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Wars of Religion
Background on France
• Habsburg-Valois Wars – Ended in 1559. – War between Spain and France over control of Italy. (We
didn’t talk about this much)– Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
• French Monarchy remained loyal to Rome and Catholic Church. – Concordat of Bologna – Treaty with Pope to allow French
Crown to appoint all bishops and abbots. • Significant portion of French were Calvinists. – Known as Huguenots– 10% of population – Mostly in urban areas
Weak Leadership leads to War
• King Henry II gets shot in the face. • 3 successive heirs proved feeble and weak. • Lords and Nobles rebelled against this weakness by adopting
Protestantism. • Wars broke out between Protestants and Catholics in France.
– Over use of sacred images, sacraments, etc• Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
– King Sister Margaret Valois (Catholic) married Henry of Navarre (Protestant)
– Attempt at reconcilation– Resulted in massacre of Huguenots by Catholic mobs
• Civil War broke out for 15 years
Politiques and Savior of France
• French agriculture, commerce, and trade were on the brink of total collapse.
• Politiques – Moderates who wanted a strong monarch to emerge and take control. – Wanted religious tolerance of Huguenots
• Catherine de’Medici – Wife of Henry II dies. • Henry III – Assassinated. • Henry of Navarre emerges as heir. (also a politique. Also
guys whose wedding caused a Civil War)• Henry converts to Catholicism (Becomes Henry IV)• Issues Edict of Nantes – Religious liberty to Huguenots.
Netherlands – Religious Conflict• Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor abdicates the throne following
the Peace of Augsburg. • Leaves control of the Spanish Empire to his son Phillip II. • The Netherlands (Low Countries) were loosely associated cities. • Protestant ideas, especially Calvinism took hold.
– Riots and revolts against Catholic Church
• Phillip II – Super Catholic Spaniard decides to fix this. – Sends Duke of Alva to handle situation. – “Council of Blood” – Tribunal that led to the death of 1500 Protestants. – He’s also engaged in war with Elizabeth I in England with the Spanish Armada
• These actions reaffirmed Catholicism was bad and also Spanish rule was bad. – Civil War Breaks out– 10 Southern Provinces (Modern Day Belgium) stays under Spain– 7 Northern Provinces (Modern Day Netherlands) stays Protestant and declares
Independence as the Union of Utrecht.