician ‐ sentenced to 1 year, $1.09 mm

– 70 y/o nurse ‐ sentenced to 18 months

– 60 y/o recruiter ‐ sentenced to 4 months

San Francisco and Los Banos Doctor Sentenced To Two Years in Prison in $3.2M Medicare Fraud Scheme  August 2014

Recruited beneficiaries in the Tenderloin and South of Market neighborhoods including a fast food restaurant at the Powell Street cable car turnaround and a Tenderloin neighborhood senior center. 

After identifying beneficiaries, Calaustro, with Abad or Saavedra, went to the beneficiaries’ homes with a portable copy machine, copied their Medicare cards, and conducted sham examinations to obtain background information for the required Medicare paperwork.

$100 kickback for each power wheelchair prescription.  $100 and $50 kickback, respectively, for each beneficiary. 

DME owners were paid more than $1.6 million

Submitted over 400 false and fraudulent claims to Medicare prepared by Calaustro.

Page 10: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Tufts Health Plan Employee Discloses PHI

• Pleaded guilty to stealing  8,700 records

– 27 y/o employee

– Customers over 65 y/o

– Given to Florida accomplices

• 5 years in prison, $250,000 fine

– Charge‐ stealing personal identifying information

Most Common Forms of Provider Fraud

►Billing for services not rendered

►Misrepresentation of services provided

►Provision of medically unnecessary services

►Kickbacks

►Identity theft

Common Vulnerabilities

• Low barriers to entry

– Non‐clinician ownership

– Licensure required, but…

• [Semi‐] Organized crime

• Pervasive in area

• Kickbacks/inducements

• ID theft

Page 11: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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Suspicious Claims Patterns

• Claims v. other behavior

– Quick start‐up

– DME: avoid customers

• Unusual geographic areas

– Determine characteristics to measure

– Group claims by CBSA

– Compare CBSAs

– Similarity to known problems

“In one two-story office building that supposedly housed more than 30 DMEPOS suppliers, we were hard-pressed to find a single legitimate proprietor.”

Weapons seized in 

Medicare Fraud bust

Page 12: Waste, Abuse, and Fraud - ICEForHealth.org2015/02/08  · LOS ANGELES –A San Fernando Valley chiropractor … defrauded Medicare by billing for patients he never treated. … submitted

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www.OIG.HHS.GOV

To report Healthcare Fraud call:

1.800.hhs.tips

1.800.447.8477