Vũ Trụ Trong Một Nguyên Tử Đơn

7/31/2019 V Tr Trong Mt Nguyn T n

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V Tr Trong Mt Nguyn T

Trong mi nguyn t t cc gii ca v tr,C tn ti mt bin khng l cc h thng th gii

(Kinh i-Phng-Qung Hoa Nghim)

Xin hi hng tt c cng c cho mi chng sinh hu tnh.


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Con xin cm t c Dalai Lama cho php chuyn dchsch ny.

Trong lc dch, kh trnh khi cc li lmNgi dch xin hon ton

nhn li v xin cm t s tha th hay ph phn ca ngi c.

Namo Shakyamuni.Lng u

Bn Quyn Thuc v c t-lai Lt-ma

Cm TChng con xin chn thnh nh l v cm t n c Dalai Lama

ngi dnh hu ht thi gian ca cuc i hong ha gio phpt bi ca c Pht vi mong mun em li hnh phc tht s chochng sinh. Xin knh dng ln Ngi bn dch ca quyn sch.

Xin ghi n n hc gi TS Thupten Jinpa, thnh vin ca ban gim cHc Vin Tm Thc v i Sng, dch gi ca bn Anh ng ca tcphm tn tnh trao i ch dn cc chi tit lin quan n sch ny.

Xin cm t GS TS Alan Wallace vin trng Hc vin Santa Barbarav Cc Nghin Cu v thc, thnh vin danh d ca Hc Vin TmThc v i Sng hoan h nhn vit li m u dnh ring cho bndch sang vit ng ny.

Chn thnh cm n tt c cc o hu, v anh ch lm vic trongnhng t chc khc nhau gp phn ph bin ng ti, qua , em


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cc li gio hun v cc kin dy trong sch ny n vi i chngv cc ng nghip ang lm vic trong cc ngnh khoa hc khcnhau.

Xin cm t n TS Cao Xun Hiu v PGS TS Nguyn Hong Hi chp thun c v iu chnh bn tho.

Trong bn dch ny, chng ti c bit xin cm t o hu Tu Tm gip chng ti iu chnh nhiu sai st v mt chnh t.

Sch ny cng khng th hnh thnh c nu khng c s tham dca tt c c gi khp ni. Xin cm n tt c.


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Foreword

B. Alan Wallace

Although Buddhism is widely regarded as a religion, it is one of the

great knowledge traditions of the world, based on experience and

reason, rather than unquestioning reliance upon divine authority. For

centuries it has come into conversation with other spiritual traditions in

Asia, such as Hinduism, Confucianism, and Taoism, which had their

own competing views of reality. But during the modern era, the

dominant system of rational inquiry and knowledge of the naturalworld is modern science, so if Buddhism is to maintain its status as a

rigorous tradition of empirical and rational inquiry, it must come head-

to-head with science.

This is precisely what His Holiness the Dalai Lama does in The

Universe in a Single Atom. While the book opens with a very personalnarrative of His Holinesss early encounter with science, as he proceeds

to discuss the relationship between Buddhism and modern physics and

cosmology, biology, the cognitive sciences, and ethics, we see a

brilliant mind at work grappling with many of the most pressing issues

facing humanity today.

The interface between Buddhism and the physical sciences

takes place largely at a philosophical level, probing into the nature of

the origins of the universe and the ultimate nature of matter. Had this

interdisciplinary investigation taken place in the nineteenth century,


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when Newtonian physics seemed to be the final word, the comparison

with Buddhism would have been fairly trivial. But with the rise of

relativity theory and quantum physics, the nature of the physical

universe and its relation to the ways scientists investigate it have been

fundamentally reappraised. Is it any longer meaningful to try to

describe the universe independently of our systems of measurement? Is

matter the ultimate constituent of the natural world, or does the very

concept of matter emerge out of something more fundamental, namely,

information? With his long-standing interest in physics and his manypersonal encounters with eminent physicists of the twentieth century,

His Holiness brings great depth and maturity of thought to these

profound questions, showing how Buddhist philosophy, particularly

that of the Middle Way propounded by Nagarjuna, may shed light on

this issues.While breakthroughs in physics were prominent during the

twentieth century, many people now believe that biology holds the keys

to the most important discoveries for the present century. The theory of

evolution has become central to the entire discipline of biology today,

and it is usually presented as a purely material process, though

scientists and theologians continue to argue about the plausibility of an

intelligent design by an omnipotent Creator. Here His Holiness enters

this controversial field by discussing Buddhist views of karma,

examining how they may be compatible with the emergence of sentient


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life on our planet. This is an important alternative view to the standard

debates between strict materialists and theists, for Buddhism rejects

both the belief that the natural world is equivalent to the material world

and the belief in a supernatural Creator who designed and controls the

natural world.

One of the great areas of interest in the cognitive sciences today

is the nature and origins of consciousness in nature at large and in

human beings specifically. While extraordinay scientific progress has

been made in terms of investigating the neural functions that contributeto the emergence of consciousness and specific mental processes, the

actual nature of mental events and the necessary and sufficient causes

for their emergence remains a mystery. The mind has always been a

central concern of Buddhism, for it plays a central role in each of the

Four Noble Truths of suffering, its origins, its cessation, and the path toits cessation. Unlike modern science, Buddhism has developed and

refined extremely sophisticated means of observing the mind directly

and experientially investigating its origins, its relation to the rest of the

world, and its potentials. In his discussion of the spectrum of

consciousness, His Holiness shows Buddhism at its full strength,

making one startling assertion after another, many of them challenging

the most fundamental materialistic beliefs about the mind and its role in

nature.


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Buddhisms involvement with understanding the mind is

essentially pragmatic, for the central theme of the Buddhas teachings

is the overcoming of suffering and its source. The core structure of the

Buddhist path consists of ethics, mental training through meditation,

and the cultivation of wisdom by way of contemplative inquiry. The

entire path is based on ethics, and this has become an increasingly

important issue in modern science as well, particularly in the field of

genetics. Once again His Holiness brings his keen mind and

compassionate heart to the questions being raised in modern biologyand genetic engineering, showing how science and spirituality may

complement each other. It is only through such mutually respectful

collaboration and cooperation between science and the great religions

of the world that humanity can fully address the many pressing

challenges that we face today. It would be hard to find a wiser or morecompassionate mentor to guide us in this quest than His Holiness, the

XIVth Dalai Lama.


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Li M u ca GS. TS. B. Alan Wallace

(Li Vit do Lng u bin dch)

Mc d c xem nh l mt tn gio, th Pht gio vnl mt trong

cc truyn thng tri kin v i nht ca th gii, c da trn c s

v tri nghim v lp lun hn l vic tin tng khng iu kin vo

thn quyn. Trong nhiu th k, o Pht i thoi vi cc truyn

thng khc chu nh l n gio, Khng gio v Lo gio, l cc

truyn thng vn c cc lun im ring v thc ti. Nhng n knguyn mi ny, th s thng tr li thuc v khoa hc hin i vn l

mt h thng truy cu v tri kin v th gii t nhin mt cch c lp

lun, cho nn nu mun duy tr v th sn c nh l mt truyn thng

thc nghim v tp lun truy cu nghim cn, th Pht gio phi i

mt vi khoa hc.y chnh l iu m Thnh c Dalai Lama thc hin qua tc

phm V Tr Trong Mt Nguyn T. Trong khi quyn sch m ra vi

li t thut c nhn v vic sm chm trn vi khoa hc, tc l vic

Ngi tin hnh tho lun v mi quan h gia Pht gio vi vt l hin

i cng nh l vi v tr hc, sinh hc, cc khoa hc v t tng, v

o c, th chng ta tm thy c Ngi mt tm tr sng chi trong

cng vic khi vt ln vi hu ht cc nan thc bch m loi ngi

ang i mt ngy nay.


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Pht gio v cc khoa hc vt cht c giao din to ln vi nhau

trn nhiu mc trit l, thm d bn cht v ngun gc ca v tr,

v bn cht ti hu ca vt cht. Nu s nghin cu vn bao gm nhiu

ngnh hc ny din ra trong th k th 19, khi m tng chng C hc

c in t n li chung kt, th vic so snh vi Pht gio s

khng ng k. Song, bi do s hnh thnh ca thuyt tng i v vt

l lng t, th bn cht ca v tr vt l v mi quan h vi nhng

phng cch m cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v tr ny phi c

nh gi li mt cch nn tng. Tht c ngha g chng khi c gngm t v tr mt cch c lp bng cc h thng o lng ca chnh

chng ta? Phi chng vt cht l cu trc ti hu cho th gii t nhin

hay phi chng chnh khi nim v vt cht c thot thai t mt iu

chi c bn hn, c th l thng tin [s nh danh]? Vi s quan tm

t lu trong vt l v nhiu tip xc c nhn vi cc nh vt l li lcca th k XX, Ngi mang n mt mc su sc tuyt vi v mt s

trng thnh v mt t tng cho nhng cu hi thm thy, th hin

phng cch m trit l Pht gio, c bit l thuyt Trung o c

ra bi thnh gi Long Th, c th lm sng t cc vn ny.

Trong lc nhng t ph vt l ni bt vo th k XX, th

nhiu ngi hin nay tin rng sinh hc ang nm gi cha kha cho

nhng khm ph quan trng nht trong th k hin nay. L thuyt tin

ha tr thnh trung tm ca ton th b mn sinh hc ngy nay, v


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n thngc trnh by nh l mt tin trnh vt cht thun ty, mc

d cc nh khoa hc v thn hc vn tip tc tranh lun v cc kh

nng xy ra ca mt thit k thng minh t mt ng To Ha ton

nng. y Ngi i vo lnh vc y tranh ci ny bng vic tho lun

quan im ca Pht gio v nghip, kim tra cch thc m chng c th

tng thch vi s ny sinh ca i sng chng sinh trn hnh tinh ca

chng ta. y l mt tm nhn quan trng khc so vi cc cuc tranh

lun chun gia gia cc nh duy vt trit v cc nh thn hc, v

Pht gio bc b c lng tin rng th gii t nhin tng ng vi thgii vt cht ln lng tin vo mt ng sng to ton nng ngi tht

k v thng tr th gii t nhin

Mt trong nhng mng gy hng th ln ca cckhoa hc t

tng ngy nay thuc v bn cht v ngun gc ca thc trong thin

nhin rng ln v c bit l trong con ngi. Trong khi tin b phithng ca khoa hc c thc hin trong cc khun kh v vic

nghin cu nhng chc nng thn kinh gp phn vo s xut hin ca

thc v cc tin trnh tinh thn c th, th bn cht thc t ca cc s

kin tinh thn ny v nhng nguyn nhn cn v cho s ny sinh ca

chng vn cn l mt b n. Tm lun lun l mt mi quan tm ch

yu ca Pht gio, v n ng mt vai tr trung tm trong tng chn l

ca T Diu v au kh, ngun gc ca au kh, s chm dt ca

kh au, v o php n s dit kh. Khng ging nh khoa hc hin

i, Pht gio pht trin v tinh lc nn cc phng tin cc k tinh


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t ca vic quan st tm trc tip v thm tra mt cch chng nghim

ngun gc ca n, quan h ca n vi phn cn li ca th gii, v tim

nng ca n. Trong tho lun v ph ca thc, c Dalai Lama ch ra

rng Pht gio vi ton b sc mnh can, to c ht khng nh

gy ngc nhin ny n khng nh gy ngc nhin khc. Nhiu iu

trong s thch thc n cc tn iu duy vt nn tng nht v tm v

vai tr ca tm trong t nhin.

S tham gia ca Pht gio vi hiu bit v tm ch yu l chng

nghim, v ch chnh ca cc gio hun ca c c Pht l vicvt qua au kh v ngun ca au kh. Cu trc ct li ca l trnh

Pht gio bao gm gii, nh, v tu bng cch truy cu qun chiu.

Ton b l trnh hon ton da trn gii lut, v iu ny cng tr

thnh mt vn ngy cng quan trng trong khoa hc hin i, c

bit l trong lnh vc di truyn hc. Mt ln na Ngi mang tm tr bnnhy v tri tim t bi ca mnh n vi cc vn c nu ra trong

sinh hc hin i vk thut di truyn, ch ra cch thc lm th no

khoa hc v tm linh c th b sung cho nhau. Ch c thng qua s

cng tc tn trng ln nhau v s bt tay gia khoa hc vi cc tn gio

ln trn th gii th nhn loi mi hon ton c th gii quytni

nhng thch thc nhiu bc xc m chng ta phi i mt ngy hm

nay. Tht skh tm thy mt ngi c vn thng tu hn hay nhiu t

bi hn hng dn chng ta trong nhim v ny nh l vi Thnh

c Dalai Lama th XIV


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Dn Nhp

Ti cha bao gi t o to mnh trong khoa hc. Kin thc ca ti chyu c c t vic c tin tc v cc ti khoa hc quan trng trongcc tp chnh l t Newsweek, hay t vic nghe cc tng thut caTh Gii V i BBC, v sau ny, l t vic c cc sch giokhoa vthin vn. Hn 30 nm qua, ti vnt chc nhiu cuc gp g ring tv nhiu hi m vi cc nh khoa hc. Trong cc ln gp ny, ti lunc nm bt tng khoa hc bn di ca cc m hnh v cc phngphp cng nh l nm c ni dung hm ca cc l thuyt c bithay cc pht kin mi. Tuy nhin, khi t duy su vo trong khoa hc,ti khng ch ngh n cc ni dung ca n hiu c thc cht mcn m c n vn quan trng hn l liu n nh hng n o cv cc gi tr nhnbn ra sao. Cc lnh vc khoa hc m ti angkho st trong sut nhiu nm tri l vt l ht c bn, v tr hc, vsinh hc, trong bao gm c thn kinh hc v tm l hc. Vi tin l s rn luyn tr tu ca chnh bn thn mnh trong t tng Pht

gio, ti vnthng kinh ngc v mi tng giao gia cc quan imPht gio mu cht v cc tng khoa hc chnh yu. Tp sch nyl kt qu ca thi gian di suy t v iu v ca cuc hnh trnh trtu ca mt tng s Pht gio Ty Tng n vi th gii cc bung bt,cc my gia tc ht, v fMRI (my nh chc nng cng hng t)11 Bung bt (bubble chamber) l thit b ghi li vt dch chuyn ca qu o(thay i) ca cc ht vt l. Trong thc t, cc bung bt vt l c dng hnh ng lp

y bi mt loi cht lng (thng l hydrogen lng) c nung nng ln n gn bc hi ca cht lng . Khi ht vt l bay vo bung, th c mt piston ko nhanh ralm m rng th tch ca bung do gim p sut bung mt cch t ngt. Huqu l cht lng b qu nng (hn nhit bc hi thng c ca n ti cng p sut)nn chuyn pha thnh dng siu cn bng (hay cn gi l cn bng a phng). Ccht vt l dch chuyn (theo qu o c trng ca n) s to ra mt vt ion ho baobc ng dch chuyn ca ht ny, vt ny ph quanh bi cht lng b bc hi vto thnh cc bt (bong bng) cc nh. Mt ca bt bao bc ng chuynngca ht vt l t l vi nng lng m n truyn vo bung bt. Da vo ngi ta


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Nhiu nm sau khi lu vong ti n-, tnh c nhn mt l th mc vit t thp nin 1940 dnh cho cc tr s Pht gio Ty Tng. N c vit bi Gendn Chphel1, mt hc gi Ty Tng; ng nychng nhng uyn bc ting Phn m cng l ngi duy nht trong gii

tr s Ty Tng ng thi rt thnh tho Anh ng. ng ta chudu khp vng Anh-n, Afganishtan, Nepal v Sri Lanka trong thpnin 1930. L th ny c vit hng ti dp kt thc chuyn i 12nm; n tht s lm ti ht sc ngc nhin. N cho thy r v nhiulnh vc m trong c th c cuc i thoi y ch li gia Pht giov khoa hc hin i. Ti pht hin ra rng nhn xt ca GendnChphel thng trng hp mt cch ng ch vi nhn xt ca ti.iu ng tic l l th ny khng thu ht c s ch xng ng,

mt phn l v l th khng c ph bin ng mc Ty Tngtrc khi ti ri ni vo nm 1959.Nhng ti thy m lng v rnghnh trnh ca ti vo th gii khoa hc c c mt ngi trongcng truyn thng (Pht gio) Ty Tng vi ti i trc. Hay hn c lv Gendn Chphel n t Amdo, qu nh ca ti. Thi im bt gpc l th c vit nh th ny sau nhiu nm tht s gy ntng.

Ti nh li mt cuc m thoi khng ddng ch vi nm trc gia ti vi mt ph n Hoa K ly chng Ty Tng. Nghe tin ti hngth trong khoa hc v ch ng tin hnh i thoi vi cc nh khoa

c th quan st v o c c cc hng chuyn ng cng nh cc c tnh vt lkhc. Bubble_chamber. Wikipedia. Truy cp: 29/07/2009My gia tc ht(particle accelerator) l thit b vt l nhm tng tc ca cc ht vt

l ln mc ng k. Particle_accelerator. Wikipedia. Truy cp: 29/07/2009fMRI l ch vit tt ca cm t "functional magnetic resonances imaging".

Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Wikipedia. Truy cp: 29/07/20091Amdo Gendn Chphel (1903-1951) l mt gng mt sng to v c nhiu tranhci, ng l mt trong nhng hc gi ln ca Ty Tng na u th k 20. GedunChophel. Gedun Choppel. Truy Cp: 29/07/2009 )


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hc, b y cnh bo ti v snguy him m khoa hc t ra cho ssng cn ca Pht gio. B ni vi ti rng lch s minh chng mt stht rng khoa hc chnh l "st th" i vi tn gio v khuyn bo titht s s khng khn ngoan nu cho Dalai Lama mu cu tnh bng

hu vi nhng ai i in trongchuyn nghip (khoa hc) ny. thc hin hnh trnh i vo khoa hc ti gi nh rng mnh c vohang cp mi bt c cp con1. Quyt on ca ti trong vic mohim vo khoa hc da trn c s tin tng l trong khoa hc cng nhPht hc th vic hiu bit v bn cht ca thc ti c theo ui bng ngha ca vic kho cu bin bc: nu phn tch khoa hc chngminh mt cch thuyt phc rng cc lun im Pht gio no l saith chng ta phi chp nhn pht gic ca khoa hc v t b cc lun

im ny.

V l ngi c tm hn khng phn bit quc gia, nn mt phm chtca cc nh khoa hc khin ti hu nh nhch li gn hn vi h, lc mun ng kinh ngc ca cc nh khoa hc nhm chia s kin thccng nhau bt k bin gii quc gia. Ngay c trong thi k chin tranhlnh, khi m nn chnh tr th gii b phn cc n mc nguy him,ti vnthy cc nh khoa hc t cc khi ng v Ty sn lng lin

lc nhau trong nhng cch thc m cc nh chnh tr khng th tngra c. Ti cm thy mt s cng nhn ngm trong tinh thn nyv s thng nht ca nhn loi v mt s phng khong v s hu catri thc.

ng lc ca mi quan tm ca ti n vi khoa hc c nhiu hn tnhcch c nhn. Ngay c trc khit nn, th iu hin nhin cho ti vcho nhiu ngi v nguyn nhn ng sau ca thm kch chnh tr Ty Tng l v sai st ca n trong vic m ca hin i ho. Ngaysau khi n n-, chng ti thit lp cc trng hc cho tr em tnn vi chng trnh hc hin i, trong ln u tin n bao gm c

1Dch t thnh ng "stick your neck out" c hai nghi chnh mt l dm tin hnhiu nguy him, nghi khc l dm cho kin m ngi khc khng mun hay khngdm ni ra.


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gio dc khoa hc. T ti nhn ra im mu cht cho vic hin iho thuc vo s khai mo ca gio dc hin i, v trng tm ca giodc hin i phi l vic nm bt c khoa hc v cng ngh. Snguyn c nhn v n gio dc ny dn dt ti n ngay c vic

khuyn khch cc hc vin tu s, ni m vai tr ch yu l ging dyPht hc, hy a khoa hc vo chng trnh o to ca h.

Khi hiu bit v khoa hc cng m rng hn th ti cng cng thy r,nu ch ni v th gii vt l, th c nhiu lnh vc ca t tng Phtgio truyn thng m ti cc gii thch v thuyt l ca chng ti lc bn khi so snh vi nhng gii thch v l thuyt ca khoa hc hini. Nhng ng thi, ngay c ti cc quc gia c nn khoa hc pht

trin cao, th r rng con ngi cng vnphi tip tc tri qua kh auc bit l mc tm l v xc cm. Li ch v i ca khoa hc ln c th gp phn to tt vo vic gim nh cc au n mc thcht. Nhng ch c th bng vic nui dng cc phm cht ca nhntm v s chuyn ho ca cc thi th ta mi c th bt u nhhng n v vt qua au kh v tinh thn ca mnh. Ni cch khc,vic nng cao cc gi tr nn tng ca con ngitht thit yu cho truytm c bn ca chng ta n vi hnh phc. Do , t gc nhn v phc

lccon ngi, khoa hc v tm linh khng th khng c tng quan. Chng ta cn c hai, bi v s thuyn gim ca au kh phi c dinra c mc th cht ln tm l.

Sch ny khng phi l mt c gng thng nht khoa hc vi tmlinh (chng hn nh vi Pht gio, th m ti bit nhiu nht) m lmt n lc thm tra hai ngnh quan trng ca nhn loi nhm mcchpht trin mt phng thc ton din v tnghp hn tm hiuth gii xung quanh ta, l phng thc s thm d su xa vo ch thyc v ch cha thy c, thng qua s pht hin ca cc chng cc h tr bi lp lun. Ti khng c nu ra mt kho lun uyn bcn cc im tim tng v s hi t gia Pht hc v khoa hc hy cho cc nh nghin cu chuyn mn. ng hn, ti tin rng tm linhv khoa hc c khc nhau nhng chng b xung cho cc tip cn tham


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cu vi cng mc ch ln hn tm kim chn l. Trong n lc ny,c nhiu th mi ngnh hc hi ln nhau, v cng nhau, chng cth ng gp m rng chn tri tri kin v tr tu ca nhn loi.Hn th na, thng qua i thoi gia hai ngnh, ti hy vng c hai

khoa hc v tm linhc th pht trin phc v nhu cu v s honthin ca con ngi. Hn na, qua vic thut li cuc hnh trnh cachnh mnh, ti mong c nhn mnh cho hng triu Pht t ang theogt ti trn ton th gii v s cn thit tip nhn khoa hc mt cchnghim tc v chp nhn nhng pht hin nn tng ca khoa hc trongcc quan im v th gii ca cc pht hin .

Cuc i thoi gia khoa hc v tm linh c mt lch s lu di c bit

l vi Thin Cha gio. Trong trng hp i vidng tuyn tha caring ti, Pht gio Ty Tng, v nhiu l do lch s, x hi, v chnhtr[iu ] vncn l mt tin trnh mi l. Nhng ch du v ci mkhoa hc phi a ra vn cn cha hon ton t tng. Bt k miquan im (c nhn) khc bit trong khoa hc, khng mt hiu bitng tin cy no v s tn ti ca th gii t nhin hay ca con ngichng ta c th b qua c nhng thu sut ca cc l thuyt lm chakha cho s tin b, l thuyt tng i v c hc lng t nhng

hiu bit s c ti gi trong sch ny l mt th gii quan. C thkhoa hc s hc hi c t vic cng tc vi tm linh, c bit l quagiao din ca n vi cc vn rng ln hn ca con ngi, t o ccho n x hi;ngc li, chc chn trong mt s kha cnh c bitca t tng Pht gio nh l cc l thuyt thin vn lu i v nnvt l s khai ca Pht gio s phi c iu chnh di nh sng ccthu trit ca khoa hc. Ti hy vng sch ny s gp phn vo k hochct lm sinh ng cuc i thoi gia khoa hc v tm linh.

V mc tiu l kho st cc vn mc su nht ca th giing thi, nn ti mong c tip kin vi cc gii trong bnh dinrng nht nu c th. iu ny tht khng ddng g vicc lun c


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v tranh ci i khi phc tp trong c trit hc Pht gio1ln khoa hc.Vi lng thit tha t ti cuc lun bn, thnh thong ti qu ngin ha vn . Xin bit n hai v hiu nh, ngi thng dch lunm Thupten Jinpa ca ti v cng s vin Jas'Elsner v s h tr ca

h trong vic gip son tho li cc kin ca ti mt cch sng tnht c th c bng Anh ng. Ti cng mong mun cm t rt nhiuc nhn gip ti trong vic gip h v ph bnh trong nhiu giaion ca bn tho. Hn ht, ti bit n tt c cc nh khoa hc gpg, dnh cho ti nhiu th gi ca h v cho thy mt s kin tr rt lntrong vic gii thch nhng tng phc tp cho mt ngi hc tr ikhi chm chp ny.

1Theo quan im ca c Dalai Lama th ton b Pht hc c th chia lm 3 phn: 1. Khoa Hoc Pht gio (Buddhist Science): hay l cc lp lun v Phn tch

Pht gio: y l nhng phng php suy lun, phn tch Pht gio cng vi nhngquy lut khch quan m Pht gio ly lm nn tng. Trong , vic phn tch kho stcc i tng hon ton ch l cc lp lun c tnh khch quan da trn cc tin cs (trong , chng ta c th thy c bn cnh h thng suy lun l-gc, l cc quylut chng hn nh lut nhn qu, thuyt duyn sinh. Sau l cc lp lun v quanim Nh , v gio l v Tnh Khng.

2. Trit Hc Pht gio (Buddhist Philosophy): T cc suy lun trn c s ccquy lut, Pht gio pht trin theo chiu su v rng v phn nhnh thnh h thngtrit l. H thng ny s l nn tng cho nhn sinh quan, th gii quan, v v tr

quan Pht gio. Cc quan im trit hc ny bao gm nhiu kt lun dn xut t ccnguyn l c bn trong Khoa hc Pht gio.

3. Thc Hnh Pht gio (Buddhist Practice): T h thng trit l Pht gio,cc mn sinh s tip thu v pht trin thnh cc truyn thng thc hnh tu hc phhp vi h thng truyn tha v cn c ca mnh. Cc truyn thng tu hc Pht giothc s phong ph t Nguyn Thy, i tha, cho n Zen hay Mt tng ... N cty theo hon cnh lch s a d m hnh thnh cc gio php thch ng vi conngi.


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Chng I Qun Chiu

Ti c nhiu nm suy ngm v nhng pht trin ng ghi du cakhoa hc. Ch ni trong khonh khc ngn ngi ca i ti, th tcng ca khoa hc v cng ngh ln con ngi tht to ln. Mc dmi quan tm ca ti n khoa hc bt u bi tnh t m v mt thgii c chi phi bi cng ngh, th khi khoa hc cn kh l lmvi ti. Mi quan tm ny le ra trong tr ti khng lu trc khikhoa hc nh hng to tt ln nhn loi c bit l sau khi ti luvong trong nm 1959. Ngy nay th hu nh khng c mt lnh vcno ca nhn sinh m khng dnh dng n cc hiu qu ca khoa hcv cng ngh. D chng ta r v tr ca khoa hc trong ton b isng con ngi th iu g ng ra khoa hc nn c tin hnh viu g khoa hc nn chu s qun l? im th nh trong cu hi nytht s quan yu bi v tr khi hng i ca khoa hc c dn dt bimt ng lc o c c thc, c bit l lng t i, nu khng thcc hu qu ca n c th tht bi trong vic mang li li ch. Chng dnhin cn c th gy tchi v cng.

Vic thy c tm quan trng to ln ca khoa hc v nhn bit a vthng tr khng trnh khi ca n trong th gii thay i mt cchc bn thi ca ti vi khoa hc, t ch t m tr thnh mt kiuhnh ng gp rt. Trong Pht gio, l tng tm linh cao nht l nui dng lng t bi cho mi chng sinh hu tnh1 v lm cho

1Cm tChng sinh hu tnhbao gm hai v.V th nht "chng sinh" tc lnhng th sng c kh nng to sinh ra cc th h mi, c kh nng hp th dinh

dng, thi cht cn b, vv. ng v thc vt u l chng sinh nhng t, nc,khng kh tinh khit khngphi l chng sinh. V th nh hu tnh m ch khnng c xc cm, v ty theo mc c cc kh nng khc v tinh thn, tri gic. Nhvy gii ng vt c xem l thuc v hu tnh. S phn nh chi tit mt s loithuc cc hn gia hu tinh v v tnh l con ty theo tiu chun. Ring s phnnh cc hn gia cc loi (nh gia ng vt v thc vt) dn n theo cchphn chia khc -- nh gia cc loi t bo khng c nhn (eukaryotes -- chng khngthuc v c ng hay thc vt) v loi tbo c nhn prokaryotes bao gm c ngthc vt, nm, ..)


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phc li ca h c m rng ti a. T khi cn rt u th, ti cto duyn chm cht cho l tng ny v c gng thi hnh ntrong mi hnh vi. Vy nn, ti mun hiu bit khoa hc v n choti mt lnh vc mi thm st trong cuc truy tm hiu c bn

cht v thc ti ca ti. Ti cng mun hc hi n, bi v n l cchthc mnh m lin lc vi cc thu hiu c gp nht t chnhtruyn thng tm linh ca mnh. Cho nn, vi ti, nhu cu lm vic vilc lng [khoa hc] mnh m ny trong th gii ca chng ta cng tr thnh mt loi s mnh tm linh. Cu hi trng tm trng tmcho s tn ti v hon thin ca th gii chng ta l lm sao c thto ra cc pht trin khoa hc tuyt diu cho cc i tng (hay s vt)no m n cng hin dch v v tha v t bi cho nhu cu ca con ngi

v cc chng sinh hu tnh vn ang cng chia s tri t ny vichng ta.

o c c chim mt a v no trong khoa hc hay khng? Ti tinrng c. Trc tin, ging nh mt trang c bt k, khoa hc c th tvo ch hu dng hay tai hi. Trng thi tm thc ca ngi ang vnhnh trang c s quyt nh hu qu sau cng ca vic s dng.Th n, cc pht hin khoa hc nh hng ln cch m chng ta hiu

v th gii v v v tr ca mnh trong . iu ny c huqu n hthng ng x cu chng ta. Chng hn, hiu bit v c gii ca th gii dn ti cuc Cch Mng K Ngh1, trong , khai thc thin nhintr thnh hot ng chun mc. Mc d vy, c mt gi thit chungcho rng o c ch thch hp n ng dng ca khoa hc, m khngphi l mu cu thc ti ca khoa hc. Trong m hnh ny, mi khoahc gia nh l mt c th v cng ng cc nh khoa hc ni chung giv tr trung tnh v o c khng chu trch nhim cho hu qu ca

1Cch Mng K Ngh xy ra vo th k 18 v 19 trong c s thay i ln ch yutrong nng nghip, cng nghip, khai thc m v lu thng to ra hiu qu susc ln cc iu kin v kinh tx hi v vn ha bt u n ra ti Anh lan khp chu

u, bc M v th gii. Cuc cch mng ny m ra mt trang s mi cho nhn loi vnh hng n hu nh mi kha cnh ca cuc sng. Industrial Revolution.Wikipedia. Truy cp 11/01/2010


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nhng g m h khm ph ra. Nhng c nhiu khm ph khoa hcquan trng, v ring nhng pht kin cng ngh c cc khm phny dn ti hay to ra nhng iu kin mi v m ra nhiu kh nngxut hin cc thch thc mi v o c v tm linh. Chng ta khng

th n thun min tr nhng hnh vi to tc khoa hc v c chnh cnhn cc nh khoa hc ra khi trch nhim cho vic ng gp vo sny sinh ca mt thc tmi.

C l im ti quan trng l m bo c rng khoa hc khng baogi tch ri khi cm xc nhn bn v s cm thng vi cc chng sinhng ng ca ta. Cng nh l cc ngn tay ca mt ngi ch c thhot ng trong mi quan h vi bn tay, cc khoa hc gia phi lun

nhn bit mi tng quan ca h vi x hi bn ngoi. Khoa hc th vcng quan trng nhng n ch l mt ngn trn cnh tay ca nhn loi,v nng lc v i nht ca n ch c th thc hin c khi chng taghi nh cn thn iu ny.Ngc li, ta c nguy c nh mt nghaca cc th t u tin. Con ngi c thi n ch phc v cho ccquan tm v tin b khoa hc hn l theo chiu hng ngcli [tc lkhoa hc phc v cho con ngi] Khoa hc v cng ngh l nhngcng c mnh, nhng ta phi quyt nh s dng chng sao cho tt

nht. ng trn tt c nhng iu l ng lc qun l vic ngdng khoa hc v cng ngh, cho tm v tr c hi ha thng nhtmt cch l tng.

Vi ti, khoa hc, trc v trn ht, l mt b mn thc nghim cungng cho nhn loi mt phng thc truy cp mnh tm hiu bn chtca th gii sng v th gii vt cht. Mt cch c bn, n l mt litruy cu cung cp cho chng ta mt tri thc t m tuyt vi v th giithc nghim v cc quy lut vn hnh bn trong ca thin nhin, m tart ra c t cc d liu thc nghim. Khoa hc tin hnh bng ccgi tr ca mt phng php rt c bit bao gm o c, nh lng,v kim nghim a chth1thng qua cc th nghim lp li. iu ny

1Dch t ch "intersubjective verification": Tc l cch thc kim tra li cc l thuytthng qua vic p dng l thuyt ln cc ch th khc nhau m chng c chia s


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ti thiu l mt tnh cht cn bn ca phng php khoa hc khi m nc mt trong mu hnh khoa hc hin nay. Trong m hnh ny, thnhiu kha cnh v s tn ti ca con ngi, bao gm cc cu hi vcc gi tr, s sng to, v tm linh cng nh l cc cu hi siu hnh

mc su hn s nm ngoi ni dung ca truy cu khoa hc.

Mc d c nhiu lnh vc ca i sng v kin thc nm ngoi phmvi ca khoa hc, ti nhn thy nhiu ngi gi nh cho rn g quanim khoa hc ca th gii phi nn l c s cho tt c tri thcv tt cnhng g kh kin. y l ch ngha duy vt khoa hc. Mc d tikhng nhn thy c trng phi t tng no xng ny, nhngn dng nh l mt tin l chung khng c kim nghim li. Quan

im ny duy tr lng tin vo th gii khch quan, cho rng th gii nyc lp vi s ngu nhin ca nhng ngi quan st n. N cho rngd liu c phn tch trong mt th nghim l c lp vi cc nhnthc thnh kin, v s tri nghim ca nh khoa hc dng phn tchchng.

n ng sau ca quan im ny l s tha nhn rng, trong phn tchti hu, th vt cht, s nh l c m t bi vt l v nh l n chu

tc ng bi cc lut vt l l tt c hin hu. Theo , quan im nycho rng tm l hc c th c quy gim v sinh hc, sinh hc quy vha hc v ha hc quy v vt l. y, ti khng quan tm nhiu nvic tranh lun chng li lun im ca ch ngha quy gim1(d rngchnh ti cng khng ng tnhvi quan im ny) m l lu timt im v cng quan trng: l nhng kin khng to dng nn

cng c tnh (kinh nghim) v tho mn tin ca l thuyt. IntersubjectiveVerifiability. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009

1Ch trng quy gim l mt ch trng tmhiu bn cht phc tp ca cc svt bng cch quy gim chng vo cc tng tc ca cc b phn nh hn cachng, hay quy gim n cc s vt nn tng v n gin hn."Reductionism". Wikipedia. Truy cp 17/02/2009.


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tri kin khoa hc; ng hn, chng i din cho mt lun im trithc, tht ra l mt lun im siu hnh. Quan im cho rng tt c cckha cnh ca thc ti u c th quy gim v vt cht v cc ht vt lca n, theo ti, c v tr siu hnh tng ng khng thua g vi v

tr siu hnh ca quan im cho rng c mt c ch thng minh sngto ra v iu khin thc ti.

Mt trong nhng vn c bn ca ch ngha duy vt khoa hc trngcn l n dn ti tm nhn thin cn v c th ny sinh ra ch ngha hv. Ch nghi h v, ch nghi duy vt, v ch ngha quy gim tt cc cc vn nu trn t tm nhn trit hc, c bit l tm nhn conngi, bi v chng c tim lc lm ngho kit i cch thc m chng

ta nhn chnh mnh. Th d, khi ta nhn chnh mnh nh l cc sinh vthu c ngu nhin hay nh l cc chng sinh c bit c ph chophng din v thc v kh nng o c s tonn tc ng ln ncch m ta cm thy v chnh mnh v cch i x vi tha nhn. Trongcch nhn ny, nhiu kha cnh caton b thc ti trong ccphm trthuc tnhca conngi nh ngh thut, o c, lng tt, nt p, vtrn ttc l thchoc s b quy gim v cc phn ng ho hc cacc t bo thn kinh hay c xem nh l mt s kin n thun ca

cc cu trc tng tng. iu nguy hi tip sau l con ngi cth b quy gim xung khng hn g nhng my mc sinh hc, cc snphm ca s tnh c n thun trong t hp ngu nhin ca cc gen,vi khng c mc ch no khc hn l s cng bch sinh hc cavic ti sinh sn.

Tht l kh thy c bng cch no cc vn nh l ngha cacuc sng hay thin v c c th tng hp c bn trong mt th giiquan nh vy. Vn khng phi cc d kin thc nghim ca khoahc m lun im cho rng cc d liu ny mt mnh chng cu trcc nn tng hp l cho vic pht trin mt th gii quan ton dinhay mt gi tr tho ng tr li cho cc vn ca th gii. Cnhiu iu v s tn ti ca con ngi v v t bn thn thc ti mkhoa hc hin nay cha kh nng cho chng ta truy cp ti.


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Bi cng cch biu hin, tm linh phi c lm mnh bi cc phtkin v thu hiu ca khoa hc. Nu nh nhng ngi thc hnh tmlinh chng ti khng m xa n cc pht kin ca khoa hc, th thchnh ca chng ti cng b ngho kit i, ging nh l s c chp c

th dn n ch ngha kinh in1

. y l mt trong nhng l do khinti khuyn khch cc Pht t ng mn tip nhn nghin cu khoa hc,c nh vy, cc thu hiu ca khoa hc c th c tch hp vo trongth gii quan Pht gio.

1T ch "Fundamentalism": Ch trng tin tng tuyt i vo kinh in. Kinh inl tuyt i khng c sai st v khng c li lm.


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Chng 2 i Din vi Khoa Hc

Ti sinh trong mt gia nh ca nhng nh nng mc mc, l nhngngi dng nga cy ba cho cnh ng ca h, v khi la mchchn ma, th dng sc nga dm gi la. C l cc th kh d cm t nh l c tnh cht k thut trong th gii th u ca ti l nhngcon dao gm m nhng ngi lnh du mc a phng kim c tAnh-n, Nga, hay Trung Quc. Vo lc 6 tui ti ln ngi DalaiLama th14 ti th Ty Tng, Lhasa, v dn thn vo vic tu hctrong tt c cc phng din ca Pht gio. Ti c cc gia s hng ngydy ti c,vit, trit hc Pht gio c bn, v hc thuc lng cc kinhvn v nghi l. Ti cng c nhiu tsenshap, nghi l nhng "ngi trgip v trit hc" Phn s chnh ca h l em n cho ti cuc tholun v cc ti ca t tng Pht gio. Thm vo , ti c tham giacc cuc cu nguyn v thin nh trong nhiu gi. Ti tham d ccthi k nhp tht vi cc gia s vngi theo quy nh trong hai gi mtln v 4 ln trong ngy trong mt bui thin nh. y l vic rnluyn in hnh cho mt v lt-ma cao cp trong truyn thng TyTng.Nhng ti khng c gio dc v ton, a l, ha hc, sinh

hc, hay vt l. Thm ch ticng khng bit l chng c tn ti haykhng na.

in Potala l nh ma ng chnh thc ca ti. l mt cngtrnh xy dng s, chim ht mt bn ca mt tri ni, v n phi cn hng nghn phng Ti cha bao gi t m chng. Trong nhnglc rnh khi cn l mt cu b, ti t gii tr bng cch thm d vi nitrong cc cn bung ca n. Ging nh l mt cuc sn lng chu bu

bt tn. c tt c mi th c, ch yu thuc v cc DalaiLama tin nhim v c bit l ca v ngay trc ti, c dnh ringra . Trong s cc ni dung ni bt ca cung in l nhng thp xli cha nhng phn thn th cn li ca cc Dalai Lama trc y,cho n tniDalai Lama th 5, ngi sng trong th k th 17 v m rng in Potala nh hnh dng hin thi. Gia cc hin vt bybin, ti tm thy mt vi c c kh thuc v c Dalai Lamath


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13. ng ch nht l mt knh thin vn xp c c lm t ngthau v c th gn ln mt chc ba chn, v mt ng h c hc ln dyct vi mt qu cu quay c trn mt gi cho bit thi gian trongnhng mi gi khc nhau. cng c ch b mt ln cha nhng

cun sch c minh ha bng Anh ng v Th Chin Th Nht.

Mt s trong chng l qu tng cho c Dalai Lama th 13 t ngibn Sir Charles Bell1. Bell l nh chnh tr Anh ni c Tng ng tiSikkim2. ng ta l ngi cho c Dalai Lama th 13 lu tr trongkhong thi gian ngn ti Anh-n, sau khi trn i trong nm 1910 binguy c xm chim ca qun ch thuc chnh quyn ch cui cngca Trung Hoa [nh Mn Thanh]. iu ng hiu k l vic lu vong

ti Ty Tng v tm hiu vn ha ca khoa hc l nhng im ctruyn li cho ti t ngi tin nhim [tc l c Dalai Lama th 13].Vi c Dalai Lama 13, sauny ti nhn ra vic li Anh-n lmt kinh nghim bt ngdn ti nhn thcv nhu cu ca cc ci cchln vx hi v chnh tr ti Ty Tng. Trong chuyn tr li Lhasa,Ngi m ng in tn, ci t dch v bu chnh, xy dng mtnh my pht in nh t cc ngn n u tin ti Ty Tng, vthit lp nha ngn kh in tin kim loi v giy bc.Ngi cng t

ti nhn thc v tm quan trng ca nn gio dc th tc hin i v tuyn chn mt nhm tr Ty Tng gi i hc ti Ruhby School tiAnh. c Dalai Lama 13 li mt chc th vo pht cui tin on

1Charles Alfred Bell: Chnh tr gia v l nh Ty Tng hc sinh ti Calcutta (naythuc n ). ng l tc gi ca cun Portrait of a Dalai Lama, n hnh 1946.

Charles Alfred Bell. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

2Sikkim(cn gi l Sikhim) l mt bang thuc Ty Bc n- trn dy Himalaya.Ni y dn c tha tht, Bc v ng gip Ty Tng, Ty gip Nepal v ng Namgip Bhutan. Sikkim. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.


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nhiu th v thm kch chnh tr s xy ra, v chnh quyn [Ty Tng]tip ni tht bi hiuhthay lu tm ti chc th ny.1

Trong nhng mn c kh l th thu c bi c Dalai Lama 13 lmt chic ng h b ti, hai my chiu phim, v ba chic xe hi Haitrong chng l "Baby Austin" i 1927 v "American Dodge" i19312. Lc , khng c ng c th chy xe trong ton vngHymalaya hay chnh ngay ti Ty Tng, nhng chic xe ny b thori ra ti n v c mang xuyn qua cc vng ni bi cc cng nhn

1 Xem thm v cuc i ca c Dalai Lama th 13 (1876 1933)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thubten_Gyatso,_13th_Dalai_Lama.Cc ti liu v vic tin on vn mnhnc Ty Tng c th th tm rt nhiu ni.Xin xem thm:

1. A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.Google Books. Resultby Melvyn C. Goldstein, Gelek Rimpoche - 1991 - History - 936pages -- Trang 205 (dng google tm t kho: "A History of Modern Tibet" willcertainly be forced either from within or without)

2. http://www.reversespins.com/buddhistprophecy.html

2y l tn kiu xe ca nh thit k xe ngi Anh l Herbert Austin (1866 -1941).Herbert Austin, 1stBaron Austin. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

Kiu xe Dodge xut pht t hng Dodge Brothers. Sau c Walter Chrysler muali (1928) Tuy nhin hiu Dodge vn cn tn ti cho n ngy nay. Walter_Chrysler.Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009


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khun vc, ngi lao ng, v bi la trc khi c lp rp li choc Dalai Lama. Trong mt thi gian di, y l 3 chic xe hi duynht cac Ty Tng v chng kh l v dng, v khng c ng xbn ngoi Lhasa cho ngi ta c th li chng.Nhng mn khc

nhau ny l cc du hiu ca mt nn vn ha k ngh, trui rn nn mt am m to tt camt cu nh vi bn nng hiu k v mtcht nng ng. Mt ln ti cn nh rt r, ti chi nghch vi ccth ny thay v hc gio l hay nh bi. Ngy nay, ti c th vnthynhng th ny cng khng hn cc mn chi, nhng chng khugi n mt th gii tri thc v kinh nghim m ti khng truy cpti c v s c mt ca chng l mt hp dn v cng. Mt cch hiu, th sch ny vit v ltrnh pht hin th gii v nhng th

tuyt diu m n cng hin.

Ti khng thykh khn v ci knh thin vn. Khng hiu sao vicdng n lm g c v hin nhin vi ti; v ngay sau dng n quan st cuc sng tt bt ca ph x Lhasa, c bit l cc khu ch. Ti thm mun ci cnh ca s t do vi nhng a tr ng trang lachy tung tng ngoi ng trong khi m ti phi hc hnh. Sau , tidng knh vin vng quan st bu tri m Potala ni c c

mt v tr cao ca Ty Tng, ni c tm ngm tuyt ho nht n cc vsao. Ti hi nhng ngi gip vic cc tn ca cc tinh t v nhngchm sao.

Ti bit ci ng h b ti lm g nhng mun bit nhiu hn v bhp dn bi cch n vn hnh. Ti gp kh khn v iu ny t lu choti khi khng nhn t m v ti m v nhn vo bn trong. Chngbao lu sau, ti tho tung ton b v iu thch thc l lp t chng livi nhau sao cho n thc s vn hnh. Th l bt u mt lng hamthch lu di v vic tho riv lp rp tr li cc vt c kh. Tithng tho tin trnh ny n ni tr thnh mtngi sa cha quantrng chonhiu ngi ch ca cc ng h eo tay v treo tng mti quen bit Lhasa. Sau ny ti n , ti khng c nhiu may mnvi chic ng h cc-cu ca mnh, khi m cc-cu b ph hng bi con


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mo ca ti v khng th phc hi. Khi ng h pin t ng tr nnthng dng, s ham thch ca tigiminhiu nu bn m mt cing h nh vy, bn s hu nh kh tm thy b phn c kh no.

Vic tm ti cch s dng hai my chiu phim quay tay ca c DalaiLama 13 kh khn hn nhiu. Mt trong nhng ngi gip vic ca til mt v s c , tm ra cch lm cho mt my trong chng hotng. Ti hi ng y chun b n ti c th xem mt vi phim mchng ti c. Sau ny chng ti c dng c mt my chiu phim 16ly chy in; nhng hay b hng,mt ln v chic my pht khng cungcp in ng. Trong khong thi gian ny, ti on l vo nm 1945,Heinrich Harrer v Peter Aufschnaiter1 nhng ngi o vt thot

qua dy Hymalaya n Lhasa t mt nh t ca Anh thuc v mt trit chin tranh [trong Th Chin Th Hai] min Bc n . Harrertr thnh mt ngi bn ca ti, v ti thnh thong chuyn ng ysang gip sa my chiu. Chng ti khng kim c nhiu phim,nhng c nhiu cun tin tc v cc s kin ln ca Th Chin th IIc em xuyn quan- cung cp cc ti v quan im ca ngMinh. Cng c nhng cun v VE Day [Vit tt ca ch "Victory inEurope Day" tc l ngyc u hng ng Minh: 7 v 8 thng 5 nm

1945], v l ng quang ca vua George lc ca nc Anh v Phimca son gi Laurence Oliver v tc phm ca Shakespeare "Henry V",cng nh l mt s phim khng li ca Charlie Chaplin.

1Heinrich Harrer (19122006) nh leo ni, th thao, a l ngi o. ng cbit nhiu qua tc phm"Seven Years in Tibet" (By nm ti Ty Tng) --c dch

sang 53 th ting v chuyn thnh phim cng tn. Heinrich Harrer. Wikipedia. Truycp 18/02/2009

Peter Aufschnaiter (1899 - 1973) l mt nh leo ni, khoa hc nng nghip, a l,v bn ngi o. Peter Aufschnaiter. Wikipedia. Truy cp 28/02/2009.


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S am m ca ti v khoa hc bt u t cng ngh, v d nhin ti khng phn bit c khc nhau gia hai phm tr ny. Khi gpHarrer, ngi bit nhiu v c kh hn bt k ai m ti bit Lhasa, ticho l s tinh thng trong khoa hc ca ng s su sc nh l s thnh

tho ca ng ta trn mt s vt c kh m chng ti c c Potala. Tht l tc ci l nhng nm sau ny ti pht hin ng ykhng c nn tng chuyn mn khoa hc Thi , ti ngh tt c nng da trng u c hiu bit su sc v khoa hc.

Cm hng bi s thnh cng trong vic tho m cc ng h v samy chiu phim, ti c nhiu hoi bo hn. ti tip sau ca ti ltm hiu v c kh ca xe hi. Ngi chu trch nhim li v trng coi

nhng chic xe l Lhakpa Tsering; ng ta l ngi bc trc ni ting lnng ny. Nu l b ng u trong khi lm vic di gm xe th ng tas tr nn nng gin v p v ng u thm. Ti nh bn vi ng ng ta cho ti c kim nghim my mc trong khi ng y sachan v dn dn ch ti cch li xe.

Mt ngy n, ti ln ly mt chic Austin ra v li mt mnh nhng ligy ra mt tai nn nh v lm b n pha bn tri. Ti ht hong v

iu m Babu Tashi, mt ngi chu trch nhim khc v nhng chicxe, c th ni ra ngoi, nn xoay s kim c mt n pha thay th,nhng n li l loi thy tinh khng mu, trong khi ci nguyn thy cmu c. Sau mt t suy ngh, ti tm ra gii php. Ti ti to mu cbng cch ph ln n lp ng chy. Ti khng bao gi ngh ti nuBabu Tashi s pht hin ra.Nu c, th t nht ng y s khng bao gitrng pht ti.

C mt lnh vc quan trng ca khoa hc hin i, m Harrer gip chnhiu nht cho ti; l a l. Trong th vin c nhn ca ti c mtb su tp cc sch v Th Chin th II, trong cung cp nhiu giithch chi tit v s tham chin ca nhiu nc ln k c Nht.Nhngthm him ca ti vo my chiu phim, sa cha cc ng h, v thli xe cho ti mt gi s lc v th gii khoa hc v cng ngh c


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th ni v nhng iu g. mt mc nghim chnh hn, sau khi c trao quyn lnh o Ty Tng tui 16, vic ti dn thn vo ccthm ving Trung Quc vo nm 1954 v n vo nm 1956 li cho ti mt n tng mnh. Qun i Trung Quc chim ng

nc ti, v ti tham d trong mt cuc m phn lu di v c bitnhm tm kim cho mt s ho gii vi chnh quyn Trung Quc.

Chuyn cng du nc ngoi u tin, khi tui gn i mi, a tin Trung Quc, ni m ti gp ch tch Mao, Chu n Lai, v cc vlnh o khc ca chnh quyn. Chuyn ving thm quc gia bao gmmt chui cc cuc tham quan nhng cnh ng hp tc v nhng cngtrnh cng cng nh cc p thy in. y khng ch l ln u tin

ti trong mt thnh ph hin i vi ng x v xe hi m cn l lnu tin ti gp g cc khoa hc gia.

Trong nm 1956, ti n n tham d l k nim 2500 nm cPht nhp dit m s kin chnh c din ra ti Delhi. Sau , thtng n, ngi Jawaharlal Nehru1tr thnh nh l mt c vn v mtngi bn, cng nh l ngi tip nhn ti t nn. Nehru l ngi cu c khoa hc; Ngi nhn thy tng lai n trong khun kh pht

trin v k ngh v cng nghip v c tm nhn su sc v s tin b. Sau buil chnh thc k nim c Pht qua i, ti c tng lmnhiu ni ca n khng nhng cc thnh a hnh hng nhBodhgaya2, ni c Pht thnh o, m c cc thnh ph ln, cc nhmy lin hp k ngh, v cc i hc.

1Jawaharlal Nehru (18891964) l nh lnh o chnh tr quan trng ca ng

Quc i, ng l biu tng c trng cho phong trou tranh ginh c lp n khi ngi Anh, l th tng u tin v phc v cng v ny lu nht ca Cng Ho

n . ng cng l hnh nh ch cht trong chnh trng quc t thi hu chin,c xem l lnh o ca Phong tro Phi Lin Kt. Jawaharlal Nehru. Wikipedia.Truy cp 18/02/2009.2Bodhgayacn c tn phin m l B- o trng, nm vng ng Bc n (244143 V tuyn Bc, 845938 Kinh Tuyn ng) y l thnh tch hnh hngquan trng nht ca cc Pht t c xp vo danh mc Di Sn th Gii ca UNESCO.


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Sau ln u tin ti gp g vi cc nh truyn gio ang tm kimmt s tch hp gia khoa hc v tm linh nh l cc thnh vin caTheosophical Society [tm dch l "Thn Tr Hi"] ti Madras [Thph bang Tamil Nadu n ]. Thn Tr hc l mt phong tro tm

linh quan trng trong th k 19 u th k 20 mu cu pht trin mt stng hp ca tri kin nhn loi, ng v Ty, tn gio v khoa hc . Nhng nh sng lp ca phong tro bao gm Madame Blavatsky vAnnie Besant1l ngi Ty Phng nhng c nhiu thi gian sng tin.

Ngay c trc cc chuyn i chnh thc nh th, ti nhn bit crng cng ngh tht ra l thnh qu hay l biu thmt cch thc c

trng ca hiu bit v th gii. Khoa hc l c s ca cc biu th .D sao, khoa hc l dng c bit ca s truy cu v l khi kin thcbt ngun t n m hnh thnh c hiu bit v th gii. Vy nn ds am m ban u ca ti l vi cc hnh thc cng ngh, tc ldng khoa hc ca s truy cu hn l th chi c khhay k thutc th lm ti suy gm su nht.

Nh l kt qu ca cc mn m vi nghiu ngi, c bit l cc khoa

hc gia chuyn mn v khoa hc, ti nhn thy nhiu s tng t chcchn trong tinh thn ca vic truy cu gia khoa hc v t tng PhtgioNhng s tng t m ti vncn thy l ni bt. Cc phng

C nhiu bi vit m t v gi thiu v thnh tch ny. Pht Tch v Danh Thng.o Pht Ngy Nay. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

1 Tn tht l Helena Blavatsky ( ) (1831 - 1891), l ngi gc Ngasng lp Thn Tr Hi . Madame Blavatsky. Wikipedia. Truy cp 13/01/2010

Annie Wood Besant (18471933) Ngi Anh l mt thnh vin k cu ca Thn TrHi, mt ngi u tranh cho n quyn, mt tc gi, nh hng bin, v ngi ng hcho n- t tr. Annie Besant. Wikipedia. Truy cp 13/01/2010


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php khoa hc theo ti hiu, xut pht t s quan st nhng hin tngchc chn trong th gii vt cht dn ti mt tng qut ho v l thuyt;m l thuyt tin on c cc s kin v kt qu s hnh thnh,nu cc hin tng c cu xt trong mt cch thc c th; v sau

kim nghim lid on bng cc th nghim. Kt qu c chpnhnnh l mt b phn ca khi kin thc khoa hc rng ln hn nuth nghim kt xut ra l ng v c th lp li c. Nhng nu thnghim mu thun vi l thuyt, th l thuyt cn phi c iu hpli v quan st thc nghim ca hin tng l u tin. Mt cch hiuqu, khoa hc chuyn t kinh nghim thc nghim qua mt tin trnh ttng nhn thc bao gm s p dng v hon thin trong kinh nghimthc nghim xa hn kim tra li hiu bit em n bi lp lun. Ti

t lu gi s am m v tng quan song song gia hnh thc khost thc nghim v nhng iu m ti hc hi c qua o to trongtrit hc Pht gio v tu hnh.

Mc d Pht gio n t mt tn gio vi cc c tnh ca kinh in vl nghi, ni mt cch chnh xc, trong Pht gio, thm quyn kinh inkhng th c nhiu gi tr hn mt hiu bit da trn lp lun v kinhnghim. Thc ra, chnh c Pht, trong mt pht biu ni ting,

gim nh thm quyn kinh in ca chnh nhng pht ngn ca mnhkhi Ngi tuyn thuyt vi cc t ng chp nhn gi tr cc li dyca Ngi v ch n gin da trn s tn knh o s. Cng nh ngith luyn vng dy dn s kim nghim s tinh khit s vng ca mnhthng qua tin trnh tht k cng ca s kim tra1; c Pht khuyn nhrng ngi tann kim nghim s tht ca iu m Ngi dy thngqua s kim tra lp lun v th nghim c nhn. Do , khi i n vicnh gi s chn tht ca mt lun im, chiu theo thm quyn lnnht l t kinh nghim, tip theo l vi lp lun, v sau cng mi lkinh in. Cc i s thuc i hc Nalanda ca Pht gio n , m

1 Li dy ny c trch t bn s gii Vimalaprabh v Klachakra, mc d n cngthy xut hin trong Kinh tng Pali. Phn ting Sanskrit c trch dn trongTattvasagraha, do D. Shastri bin tp (Vras: Bauddhabharari, 1968), k. 3587.


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t bt ngun cho Pht gio Ty Tng, tip tc p dng tinh thnca li khuyn dy ca c Pht trong vic kim tra cht ch v chnhxc i vi chnh li dy ca c Pht.

C mt ngha m cc phng php khoa hc v Pht gio khc nhau:kho st khoa hc khi u t th nghim, dng cc dng c phntch cc hin tng bn ngoi, trong khi vic tu hnh khi u bngvic pht trin ch tm tinh t, m sau c s dng dis kimsot tnh t cnh tnh[tnh thc]ca kinh nghim ni ti.Nhng c haicng chia s chung mt c bn thc nghim mnh m: nu khoa hcch ra c iu no tn ti hay khng tn ti (iu ny khng ngnht vi vic khng tm thy iu ), th chng ti phi tha nhn iu

nh l mt s tht.Nu mt l thuyt c kim nghim v tmthy l chn tht, th chng ti phi chp nhn n. Cng vy, Pht giophi chp nhn nhng s tht bt k l c tm thy bi khoa hchay l bi tu gic thin nh. Nu khi kho st s vic no , ta tmthy l do v chng minh c n th ta phi tha nhn iu nh lthc ti ngay c nu n mu thun vi mt gii thch kinh in theongha en lu gi nh hng trong nhiu th k hay mu thun vi kin quan im c lu gi rt su. Vy nn, mt thi cn bn

chia s chung bi Pht gio v khoa hc l nguyn c gi gn s truylng thc ti bi nhng gi tr thc nghim v mong mun loi bnhng quan im lu gi lu i hay c tha nhn nu s tmti ca chng ta thy ra rng s tht th khc bit [vi thc ti].

Tng phn vi tn gio, mt c tnh ca khoa hc thiu vng mtphng sch ti thm quynkinh in nh l mt ngun cc lun imchn l hiu lc. Tt c cc s tht trong khoa hc phi c biuthhoc thng qua th nghim hoc thng qua chng minh ton hc. kin cho rng iu no phi y nh th, ch bi v Newton 1 hay

1Issac Newton (1643-1727) nh vt l, ton hc,thin vn v i ngi Anh. ng lngi t nn mng cho c hc c in vi vic m t lut vn vthp dn v cclut ca chuyn ng trong c hc c in v n tr thnh b mn khoa hc chimu th trong sut 3 th k. ng thi vi Gottfried Leibniz, ng pht trin gii tch ton


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Einstein1 ni nh vy th n gin khng phi l khoa hc. Vynn, vic truy cu phi bt u t mt ng thi ci m vi s tntrng cu hi n ni dung ti v tn trng iu m cu tr li s cth c, tc l mt trng thi tm thc m ti cho l mt ch trng nghi

ng lnh mnh. Loi ci m ny c th lm cho cc c nhn dtip thunhng thu hiu mi v nhng pht hin mi; v khi n c kt hpvi s truy tm c tnh bn nng ca con ngi cho s hiu bit; thi ny c th dn n mt s m rng su xa ca chn tri [tri thc] cachng ta. D nhin, iu ny khng c nghi l tt c cc nh thcnghim khoa hc phi sng vi l tng ny. Mt s ngi qu c thvng mc trong cc m thc trc y.

Ni v cc truyn thng kho st Pht gio, th chng ti, nhng ngiTy Tng mang mn n ln t c n , ni ra i ca t tng trithc Pht gio. Ngi Ty Tng lun lun ni n l "Vng t canhng thnh nhn". Quc gia ny l ni sinh ca c Pht, v hnglot cc i s n m cc bn lun ca h lm khun mu nntng cho t tng trit hc v truyn thng tm linh cho ngiTyTng nh l Thnh gi Long Th trit gia th k th 2, ngi VTrc ngi sao sng th k th 4 v ngi anh ca ng l ngi Th

hc c in tc l cc php vi v tch phn. Cc ng gp ca ng c xem l khiu cho nn vt l c in. Isaac Newton. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.1Albert Einstein (1879-1955 -- Nobel Vt l 1921) ngi gc c, c xem l nhvt l xut sc nht trong mi thi i. ng c nhiu ng gp ln trong cc lnh vckhc nhau ca vt l v ton hc nh v tr hc, c hclng t, xc sut thng k... ng c bit n nhiu l do pht minh ra l thuyt tng i hp (1905) vthuyt tng i rng (1916), cng nh l ngi nu ra cngthc chuyn ho giakhi lng v nng lng E=mc2. Tuy vy, gii Nobel dnh cho ng li khng phi docc cng trnh m l v cng m t lut v hiu ng nh nh. Albert Einstein.Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.


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Thn, ngi Tch Thin i s gii lut v i, v ngi Php Xng luns th k 171.

1 Theo nhiu ti liu th c Dalai Lama c nhc n cc i s ti ba n khc (17v) u xut thn t truyn tha Nalanda v c Dalai Lama cng xc nhn mnhthuc dng truyn tha ny. y, Ngi ch nu gn vi tn tui cc i s trongdng truyn tha. (S i s khc cha c k tn l ryadeva (Thnh Thin),Buddhaplita (Pht H), Bhvaviveka (Thanh Bin), Candrakrti (Nguyt Xng),ntideva (Tch thin) , ntarakita (Tch H), Kamalala (Lin Hoa gii), Dinga(Vc Long), Vimuktisena (Gii Thot Qun). Haribhadr (S T Hin), Guabhadr(c Quang), v kyaprabha (Thch-ca Quang)). Danh tnh ca cc i s cvit thnh k. Illuminating the Threefold Faith: An invocation of the Seventeen GreatScholarly Adepts of Glorious Nalanda. Dalai Lama 14. Lamrim Tibetan Buddhist

Center.Truy cp 18/02/2009..

Ring v cc i s c cp:1.1.Long Th (sa. ngrjuna; bo. klu sgrub ), dch m l Na-gi-t-th-na (zh. ), th k 1-2, l mt trong nhng lun s v i nht ca lchs Pht gio. S l ngi sng lp Trung qun tng (sa. mdhyamika), sng trong thk th 12. C rt nhiu tc phm mang danh ca S nhng c l c nhiu tc gikhc bin son. S cng c xem l T th 14 ca Thin tng n . Long Th.

Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

1.2.V Trc (sa. asaga, ngha l "khng b nhim, vng mc"), cng c dchm l A-tng-gi, khong th k 4, l mt i lun s ca Pht gio n , ngisng lp Duy thc tng (sa. vijnavdin). S khc t quan im ca Thnh giLong Th (sa. ngrjuna) v tnh Khng tuyt i v thit lp gio php ca mnhdi nh hng ca Thuyt nht thit hu b (sa. sarvstivdin). Tng truyn Sc B Tt Di-lc trc tip gio ho. C mt s lun s cho rng Di-lc ny l mtnhn vt lch s vi tn Maitreyanatha (sa. maitreyantha). V Trc. Wikipedia.

Truy cp 18/02/2009.

1.3. Th Thn (sa. vasubandhu, bo. dbyig gnyen ), ~316-396, cngc dch l Thin Thn, gi theo Hn m l B-tu-bn-u, B-tu-bn-u, lmt Lun s xut sc ca Thuyt nht thit hu b (sa. sarvstivdin) v Duy thctng (sa. vijnavdin), c xem l T th 21 ca Thin tng n . Ngi ta chorng S sinh ti Peshwar (a danh ngy nay),sng ti Kashmir v mt ti A-du-(ayodhy). S va l em va l t ca ngi V Trc (sa. asaga), ngi sng lp


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K t sau chuyn bay ca ti t Ty Tng trong thng 3 nm 1959,mt s ln ngi dn Ty Tng t nn v ti c c duyn may vcng tm c mt ni tr ng th hai ti n. Tng thng n trong nhng nm u ti t nn l Tin S Rajendra Prasad1, mt ngi

tm linh su sc, mt hc gi lut php kh knh. Ph tng thng, ngisau ny tr thnh tng thng, l Tin S Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan2,ng c bit n mt cch rng ri l mt hc gi trit hc chuynnghp v t nhn. Ti nh rmt ln khi ang gia mt bui tho lunv vn trit hc, ngi Radhakrishnan trch dn mt cch khng ngpngng mt bi k t tc phm c in "Cn Bn Trung Qun Lun"3ca thnh gi Long Th. l iu ng ghi nh nht t khi c lp

phi Duy thc. V Trc l ngi khuyn d Th Thn theo i tha. Th Thn.Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

19.4. Php Xng (sa. dharmakrti) Mt trong nhng Lun s quan trng nht ca trithc o Pht, i in quan im ca Duy thc tng (sa. vijnavdin) v Nhn minhhc (sa. hetuvidy), sng trong th k th 7 (~ 600-650) ti Nam n v l mn ca H Php(sa. dharmapla) ti Na-lan-. Php Xng. Wikipedia. Truy cp18/02/2009.

1 Rajendra Prasad (1884 963) tng thng u tin ca nc n t 1948 n1950, l lnh o ng Quc i. Rajendra Prasad. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

2Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (18881975), l mt trit gia n. ng c xem lngi c cng t cu ni gia cc t tng trit hc ng-Ty. L ngi du nhp ltng Ty phng vo n v ngc li. Trnh by cc cc trit l tn gio v tit hc

n sang Anh ng. ng l ph tng thng u tin ca n (1962-1967). SarvepalliRadhakrishnan. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

3Cn bn trung qun lun tng(*) (sa. [mla-] madhyamaka-krik), cng cgi l Trung qun lun tng, hoc Trung qun lun (sa. madhyamaka-stra), cngi Cu-ma-la-thp dch Hn vn. Tc phm ny cn lu gi trong Phn ng. Xemnguyn vn Phn ngv bn dch Vit ca Thch Chn Hin t bn ting Hn ca Ngi Cu Ma La thp


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vo nm 1947, n lu gi truyn thng kinh in vo vic traoquyn lnh o quc gia cho nhng nh t tng ng lu v nhngnh khoa hc.

Sau mt thp k kh khn ca vic iu tit, vic gip nh ccng ng vo khong 80.000 dn t nn Ty Tng trong nhiu b phnca x n, vic xp t cc trng hc cho gii tr, v vic n lc gi gn cc truyn thng ca mt nn vn ho b e da [hy hoi], tibt u cc cuc chu du quc t t lu trc cui thp nin 1960. Thmvo , chia s hiu bit ca ti v cc gi tr nhn bn, tn thnh hiho v hiu bit gia cc tn gio, v vn ng cho nhn quyn v tdo ca ngi Ty Tng,ti c nhiu c hi trong nhng lc chu du

gp g cc nh khoa hc ring bit tho lun v mi quan tm,m rng kin thc v o su hn bao gi ht s hiu bit ca ti vkhoa hc v ccphng php ca n.Ngay c vo thi gian cn smtrong thp nin 1960, Ti bn tho v nhiu khi cnh ca giao dingia tn gio v khoa hc vi mt s khch thm ving c nng lc tich lu trca ti Dharamsala min bc n . Hai cuc gp gng nh nht trong thi k ny l vi tu s nh dng. Thomas Merton1,l ngi quan tm su sc n Pht gio v dn nhp cho ti v o C

c, v hc gi v tn gio Huston Smith2

1Thomas Merton (19151968) L mt trong nhng tc gi Thin cha gio c nhiu

nh hng nht ca th k th 20, ng thuc dng Trappist. Thomas Merton.Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

2Huston Cummings Smith (1919 -- ??) l mt trong nhng nh nghin cu v tngio xut sc. Tc phm ca ng mang tn "The World's Religions" (Cc Tn Gio caTh Gii)l mt tc phm bn c hn hai triu bn. Huston Smith. Wikipedia.Truy cp 18/02/2009.


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Mt trong nhng ngi thy u tin ca ti v khoa hc v l mttrong nhng ngi bn khoa hc thn cn nht l nh vt l v trithc ngi c Carl von Weizscker1 mt ngi anh ca tng thngTy c. Mc d ng ta t m t mnh nh l mt gio s hot ngtrit l chnh tr, vn c o to trong ngnh vt l, th trong thpnin 30 von Weizscker lm ph t cho nh vt l lng t WernerHeisenberg2. Ti s chng bao gi qun th d truyn cm v gi hngca Weizscker nh l mt ngi lc no cnglo lng v cc hu quca khoa hc c bit l cc hu qu v o c v chnh tr. ng ta

theo ui mt cch khng mt mi ng dng s nghim ngt catruy cu trithc ln hnh vi ca khoa hc, th thch n mt cchlin tc.

Ngoi cc cuctho lun khng chnh thc di, ti cn may mn nhnc mt s bui hc chnh thc t von Weizscker v cc ti khoahc. Nhng iu ny to nn mt kiu cch khng khc chi nhngbui chuyn giao tri thc mt (thy) - mt (tr), tc l mt dng quen

thuc ca vic ging dy trong truyn thng Pht gio ca ring chngti. C vi dp, chng ti c th xp ring hai ngy trn cho mt lnnhp tht khi m ngi von Weizscker hng dn ti mt kho hc cptc v vt l lng t v cc h ly trithc ca n. Ti cm thy bitn su sc v lng tt ng dnh cho ti nhiu th gi qu bu cng

1Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizscker (19122007) nh vt l v trit hcc v l anh rut ca tng thng Ty c Richard von Weizscker(1920--) Lnh vc

nghin cu ca ng l v Vt l nguyn t v ht nhn. Carl Friedrich vonWeizscker. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

2Werner Heisenberg (1901 --1976) nh vt l l thuyt ngi c ng nghin cutrong cc lnh v c hc lng t, vt l ht nhn, l thuyt trng lng t v vt lcc ht. ng c gii Nobel vt l 1932. Werner Heisenberg Wikipedia. Truy cp18/02/2009.


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nh s kin nhn bn b ca mnh, c bit l khi ti t thy cht vtvi mt khi nim kh hiu no , m ti phi th nhn l cng khngt tnh hungnh th.

Von Weizscker thng nhn mnh v tm quan trng ca ch trngthc nghim trong khoa hc. ng ta ni, s kin c th c nhn thctheo hai cchn c th c xy ra nh mthin tng hay n c thc suy lun ra. Chng hn, mt m nu trn mt tri to c th thybng mt; l xy ra mt cch hin tng. Nhng vic c mt consu bn trong tri to l s kin m ta c th suy lun t ci m v thiu bit tng qut v cc tri to v cc con su.

Trong trit hc Pht gio, c mtnguyn l cho rng cc gi tr cho bimt xut c bit c kim nghim phi nn ph hp vi bn chtca ch th c phn tch1. Chng hn, nu mt xut c lin h ticc d kin tht c th quan st c trong th gii, bao gm c s tnti ca chnh n th qua kinh nghim thc nghim, xut c thc xc nhn hay b bc b. Do , Pht gio t phng php thcnghim ca vic trc tip quan st ln trn ht. Ngc li, nu xut quan h n s tng qut ho dn xut t kinh nghim ca chng ta

v th gii (th d nh bn cht ngn ngi ca cuc sng hay mi quanh tng h ca thc ti), th bi do n ch yu l mt hnh thc casuy lun, nn xut c th c chp nhn hay bc b. Cho nn, Phtgio chp nhn phng php suy lun ging nhiu vi m hnh ctrnh by bi von Weizscker.

Sau cng t quan im Pht gio, cn c mt mc xa hn ca thcti,n c th cn b che m i vi tm thc cha gic ng. Mt minhha truyn thng cho iu ny l nhng vn hnh vi tnhtca lut v

1y l mt trong 4 nguyn l ca lp lun, (nguyn l chng minh hp l) trongPht gio. Xin xem thm chi tit trong dch phm "T Diu " phn Nghip v ThGii T Nhinv Ph Lc 2Cc Qun Chiu Pht Gio. Ti v ti:http://rongmotamhon.0fees.net/taive.htm
http://rongmotamhon.0fees.net/taive.htmhttp://rongmotamhon.0fees.net/taive.htm


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nghip1, v cu hi l do no c rt nhiu chng loi chng sinh trnth gii. Ch ring trong phm vi ny v nhng li xc nhn th kinhin c trch dn nh l mt ngun thm quyn ng n mt cchmnh m, da trn mt c s c bit m i vi cc Pht t, li tuyn

thuyt ca c Pht c chng minh l kh tn trong vic kimnghim v bn cht ca s tn ti v l trnh gii thot. Mc dnguyn l v ba phng php kim nghim tc l kinh nghimtrc tip, suy lun, v da vo thm quyn2 [ca kinh in hay cangi gic ng]c n cha trong cc pht trin s khai nht cat tng Pht gio, n c cc nh lun l hc3n Vc Long(th k th 5) 4v Php Xng (th k th 7) l ngi u tin cngthcho n nh l mt phng php lun trit hc h thng.

Trong th d sau cng ny, th Pht gio v khoa hc r rng c phnchung, v khoa hc, ti thiuv nguyn tc, khng tip nhn bt k mtdng no ca thm quyn kinh in5. Nhng trong hai phng din

1 Nghip (sa. karma), l thut ng c dch t ch karma ting Phn. Karma cdch l Nghip v cng c phin m l Yt-ma, v c bit c s phn bit gia

cch dng. Mt s gii thch chi tit v nghip c th tm thy nhiu phn trong dchphm "T Diu ".

2Xem thm chi tit v pht biu ca phng php suy din ny trong dch phm "TDiu ", ph lc 2 -- phn S Tht v Con ng Dit Kh

3 B mn ny trong Pht gio c gi l Nhn Minh Hc. Pht hc C Bn Tp 4 GII THIU KHI QUT V NHN MINH HC PHT GIO . BuddhaSasana. Minh Chi.

4 Hay Trn-na (sa. (mah-)dignga, dinga), ~480-540, cng c gi theo tndch ngha iVc Long, l mt Lun s ni ting ca Duy thc tng (sa.vijnavdin, yogcrin). S l ngi ci cch v pht trin ngnh Nhn minh hc (sa.hetuvidy). Trn-na. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.

5Tuy nhin, vic ph nhn mt cch tuyt i cc "thm quyn" trong khoa hc cth khng xy ra hon ton. "ng dng cc Nguyn L Pht gio vo Nghin Cuv Pht Trin trong Khoa Hc". Lng u. So snh cc tng khoa hc trong lng


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u tc l ng dng ca kinh nghim thc nghim v lp lun cmt s hi t to tt gia hai truyn thng kho st. Mc d th, trongcuc sng hng ngy, chng ta thng hay v c thi quen s dngphng php th ba kim th li cc lun im v thc ti. Chng

hn, ta chp nhn ngy sinh ca mnh qua chng thc bng ming canhng ngi h hng ca ta v trong mi quan h vi chng thc bnggiy t ca giy khai sinh. Ngay c trong khoa hc, ta chp nhn cckt qu c cng b bi nhng ngi thc hnh trong cc tp chchuyn mn1m khng c s ti lp th nghim t chnh mnh.

hng ca ti vkhoa hc mt cch khng nghi ng g tr thnhmt tng su sc hn nhiu nh vic gp g nh vt l ng ghi

nhn l David Bohm2

, mt tr thc v i v mt ngi ci m nht mti tng c giao tip. Ti gp ng y ln u ti Anh nm 1979 trongln chuyn i th nh ca ti thm chu u, v chng ti cm thy cquan h ngay lp tc d nhin, sau ny ti tm ra rng ngi Bohmcng l dn t nn, ng buc phi ri M trong v ngc i cathi k McCarthy3. Chng ti tr thnh mt i bn tri k v l mtcuc mo him tr thc chung. Ngi David Bohm hng dn cho

tin vo cc lun im khoa hc vi trng lng tin vo quyn nng kinh in caPht hc. Th Vin Hoa Sen. Truy cp 2009.

1T ch "peer-viewed Journals" tc l cc tp ch c c qua v chp thun bicc chuyn gia khc vi tc gi trc khi ti c cng b.

2David Joseph Bohm (1917-1992) Nh vt l lng t Hoa K, ng l ngi cng gp ln vo cc lnh vc vt l l thuyt, trit hc, v thn kinh hc. David

Bohm. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.

3 Ch trng McCathy thuc vo chin tranh lnh vi Lin X; thi k nghi ng vchng cng mnh m ti Hoa K t cui thp nin 1940 cho n cui thp nin 1950.Bohm b nghi ng v trc ng c cc hot ng tham gia t chc YoungCommunist League (Lin Minh Cng Sn Tr). McCathyism. Wikipedia. Truy cp2009.


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hiu bit ca ti v cc kha cnh vi t nht ca t tng khoa hc, cbit l trong vt l, v vch ra cho ti phng din tt p nht ca thgii quan khoa hc. Trong khi lng nghe cn thn trong cuc i thoichi tit vi mt nh vt l nh l Bohm hay von Weizscker, ti cm

thyl mnh c th nm bt c cc im phc tp ca ton b l l;tht khng may, khi cc bui mn m qua i th thng khng cn gln lao li! Bn tho ca ti vi Bohm hn 2 thp nin kch khit duy ca chnh ti v nhng cch m cc phng php Pht gio truycu c th quan h ti cc phng php c dng trong khoa hc hini.

Ti c bit thn phc s ci m ht sc ca ngi Bohm i vi tt c

cc lnh vc kinh nghim v con ngi, khng ch trong th gii vtcht thuc chuyn mn ca ng m cn trong ttc cc khi cnh chquan, bao gm vn v thc. Trong cuc i thoi, ti cm thy shin din ca mt tm hn khoa hc v i sn sng tip nhn gi trca s quan st v cc thu sut t nhng c ch khc ca tri thc hnl kin thc khoa hc khch quan.

Mt trong cc phm cht ring bit m Bohm l mt in hnh chnh l

s am m v phng php trit hc c bn v vic dn xut ca mttruy cu khoa hc t cc gi tr ca cc th nghim suy tng. Din tn gin l, thc hnh ny gi ra mttnh hung tng tng trong mt gi thuyt c bit c th nghim bng vic kim tra cc huqu m n c th c vi cc tha nhn thng c cho l khng thtrnh khi. Mt cng lao ln ca Einstein v tnh tng i gia khngv thi gian1 c dn xut t cc gi tr ca nhng th nghim c suy tng, m cc th nghim th thch s hiu bit v vtl trong thi ca ng ta. Mt th d ni ting l nghch l tr sinh i2,trong mt ngi anh em li tri t trong khi ngi kia du lch

1c Dalai Lama cp n kt qu ca cc th nghim cho thy s mu thun vicc hiu bit v vt l ng thi. Einstein xut thnh tuyt tng i hp vonm 1905 gii thch c cc kt qu ny. History of SpecialRelativity. Wikipedia.Truy cp 2009. 2Xem thm chi tit tnh ton:


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trong mt phi thuyn khng gian vi vn tc gn vn tc nh sng. Vi ngi trong con tu th thi gian phi nn chm li. Nu nginy tr v sau 10 nm th anh ta phi thy ra rng ngi anh em camnh trn tri t phi gi hn mnh mt cch ng k. Vic nh gi

y ca nghch l ny i hi hiu bit v cc phng trnh tonphc tp vt khi k nng ca ti.

Trong hng i vi khoa hc, ti lun hng th rt mnh tiphng php phn tch v s song hnh gn gi ca n vi t tngtrit l Pht gio. Trc khi chng ti gp nhau, Bohm dnh nhiuth gi nghin cunh ttng n l Jiddu Krishnamurti1, v ngayc tham d mt s cuc i thoi vi ng y. Trong nhiu dp Bohm v

ti tm hiu cc cch thc mphng php khoa hc c th quan h tithc hnh thin nh, iu m theo quan im Pht gio l c thcnghim tnh nh nhau.

1Jiddu Krishnamurti (18951986) mt tc gi v din gi ni ting ngi n vtrit hc v cc ti tm linh. Cc ch ca ng bao gm: mc tiu ca thinnh, cc mi quan h con ngi, v lm th no to ra bin i tt trong x hiton cu. Jiddu Krishnamurti. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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nh minh ha bung bt: Vi pht minh bung bt ny, nh vt l v thnkinh sinh hc Donald A. Glaser (1926-) nhn gii Nobelvtl (1952). Hnh

chp cho thy qy o cacc ht vt l trong bung bt ca BrookhavenNational Laboratory.

Mc d c c s nhn mnh ln thc nghim v lp lun tng t nhau,Pht gio v khoa hc c nhiu khc bit su sc v cu trc ca kinhnghim thc nghim v cc hnh thc ca lp lun c dng bi haih thng ny. Khi Pht gio ni v kinh nghim thc nghim1, c mts hiu bit rng hn ca ch trng thc nghim bao gm cc trng

thi thin nh cng nh l bng chng v cc tri gic. Do s pht trinca cng ngh trong vng hai trm nm cui ny, khoa hc c th mrng kh nng ca cc tri gic ti mc khng th tng tng c [sovi] trong thi gian trc . Do , cc nh khoa hc c th dng mttrn vi s gip ca cc cng c mnh nh cc knh hin vi v cc

1Thut ng thng dng trong Pht gio l chng nghaychng nghim.


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knh thin vn, quan st mt cch ng ghi nhn c hin tng trongpht chcnh l cc t bo v cc cu trc nguyn t phc hp, ln cckt cu khng l ca v tr. Trn c s v cc chn tri rng m chocc tri gic th khoa hc c th y lui cc gii hn ca s suy lun

xa khi mc m tri kin nhn loi cha tng t ti. Gi y, trong cutr li v nhng du vt li trong cc bung bt, cc nh khoa hcc th suy on c s tn ti ca cc htcu trc nn cc nguyn t,bao gm ngay c cc phn t bn trong ca ht neutron nh l ccquark v gluon1.

Khi cn l a b th nghim vi knh thin vn ca c Dalai Lamath 13, ti c mt kinh nghim r rng v nng lc ca s suy lun da

trn quan st thc nghim. Trong chuyn dn gian Ty Tng chng tik v th v mt trng [Ngc Th v Hng Nga] Ti tin rng ngiu chu thy mt ngi n ng thay v mt con th. Cch no ichng na, th trong mt m trung thu, khi nh trng sng r c bit,ti quyt nh kim tra con th bng knh vin vng. Tht ngc nhin,ti thy ci dng ging nh cc bng en. Ti hng th n mcyu cu hai ngi tr ging n v nhn qua knh vin vng. Ti tranhlun rng s c mt ca cc bng en trn mt trng l bng chng mt

trng c chiu ri bi nh sng mt tri cng mt cch nh l trit. H trng bi ri nhng ng vi nhn thc v cc bng en

1 Neutron l mt ht cu trc thnh phn ca ht nhn (thnh phn cn li lproton) Khi lng neutron hi ln hn proton mt t. Neutron. Wikipedia. Truy cp2009.

Quarkl loi ht vt l tng qut tng tc qua 4 loi lc c bn (lc ht nhn, lcin t, lc yu v lc hp dn) v to thnhmt trong hai cu trc c bn ca vtcht (cu trc cn li l lepton). Cc quark c th kt hp theo nhng cch c bit to thnh proton v neutron. Quark. Wikipedia. Truy cp 18/02/2009.

Gluon l ht c bn lm cho cc quark tng tc v gin tip to nn lin kt giacc proton v neutron trong mt nhn nguyn t. gluon. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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trn mt trng l khng th nghi ng c. Sau , khi nhn thy ccnh chp cc ming h mt trng, nhn ra cng mt hiu qu l trongni ming h th c mt bng en v mt pha nhng khng phabn kia. T y, ti suy din rng phi c mt ngun sng lm ht cc

bng en, nh l trn mt t. Ti kt lun mt tri phi l ngun nhsng to nn cc bng en ca cc h trn mt trng. Ti rt hngth khi sau ny pht hin ra iu l s tht.

Ni mt cch nghim tc, tin trnh lp lun ny khng hon ton lca ring Pht gio hay ca ring khoa hc; ng hn, n phn nhhot ng c bn ca tm thc con ngi m chng ta s dng mtcch t nhin trong cuc sng hng ngy. Vic dn nhp chnh thc v

s suy lun nh l mt nguyn l ca lun l hc cho cc tu s thc tptr tham gia vo vic minh ha v cch m ngi ta c th suy lun vs hin din ca la t xa bi v nhn thy mt ct khi bc ln phabn kia ni, v t la, Ty Tng s ddng suy ra v s c tr cacon ngi. Ngi ta c th tng tng mt cch ddng v mt lkhch, i kht sau mt ngy di i b, s cm thy s cn thit camt tch nc tr. ng ta thy khi v do suy lun v la v chdng chn, ni m ng ta c th c ch tr qua m. Trn c s ca s

suy lun ny, ngi l khch c th tho mn thm mun c ungtr. T mt hin tng quan st c, mt chng c trc tip cho trigic, ngi ta c th suy lun n iu vncn l n s. Hnh thc lplun ny thng dng trong Pht gio v khoa hc.


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Trong sut ln ving thm u tin ti chu u vo nm 1973, ti hnhnh c gp g mt trong t tng v i ca th k th 20, l nhtrit hc Sir Karl Popper1. Cng nh ti, Popper mt ln o t khi qu hng Vienna [thuc nc o] ca ng trong thi k Quc-xv ng ta tr thnh nh ph phn mnh m ln ch ngha chuynch.Nn chng ti tm thy c nhiu im chung. Popper caotuikhi ti gp ng, hn 70,vi mt sng v tr c rt nhy bn. Ti c th

on ra c ng ta phi mnh m nh th no trong thi trai tr docm xc mnh m ng ta l ra khi chng ti bn tho v vn ca ccchnh quyn c ti. Trong cuc gp g ny, Popper lo lng nhiuv s e da ngy cng ln ca ch ngha cng sn, v him ha cacc h thng chnh tr c ti, v nhng thch thc v vic bo vquyn t do c nhn, v v s duy tr ca mt x hi ci m hn l vicng ta thch th trong s khm ph cc cu hi gn lin n ccmiquan h gia khoa hc v tn gio. Nhng chng ti bn tho

n cc vn v phng php trong khoa hc.

Anh ng ca ti khng tt nh hin nay, v ngi thng dch thcng khng my thnh tho. Khng nh khoa hc thc nghim, trithc v phng php i hi nhiu tho lun hn nhiu. Kt qu l tic li ch t c hi gp g vi Popper c l t hn l t cc cuc gpmt vi nhng ngi nh l David Bohm v Carl von Weizscker.Nhng chng ti trmt tnh bng hu, v ti li thm ng ta mi khi

n Anh, k c mt cuc ving thm ng nh vo nm 1987 ung

1 Sir Karl Popper ( 19021994) l mt nh trit hc ngi o, ngi xut cc tng v mt x hi m, mt x hi m s bt ng chnh kin c chp nhnv c xem nh mt tin tin ti vic xy dng mt x hi hon thin. ngcng c xem nh l ngi sng lp Ch ngha Duy l ph phn. Karl Popper.Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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tr nh ng ta ti Kenley, Surrey1, ti c mt tnh cm c bit vicc loi hoa v vn cy, c bit l hoa lan, v Sir Karl rt t ho choti tham quan mnh vn v nh knh yu qu ca ng. Ln , tipht hin ra nh hng ca Popper ln nh th no vo trit l ca

khoa hc, v c bit l v vn ca phng php khoa hc.

Mt trong nhng ng gp c s ca Popper l vic lm r cc vai trquan h gia lp lun quy np v lp lun suy din trong vic khngnh v chng minh mt l thuyt khoa hc. Bng quy np, ta c xydng s tng qut ha t mt chui cc th d c quan st mt cchthc nghim. C nhiu kin thc hng ngy ca chng v cc miquan h ca nguyn nhn v hu qu u l quy np; chng hn, trn c

s cc quan st lp i lp li v quan h tng h gia khi v la, tatng qut ho thnh ni no c khi th ni c la. Suy din th lil qu trnh ngc li, dn ra t hiu bit v s chn tht tng qut lncc quan st ring bit. Chng hn, ngi ta bit rng tt c cc xe hisn xut ti chu u k t sau 1995 ch s dng xng khng pha ch2,th khi ngi ta nghe v mt chic xe ring i 2000 ca ngi bn,ngi c th suy din rng xe phi dng xng khng pha ch. Dnhin, trong khoa hc th cc hnh thc ny s phc tp hn nhiu, c

bit l suy lun suy din, v n bao gm c vic s dng ton cao cp.

1Kenley, Surrey l mt th trn nh thuc phn m rng pha nam Lun n, Anhquc. Kenley. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.

2 Trc y (trc 1 thng Ging 1996 ti Hoa K) th ngi ta thng pha thm mtlng nh nguyn t ch (Pb) -- trong dng hp cht tetra-ethyl ch -- vo trong xnggim tr hin tng my bi t nh la trong bung my (da trn cc nghin cuca . A.H. Gibson v Harry Ricardo Anh v Thomas Midgley v Thomas Boyd HoaK)Nhng sau ngi ta tm ra ch c kh nng gy hi cho sc kho v mi trngnn dn dn b cm hn ti cc nc phng Ty. V ngi ta thay th n bi cccht khc bao gm aromatic hydrocarbons, ether, v ru (thng l ethanol haymethanol)."Gasoline". Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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Mt trong nhng lnh vc v lp lun m Pht gio khc vi khoa hcthuc v vai tr ca suy din. iu khc bit nht ca lp lun trongkhoa hc so vi lp lun trong Pht gio l ng dng ca n c phttrin cao trong vic lp lun ton hc phc tp. Pht gio, nh tt c

trit hc n- c in khc, mt cch lch s, vic s dng lun lhc c gi li rt c th, ch lp lun khng bao gi tch ri khint ni dung c th. Ngc li, vic lp lun ton hc ca khoa hccho php mt mc tru tng rt ln, cho nn hiu lc hay bt hiulc ca mt l l c th c xc quyt n thun trn c s ca sng n ca mt phng trnh ton hc. Do , trong mt ngha thtng qut ho t c thng qua ton hc s cp cao hn nhium cc hnh thc lp lun truyn thng kh d t ti. Vi thnh cng

tuyt vi ca ton hc, tht khng c g ng ngc nhin khi mt sngi tin rng cc lut ca ton hc l tuyt i v rng ton hc lngn ng chn tht ca thc ti, chnh l bn cht ca t nhin.

Mt trong nhng khc nhau na gia khoa hc v Pht gio, m tithy, nm trong vic thit lp mt l thuyt c hiu lc . y, cngvy, pht ha ca Popper v ni hm ca mt cu hi khoa hc nghimtc l in hnh cho mt thu sut to tt. y l lun im kh phnbc1 ca ch trng Popper, cho rng mi l thuyt khoa hc phidung cha trong n cc iu kin m qua l thuyt khoa hc ny cth tr thnh sai. Chng hn, L thuyt cho rng Thng sng tora th gii s khng bao gi l mt l thuyt khoa hc v n khng thhm cha mt gii thch v cc iu kin m qua l thuyt ny cth c chng minh l sai. Nu ta tip nhn tiu chun ny mt cchnghim tc, th nhiu vn lin quan n s c mt ca con nginh l o c, m thut, v tm linh s nm bn ngoi ni hm ca

1T ch "falsifiability". c hiu l kh nng logc cho mt khng nh no trthnh sai bi mt s quan st hay bi mt th nghim vt l. Ni rng iu g lkh phn bckhng c nghi l iu sai m ng hn n c ngha l nu iu g sai th ta c th ch ra c bi quan st hay th nghim. Mt iu m Popper i xahn l ng khng nh rng mt l thuyt l khoa hoc ch khi n l kh phn bc."Falsifiability. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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khoa hc. Ngc li, ni hm ca s truy cu trong Pht gio khngc gii hn v i tng. N cng bao hm c th gii ch th cngnh l cu hi v cc gi tr.Ni cch khc, khoa hc lm vic vi ccd kin thc nghim nhng khng quan h vi siu hnh v o c;

trong khi Pht gio, th truy cu ph phn ln tt c ba i tng ny lct yu.

Ch thuyt kh phn bc ca Popper ho iu vi mt nguyn lphng php lun ch yu trong truyn thng trit hc Pht gio TyTng ca chnh ti. Chng ta c th gi l "nguyn l v ni hm cas ph nhn". Nguyn l ny pht biu rng c mt s khc nhau nntng gia hai thut ng "khng tm thy" v "tm thyrng[n] khng

tn ti". Nu ti tm kim iu g m tht bi kim ra n thkhng c ngha l iu m ti i tm khng tn ti. Vic khng nhnthy mt s vt khng ng nht vi vic nhn thy s khng tn tica n. c c mt trng hp gia vic khng thy mt s vt vvic thy s khng tn ti ca n, th phng php ca vic tm kimv trng thi ca hin tng phi tng xng. Th d, vic khng nhnthy mt con b cp trn trang giy m bn ang c l bng chngxng hp rng khng c con b cp no trn trang giy. V nu c

mt con b cp trn trang giy ny th n phi thy c bi mt trn.Mc d vy, vic khng thy acid trong giy trn trang ny c inth khng ng nht vi vi vic thy l giy ny khng c acid1, bi v thy c acid trong giy ngi ta phi dng cc dng c khc hnl mt trn. Thm vo , trit gia ca th k 14, Tsongkhapa2, nhn

1T ch "acid-free". Giy c acid trung tnh hay kim (pH>=7) s c bn cao

hn t b ng mu vng hn theo thi gian hn l giy c acid cao ( pH < 7).2Tsongkhapa (Tibetan: ; Wylie: Tsong-kha-pa) (1357 1419) cn cphin m l Tng Khch Ba, tn ca ngi c dch ngha l "Ngi t thung lng chnh", l mt i s ni ting v l s t ca tng phi Cch L (Geluk) mt trngphi Pht gio quan trng nht Ty Tng. Ngi cn c Php danh l LobsangDrakpa (Blo-bzang Grags-pa) hay n gin l "Je Rinpoche" (Rje Rin-po-che).Tsongkhapa. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.


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nh tng t rng c mt s khc bit gia iu b ph nhn bi lplun v iu khng c xc nhn bi lp lun, cng nh l s khcbit gia iu khng th ng vng qua phn tch nh gi v iu blm yu i bi s phn tch nh th.

S phn bit phng php lun ny c th dng nh t nh, nhngchng c th to ra nhng s phn nhnh quan trng cho hiu bit camt ngi v ni hm ca phn tch khoa hc. Chng hn, thc skhoa hc khng chng minh c s tn ti ca Thng khng cngha l Thng khng tn ti i vi nhng ngi thc hnh trongmt truyn thng hu thn. Tng t, ch v khoa hc cha c chngminh no vt qua c bng enca s nghi ng v cc chng sinh

u ti sinh khng c ngha rng vic u thai khng th xy ra. Trongkhoa hc,thc s cho n nay vic chng ta khng tm thy s sngtrn hnh tinh no ngoi tri t ca ta, khng chng minh c rngs sng khng tn ti ni no khc.

Cho n gia thp nin 1980, trong nhiu chuyn i t n, ti gpnhiu nh khoa hc v trit hc v tham d nhiu cuc m thoivi h, k c ring t v cng cng. Mt s trong h c bit vo lc

ban u, khng dchu. Mt ln ti Moscow, cao im ca thiChin Tranh Lnh, ti c gp mt vi nh khoa hc, khi cuc bntho ca ti v thc gp phi s chng i ngay lp tc v khinim tn gio v linh hn, khi nim m h ngh rng ti c sy. Tic, mt khoa hc gia m bi din trnh vi mt tuyn b khng mythn thin v phng cch m ng ta t v cho khoa hc nu cbt k tn cng no t pha tn gio. Mc d vy, nm 1987 nh dumt giai on quan trng trong hot ng ca ti vi khoa hc. lnm ln u tin hi ngh Mind and Life 1tinhnh ti ni ti tr ngl Dharamsala.

1Dch ngha l Tm thc v i sng, Hi ngh ny do chnh c Dalai Lama khixng vi s tham gia ca nhiu nh khoa hc v cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau


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Cucgp g ny c t chc bi nh thn kinh hc ngi Chi LFrancisco Varela1, ging dy ti Paris, v nh thng mi Hoa KAdam Engle2. Varela v Engle tip cn ti vi mt xut l h smang n mt nhm cc nh khoa hc t nhiu lnh vc m h c cm

tnh vi tinh thn ca i thoi v rng ti tin hnh mt cuc bn thokhng gii hn v t nhn khng chnh thc trong vng mt tun l. Ti nm ly kin ny. y l mt c hi him hc hi nhiu hnv khoa hc v khm ph v cc nghincu v tin b trong t duykhoa hc. Tt c nhng ngi tham d ln u tin rt hng khicho nn tin trnh ny tip din cho n nay vi mt tun l di gpmt sau mi hai nm.

Ti gp Valera ln u tin ti mt hi ngh o. Trong cng nm ti c c hi gp ring ng v lp tc bt u mt tnh bn. Valera lmt ngi gy m, eo knh, v n ni rt mm mi. ng t l s kthp gia tm thc l lun v t nh vi s r rng trong biu th, khincho ng tr thnh mt nh gio ti nng. ng ta nhn thc trit hcPht gio v truyn thng thin nh ca n rt nghim tc, nhngtrong bi din gii ca mnh, ng li chuyn ti suy ngh hin c trongdng t duy ca khoa hc theo mt cch khng t v v khng thin

v. Ti khng t ni ln li bit n ca mnh i vi Valera vEngle cng nh l Barry Hershey ngi cng hin mt vic lm gi

to nhp cu i thoi, tm nhng ng dng thc tin, v b tc gia khoa hc vPht hc. Mind & Life Institute. Truy cp 2009.

1Francisco Javier Varela Garca (19462001) l nh sinh hc, trit hc v thn

kinh hc. ng cng vi ngi thy l gio s Humberto Maturana a ra khi nim tsinh tn (autopoiesis) trong sinh hc. Francisco Valera. Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009..

2Adam Englel mt lut s, nh kinh doanh v thu khon --ng hot ng trongc hai lnh vc bt v li v v li. ng l ngi sng lp Mind and Life Institute (hcvin Tm Thc v i Sng) nm 1990. The Science and Clinical Applications ofMeditation. 2003. Mind and Life Instiute. Truy cp 2009..


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tr ln l em cc nh khoa hc n Dharamsala. Ti c mt s htr trong cc i thoi ny bi hai ngi thng dch hc gi Pht gioHoa K l Alan Wallace v ngi chuyn dch ca ti Thupten Jinpa1.

Trong ln hi ngh Tm Thc v i Sng u, ti c nghe trnhby ln u tin mt nh gi lch s y v cc pht trin caphng php khoa hc Phng Ty. Ti c bit hng th vo kin v s dch chuyn mu hnh2 tc l nhng thay i nn tngtrong th gii quan ca mt nn vn ha v cc tc ng ca chng lnmi kha cnh ca hiu bit khoa hc. Mt th d c in l vicchuyn i xy ra u th k 20 t vt l Newton c in sang thuyttng i v c hc lng t. Ban u nim chuyn mu hnh n

nh l mt c sc vi ti. Ti thy khoa hc nh l mt s tm kimv cm n chn l ti hu v thc ti, trong nhng khm ph miin hnh cho nhng bc tin trong vic gp nht v tng trng trithc v th gii ca nhn loi. L tng ca tin trnh ny m chng tac th t ti l giai on cui cng ca kin thc y v hon thin.Gi th ti c nghe rng c nhng phn t ch quan3 tham gia trong

1 B. Alan Wallace (1950 - ) l tc gi, dch gi, thng dch vin, gio chc, nh

nghin cu v Pht t ngi Hoa K. ng hot ng nhiu trong nhng nghin cuv lin h gia khoa hc v cc lnh vc thc. B. Alan Wallace. Truy cp 2009.

Thupten Jinpa (1958-) ngi gc Ty Tng l tin s trit hc ti i hc Cambridge,ng l ngi thng dch cho c Dalai Lama t 1985. ng cng l ngi hiu nh vchuyn dch nhiu sch Pht gio Ty Tng sang Anh ng. Thupten Jinpa.Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009.

2T ch "paradigm shift". Khi nim ny c nh ngha ln u tin bi ThomasKuhn. Xem thm cc minh ha v khi nim dch chuyn mu hnh ti Mu Hnh.Wikipedia. Truy cp 2009..

3Mt trng hp kh d ca s ch quan ny c th tim n trong dng cc tin (trong ton hc v trong vt l l thuyt) c cng nhn khng c chng minh. Chng hn, trong m hnh c hc ca Newton, th tnh ch quan ny xy ra quavic mc nhin cng nhn thi gian tri u v hon ton c lp vi khng gian.


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s hnh thnh ca mu hnh ring bit bt k v rng do c c s lu trong li ni v thc ti khch quan hon ton m khoa hc chophp ta truy cp.

Khi ni chuyn vi cc nh khoa hc v trit hc ci m, th th r rngh c mt hiu bit su sc v khoa hc v mt s cng nhn v ccgii hn ca kin thc khoa hc. ng thi c nhiu ngi, c bnngoi ln bn trong gii khoa hc gia c v tin rng tt c cc kha cnhca thc tiphi v s ri vo trong ni hm ca khoa hc. Ginhny i khi c to ra, nh l t cc tin b x hi, khoa hc s lintc pht gic ra nhng sai lm ca cc tn tngca chng ta c bitl cc tn ngng cho nn mt x hi th tc gic ng c th dn dn

hnh thnh. Quan im ny c chia s bi ch ngha duy vt binchng Marxist, m ti pht hin ra khi quan h vi cc lnh o CngSn Trung Hoa trong thp nin 1950 v trong kho hc ca ti v ttng ch nghi Marx1ti Ty Tng. Trong quan im ny, khoa hcc hiu nh l vic lm phn bc nhiu lun im ca tn gio,chng hn nh s tn ti ca Thng , n tri, v linh hn vnh cu.V trong khun kh khi nim ny, mi th vn khng c chngminh hay khng nh bi khoa hc u bng mt cch no hoc l

sai hoc l khng quan trng.Nhng quan im nh th l cc gi nhtrit hc phn nh mt cch hiu lc cc thnh kin siu hnh ca nginhng lp lun ca chng. Tng t nh khi ta phi trnh ch nghgio iu trong khoa hc, th chng ta phi bo m rng tm linh cngkhng c cng cc gii hn nh vy.

Trong khi L thuyt tng i loi b iu ny i n mt nn c hc tng i

chnh xc hn.

Karl Heinrich Marx(thng c phin m l "Cc Mc") (1818 -- 1883) l nh ttng, nh kinh t chnh tr, nh lnh o cch mng ca Hip hi Ngi lao ngQuc t. Marx c nhc n vi nhiu ch khc nhau, nhng ng ni ting nhtvi nhng phn tch lch s da trn thut ng u tranh giai cp, c tng kt litrong nhng li m u cho Tuyn ngn ng Cngsn. Karl Marx. Wikipedia. Truycp 17/02/2009.


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Khoa hc i din vi kha cnh ca thc ti v vi kinh nghimnhn loi m n t b xung bng mt phng php ring bit v s truycu nhy cm vi quan st thc nghim, vi nh lng v o lng,vi s lp di lp li, v vi s kim nghim ch quan tng h tc l

c nhiu hn mt ngi c kh nng ln ting "Vng, ti cng chngkin cng mt s kin. Ti nhn c cng kt qu". Vy nn, vicnghin cu khoa hc chnh thng b gii hn vo th gii vt l, baogm c th ngi, cc vt th thin vn, nng lng c th o c, vcch thc m cc cu trc hot ng.Nhng tm ti thc nghim ctin hnh theo cch ny s to thnh c s cho vic th nghim xa hnv cho cc tng qut ha m c th c kt hp vo ni dung rng lnhn ca tri kin. Mt cch h qu, y l mu hnh hin ti ca c cu

khoa hc. Tht r rng mu hnh ny khng v khng th nghin cuht tt c mi khi cnh ca thc ti,c bit l v bn cht ca s tnti con ngi. Cng thm vo th gii khch quan vt cht m khoa hcl k thm him bc thy, cnc tn ti th gii ch quan ca cc cmgic, cc xc ng, cc t tng, v cc gi tr v c vng tinh thnda trn chng. Nu ta i x vi th gii ny nh l ngh rng nkhng c vai tr cu thnh trongs hiu bit v thc ti, th ta nhmt s phong ph v s tn ti ca chng ta v hiu bit ca ta s

khng th no ton vn. Thc t, bao gm c s tn ti ca chnhchng ta, th phc tp hn nhiu so vi nhng iu m ch ngha duyvt khoa hc khch quan cho php.


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Chng 3: Tnh Khng, Thuyt Tng i vVt l Lng t

Mt trong nhng iu hp dn nht v khoa hc l s thay i hiu bitca ta v th gii c chiu ri bi nh sng ca nhng khm phmi. Ngnh vt l vn ang u tranh vi vic tim tng mt dchchuyn mu hnh m n tri qua nh l kt qu ca vic xut hin lthuyt tng i v c hc lng t cui th k 20. Cc nh khoa hc

cng nh trit hc khng ngt sng vi cc m hnh mu thun nhauv thc ti M hnh Newton, tha nhn v mt v tr c hc v don c, trong khi l thuyt tng i v c hc lng t tha nhnv mt v tr hn n hn. S tim tng ca m hnh th nh cho hiubit ca chng ta v th gii cha hon ton r nt.

Th gii quan ca ring ti th c nn tng trong trit hc v gio phpPht gio, c hnh thnh trong mi trng tri thc ca n c i.

Ti c hc hi v trit hc n c i tui cn b. Cc thygio ca ti lc l nhip chnh ca Ty Tng l Tadrak Rinpoche vLing Rinpoche1. Ngi Tadrak Rinpoche l ngi cao nin, rt cknh trng v tng i nghim khc. Ling Rinpoche th tr hn nhiu;

1 Tadrak Rinpoche Ngawang Sungrab (wyl. stag brag rin po che ngag dbang gsungrab) (1875 - ??) l ngi thi s ca c Dalai Lama. ng lm nhip chnh ti TyTng nm 1941, ri chc v nm 1950.

Kyabje Ling Rinpoche (1903-1983) l ngi thi s th nh cho c Dalai Lama 14.Ngi l ngi gi ngi truyn tha th 97 k t s t Tsongkhapa (Tng-khch-ba)ca phi Gelug (C Duyn) Pht gio Ty Tng. HH Ling Rinpoche's Biography.Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. Truy cp 17/02/2009.

Ch Rinpoche trong Tng ng c ngha l "mtngi cao qu". y l mt danh hiuthng ch dnh cho nhng lt-ma (i s) ti sinh v nhng ngi c cng nhnbi mt quyn chnh chc trong mt dng truyn tha Pht gio TyTng.)


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ngi lun lun du ngt, ni nng nh nh, v hc su hiu rng, nhngkhng phi l mt ngi lm li (t nht khi ti cn l a tr). Ti cnnh mnh rt kinh hi mi khi c mt ca c hai ngi. Ti c nhiungi tr gip v trit l bn lun v nhng iu c dy d.

Trong c Trijang Rinpoche1

v i s hc gi ni ting NgodrupTsoknyi. Khi ngi Tadrak Rinpoche mt, Ling Rinpoche tr thnhngi thi s2bc cao v Trijang Pinpoche c thng cp thnh this.

Hai ngi ny vncn l thi s cho n khi hon tt chng trnh hcvn chnh thc, v ti tip tc nhn c nhiu di sn Pht gio TyTng ca nhiu dng truyn tha khc nhau t hai ngi. H l nhng

ngi bn thn nhng li c cc c tnh rt khc nhau. Ling Rinpochel mt ngi rn chc vi u trc lng bng, v mi khi ng ci thton thn cng rung theo. ng c vc dng to ln nhng i mt nh.Trijang Rinpoche l ngi cao gy vi c dng khoan thai v thanh lchvi mi cao nhn so vi ngi Ty Tng. ng ta rt ho nh v chtging su lng, c bit nhiu nhc tnh khi ng y tng kinh. LingRinpoche l mt trit gia su sc vi mt tm thc lun l3nhy bn vl mt bit ti hng bin vi tr nh tuyt vi. Trijang Rinpoche l mt

trong nhng nh th v i vi mt kh nng chit trung4thnh tho vngh thut v vn chng thi by gi. Ni v kh cht v cc nng

1 Kyabje Trjang Rinpoche (1900-1981) l mt v lt-ma ca dng Gelug ngi tng ginhiu vai tr quan trng trong trng phi Gelug v l ngi chu trch nhim sontho php mn tim tu Lamrim c in "Gii Thot trong Lng Bn Tay". TrijangRinpoche. Wikipedia. Truy cp 17/02/2009

2Thi s: l mt chc v thy gio ring ca vua hay quc trng. c Dalai Lamalc by gi c tn phong lnh o nc Ty Tng (ngi ln ngai nm 1940)

3Nhiu sch dch ch "logic" theo li phin m l l-gc. y ngha Vit ha c thdch l lun l, lp lun, (hay hp l nu l tnh t). B mn ton hc nghin cu cclp lun hp l gi l lun l hc hay l-gc hc.

4Chit trung l mt quan im nhm pha trn nhiu kha cnh tch cc khc nhau cacc trit l.


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khiu ca ti th ti cho rng mnh gn gi vi Ling Rinpoche hn btkngi thi s no. C l cng bng m ni th ngi Ling Rinpoche c nh hngnhiunht ln cuc i ti

Khi bt u hc nhiu gio php khc nhau ca cc trng phi n c i, th ti khng c cch lin h c chng vi bt k khacnh no ca kinh nghim bn thn. Chng hn, thuyt nhn qu catrng phi Skhya1cho rng mt hu qu bt ku l mts biuth ca mt phn c sn bn trong ca nguyn nhn; thuyt ca phiVaieika2v v tr xng rng s a dng ca mt lp cc vt thbt kc tnh cht tng qut l tng thng hng l n ph thuc vott c cc tnh cht c th ca n. c cc lun im hu thn n

chng minh s tn ti ca ng To Ho v cc lun im bi bcca Pht gio m t iu ngc li. Thm vo ti phi hc nhiuim phc tp khc nhau trong cc gio php ca nhiu trng phiPht gio. Chng tht qu b him trc tip ph hp cho mt cu bmi my tui u m s ham thch ca cu ta ch t nhiu hn vo

1 Samkhya (sa. Skhya) Ra i vo khong th k th 3 do cng ca trit giaMaharishi Kapila. C tc gi dch l phi s lun c ch trng hu thn v "tm

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