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Almost There…• The final interim course project report is due today!
• I’ll get your last graded homeworks back to you on Thursday.
• We’ll be doing palatography today…
• But we’ll also have USRI evaluations at the end of class!
• Final exam review session?
• The last mystery spectrogram has been posted!
• On Thursday, we’ll talk about:
• Audition
• Synthetic Speech
The Toolkit• There are four primary active articulators in speech.
• (articulators we can move around )
1. The lips
2. The lower jaw (mandible)
3. The tongue
4. The velum
• The pharynx can also be constricted, to some extent.
• Separate sets of muscles control each articulator...
Articulatory Speed• The gold medal goes to the tongue tip...
• which is capable of 7.2 - 9.6 movements per second.
• The rest:
• Mandible 5.9 - 8.4 movements per second
• Back of tongue 5.4 - 8.9
• Velum 5.2 - 7.8
• Lips 5.7 - 7.7
• Note: lips can be raised and lowered faster than they can be protruded and rounded.
1. The Lips• The orbicularis oris muscle surrounds the lips.
• Contraction compresses and rounds the lips.
• A muscle called the mentalis also protrudes the lips.
• Contraction of the risorius muscle retracts the corners of the lips...
• and spreads them.
By the way...• The vowel [i] is typically produced with active lip spreading.
• “Say cheese!”
• What acoustic effect would this have?
• Lips Normal:
• Lips Spread:
• Check ‘em out in Praat.
2. The Jaw• Several different muscles are used to both lower and raise the mandible.
• Primary raisers:
• Masseter
• Temporalis
• Internal pterygoid
2. The Jaw• Several different muscles are used to both lower and raise the mandible.
• Lowerers:
• Anterior belly digastricus
• Geniohyoid
• Mylohyoid
• Note: in lowering, the mandible also retracts.
Articulatory Control• People can produce vowels perfectly fine even when a bite block holds their jaws open. (Lindblom, 1979)
• Adults get the formants right, right from the start...
• But kids need a little time to adjust.
• Abbs et al. (1984) experimented with pulling down people’s jaws...
• when they had to say sequences like [aba] and [afa]!
• Lip muscles adjust immediately for the sudden jaw lowering...
• Adjustment happens faster than electrical signals can travel to the motor cortex and back!
Abbs et al. EMG data
3. The Tongue• The muscles controlling the tongue consist of:
1. Intrinsic muscles
• (completely within the tongue)
2. Extrinsic muscles
• (connect the tongue to outside structures)
• The intrinsic muscles include:
1. The superior longitudinal muscle
2. The inferior longitudinal muscle
3. Transverse muscles
4. Vertical muscles
Tongue: Sagittal View• The superior longitudinal muscle pulls the tongue tip up and back.
• Instrumental in producing alveolars and retroflexes.
• The inferior longitudinal muscle pulls the tongue tip down and back.
• Helps with tongue blade articulations.
Tongue: Coronal View• The transverse muscles pulls in the edges of the tongue, and also lengthens the tongue to some extent.
• Helpful in producing laterals.
• Contraction of the vertical muscles flattens the tongue.
• Interdentals?
Extrinsic #1: Genioglossus• The genioglossus connects the tongue to both the mandible and the hyoid.
• Contraction of the posterior genioglossus moves the whole tongue up and forwards.
• Crucial in palatals.
• Contraction of the anterior genioglossus curls the tongue tip down and back.
Gene-ioglossus
Gene Simmons, of the rock band KISS, is famous for his use of the genioglossus muscle.
Extrinsic #2: Styloglossus• The styloglossus connects the tongue to the “styloid process” in front of the ear.
• Pulls the tongue up and back.
• ...for velar articulations.
• May also help groove (sulcalize) the tongue.
Extrinsic #3: Hyoglossus
• The hyoglossus connects the tongue to the hyoid bone.
• Pulls the tongue down and back.
• = pharyngeals
• Can also pull the sides of the tongue down.
Extrinsic #4: Palatoglossus• The palatoglossus connects the tongue to the soft palate.
• Can be used to raise the back of the tongue.
• And also to lower the velum!
• Lowering the back of the tongue may inadvertently pull the velum down...
• leading to passive nasalization of low vowels.
• Note: Great Lakes vowel shift
Chain Shifting• The Great Lakes Shift is called a chain shift, because first one vowel moves...
• And then a series of others follow.
• In this case, the first shift was:
• Theory: vowels have to stay distinct from one another.
• So listeners can understand what’s being said.
A Word of Caution• The vowel system of English can vary greatly from one dialect to another.
• Ex: the vowels of Canadian English have shifted away from their American counterparts…
• (for some, but not all, speakers)
• Shift #1:
• Shift #2:
Unshifted:
Unshifted:
• There are also new shifts underway!
• Shift #3: “head”
• Shift #4: “hid”
• Shift #5: “hood”
4. Velar Muscles• The levator palatini raises the velum.
• (connects the velum to the temporal bone)
• The velum is lowered by both the palatoglossus and the palatopharyngeus...
• which connects the palate to the pharynx.