7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

1/25

Songs -genres

LGA 3102

Week 3

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

2/25

Folk music/songs

Encompasses both traditional and contemporary folkmusic.

The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways

as:

music transmitted by mouth,

music of the lower classes, music with unknown composers. I

This music is also referred to as traditional music and,in US, as "roots music".

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

3/25

Folk music/songs

Starting in the mid-20th century a new form of popular folkmusic evolved from traditional folk music.

This process and period is called the (second) folk revivaland reached a zenith in the 1960s.

The most common name for this new form of music is also"folk music", but is often called "contemporary folk music"or "folk revival music" to make the distinction.

This type of folk music also includes fusion genres suchas folk rock, electric folk, and others.

While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinctfrom traditional folk music, it often shares the same Englishname, performers and venues as traditional folk music;even individual songs may be a blend of the two.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

4/25

Folk music/songs

The termsfolk music,folk song, andfolkdance are comparatively recent expressions.

They are extensions of the termfolk lore,

which was coined in 1846 by the Englishantiquarian William Thoms to describe "thetraditions, customs, and superstitions of theuncultured classes.

Traditional folk music also includesmost indigenous music.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

5/25

Characteristics

transmitted through an oral tradition

often related to national culture (particular

region or culture)

commemorate historical and personal events

(Easter, May Day and Christmas, weddings,

birthdays and funerals may also be noted with

songs, dances and special costumes. Religious

festivals often have a folk music component)

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

6/25

Characteristics

The songs have been performed, by custom, over along period of time, usually several generations.

There is no copyright on the songs. There are hundredsof folk songs from the nineteenth century which haveknown authors. However, they have continued in oraltradition, to the point where they are classified as"Traditional", for purposes of music publishing.

Fusion of cultures. In the same way that people can

have a mixed background, with parents originating indifferent continents, so too music can be a blend ofinfluences.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

7/25

Subject matter

instrumental music especially in dance music

much traditional folk music is vocal music

most traditional folk music has meaningful lyrics

Narrative verse looms large in the traditional folk musicof many cultures (encompasses forms such astraditional epic poetry and narrative verses)

The narratives of traditional songs often alsoremember folk heroes such as Robin Hood

Some traditional song narrativesrecall supernatural events or mysterious deaths, battlesand wars

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

8/25

Subject matter

Hymns and other forms of religious music are often oftraditional and unknown origin (may include Christmascarols).

Work songs frequently feature call and response structures

and are designed to enable the labourers who sing them tocoordinate their efforts in accordance with the rhythms ofthe songs.

Professional sailors made use of a large body of seashanties.

Love poetry, often of a tragic or regretful nature,prominently figures in many folk traditions.

Nursery rhymes and nonsense verse also are frequentsubjects of traditional songs.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

9/25

Lullabies

A lullaby is a soothing song, usually sung to youngchildren before they go to sleep, with the intention ofspeeding that process.

As a result they are often simple and repetitive.

Lullabies can be found in every culture and since theancient period.

Tonally, most lullabies are simple, often merelyalternating tonic and dominant harmonies: Because

the intended effect is to put someone to sleep, Many Christmas carols are designed as lullabies for the

infant Jesus, the most famous of them being "SilentNight".

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

10/25

Lullabies

In 1072, Turkish writer Mahmud al-Kashgari mentionsold Turkish lullabies as 'balubalu' in his book Dwnu l-Luatal-Turk(Compendium of the languages of theTurks).

It is also speculated the term may come from "Lilith-bye" or "Lilith-Abi" (Hebrew for "Lilith, begone").

In the Jewish tradition, Lilith was a demon who wasbelieved to steal children's souls in the night. To guardagainst Lilith, Jewish people would hang four amulets

on nursery walls with the inscription "Lilith abi!"["Lilith begone"] which is a possible origin of theEnglish word "lullaby".

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

11/25

Lullabies

Lullabies are often sung by parents in calmingchildren, putting them to sleep, or simplyspending time with them.

The simple lyrics, nature, and storyline oflullabies are usually intended for children, andare therefore suitable for them.

A parent can rock a child to sleep with a lull-a-bye, calm a discontented child, or sing-alongwith a playing child.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

12/25

Lullabies

Rock-a-bye baby, on the tree top

When the wind blows, the cradle will rock

When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall

And down will come baby, cradle and all

All through the night

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/a002.m4ahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_9/a002.m4a

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

13/25

Ballads

A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic

of British and Irish popular poetry and song from thelater medieval period until the 19th century and usedextensively across Europe and later

the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single

sheet broadsides.

The form was often used by poets and composers from the18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads.

In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slowform of popular love song and the term is now often used assynonymous with any love song, particularly the pop orrockpower ballad.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

14/25

Ballad form

Most northern and west European ballads arewritten in ballad stanzas or quatrains (four-line stanzas) of alternating lines of iambic (anunstressed followed by a stressed

syllable) tetrameter (eight syllables) andiambic trimeter (six syllables), known as balladmeter.

Usually, only the second and fourth line of aquatrain are rhymed (in the scheme a, b, c, b),which has been taken to suggest that, originally,ballads consisted of couplets (two lines) of rhymed

verse, each of 14 syllables.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

15/25

Ballad form

However, there is considerable variation on thispattern in almost every respect, including length,number of lines and rhyming scheme, making thestrict definition of a ballad extremely difficult.

In all traditions most ballads are narrative innature, with a self-contained story, often conciseand relying on imagery, rather than description,which can be tragic, historical, romantic or comic.

Another common feature of ballads is repetition,sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, asa refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of astanza and sometimes of entire stanzas.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

16/25

Some classification of Ballads

Traditional ballads

Broadsides

Literary ballads

Blues ballads

Bush ballads

Sentimental ballads

Pop and rock ballads

Power ballads

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

17/25

Blues

Blues is the name given to both a musicalform and a music genre that originatedin African-American communities of primarily

the "Deep South" of the United States at theend of the 19th century from spirituals, worksongs, field hollers, shouts and chants, andrhymed simple narrative ballads.

The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythmand blues, and rock and roll is characterizedby specific chord progressions

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

18/25

Blues

The blues genre is based on the blues form butpossesses other characteristics such as specific lyrics,bass lines and instruments.

Blues can be subdivided into several subgenres ranging

from country to urban blues that were more or lesspopular during different periods of the 20th century.Best known arethe Delta, Piedmont, Jump and Chicago blues styles.

World War II marked the transition from acoustic

to electric blues and the progressive opening of bluesmusic to a wider audience, especially white listeners.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues-rock evolved.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

19/25

Pop Music/songs

Pop music (a term that originally derives froman abbreviation of "popular") isa genre of popular music which originated inthe 1950s, deriving from rock and roll

The terms popular music and pop music areoften used interchangeably, even though theformer is a description of any form of musicwhich is popular (and can include any genre),

whilst the latter is a specific genre of musicwhich has qualities which would make itappealing to a large audience.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

20/25

Pop Music/songs

Pop music, as a genre, is very eclectic, oftenborrowing elements from other stylesthroughout its course such asurban, dance, rock, Latin and country, yet

there are core elements which define it.

Such include generally short-to-mediumlength songs, written in a basic format which

is often the verse-chorus structure, whichgenerally make usage of repeated choruses,have a melodic sound, and have catchy hooks.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

21/25

Pop Music/songs

So-called "pure pop" music, such as powerpop, features all these elements, and forinstrumentation uses electricguitars, drums and a bass, in the case of such

music, the main goal is usually that of beingpleasurable to listen to, rather than havingmuch artistic depth.

Pop music is generally thought of as a genrewhich is commercially recorded and desires toappeal to a mass audience.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

22/25

R & B

Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B,is a genre of popular African American music

that originated in the 1940s.

The term was originally used by recordcompanies to describe recordings marketed

predominantly to urban African Americans, at

a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz basedmusic with a heavy, insistent beat" was

becoming more popular.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

23/25

R & B

The term has subsequently had a number of shifts inmeaning.

From the early 1950s, the term rhythm and blues wasfrequently applied to blues records.

Starting in the 1950s, after this style of musiccontributed to the development of rock and roll, theterm "R&B" became used to refer to music styles thatdeveloped from and incorporated electric blues, aswell as gospel and soul music.

By the 1970s, rhythm and blues was used as a blanketterm for soul and funk.

In the 1980s, a newer style of R&B developed,becoming known as "Contemporary R&B".

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

24/25

Jazz

A musical style that originated at the beginningof the 20th century in African Americancommunities in the Southern United States.

It was born out of a mix of African and European

music traditions. From its early development until the present,

jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20thcentury American popular music.

Its West African pedigree is evident in its useof bluenotes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation,and the swung note.

7/30/2019 W3.pptx LGA 3102 week 3

25/25

Jazz

As the music has developed and spread around the worldit has drawn on many different national, regional and localmusical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th centuryAmerican beginnings, to many distinctive styles: NewOrleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band

swing, Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on downthrough West Coast jazz, cool jazz, avant-garde jazz, modal

jazz, free jazz, Latin jazz in various forms, soul jazz, jazzfusion and jazz rock, smooth jazz, jazz-funk, punk jazz,acid

jazz, ethno jazz, jazz rap, cyber jazz, Indo jazz, M-Base, nujazz, urban jazz and other ways of playing the music.

In a 1988 interview, trombonist J.J. Johnson said, "Jazz isrestless. It won't stay put and it never will".