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Vocabulary Unit 3
Level E
adversaryadversary
Connotation: neutral
Etymology: early 14c., aduersere, from Anglo-Fr. adverser (13c.), from O.Fr. adversier, from L. adversarius "opponent, adversary, rival," lit. "turned toward one," from adversus "turned against" (see adverse).
Word Structure: prefix ad- means toward; root vers = turn
alienatealienateConnotation: Negative
Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English < Latin aliēnātus (past participle of aliēnāre), equivalent to aliēn
Word Structure: verb suffix –ate = to become, produce, or treat
artificeartifice
Connotation: Negative
Etymology:1525–35; Anglo-French < Latin artificium craftsmanship, art, craftiness
coercecoerce
Connotation: Negative
Etymology:1425–75; late Middle English < Latin coercēre to hold in, restrain
cravencraven
Connotation: Negative
Etymology:1175–1225; Middle English cravant, cravaunde defeated < Old French craventé, past participle of cravanter to crush, overwhelm
culinaryculinary
Connotation: Neutral
Etymology: 1630–40; < Latin culīnārius of the kitchen, equivalent to culīn =
kitchen, food + -ārius
demisedemise
Connotation: Negative
Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English dimis < Old French demis (past participle of desmetre ) < Latin dīmissum (past participle of dīmittere ); see dismiss
exhilarateexhilarate
Connotation: Positive
Etymology: 1530–40; < Latin exhilarātus past participle of exhilarāre to gladden, equivalent to ex-
+ hilarāre to cheer ( see hilarity)
fallowfallow
Connotation: negative
Etymology:1275–1325; Middle English falwe; compare Old English fealga, plural of *fealh, as gloss of Medieval Latin occas harrows
harassharass
Connotation: Negative
Etymology:1610–20; < French, Middle French harasser to harry, harass, v. derivative of harace, harache (in phrase courre a la harace pursue) = hare cry used to urge dogs on (< Frankish *hara here, from this side
inclementinclement
Connotation: Negative
Etymology: 1615–25; < Latin inclēment, equivalent to in- + clement =mild, merciful
LiquidateConnotation: neutral
Etymology:
c.1575, "to reduce to order, to set out clearly" (of accounts), from L.L liquidare "to melt, make liquid or clear, clarify," (see liquid). Sense of "clear away" (a debt) first recorded 1755. The meaning "wipe out, kill" is from 1924
musemuse
Connotation: Positive
Etymology:1300–50; Middle English musen to mutter, gaze meditatively on, be astonished
negligiblenegligible
Connotation: neutral
Etymology: 1820–30;
< Latin neglig (ere)
to neglect + -ible
perpetuateperpetuate
Connotation: neutral
Etymology: 1520–30; < Latin perpetuātus (past participle of perpetuāre, derivative of perpetuus uninterrupted).
precedentprecedent
Connotation: Neutral/Positive
Etymology: 1350–1400; (adj.) Middle English < Latin praecēdent- to go before, precede
punitivepunitive
Connotation: Negative
Etymology: 1615–25; < Medieval Latin pūnītīvus of punishment, (past participle of pūnīre to punish)
redressredress
Connotation: Neutral
Etymology: 1275–1325; (v.) Middle English redressen < Middle French redresser, Old French redrecier, equivalent to re- + drecier to straighten ( see dress)
sojournsojourn
Connotation: Neutral
Etymology: 1200–50; (v.) Middle English sojurnen < Old French sojorner to rest, stay < see journey
urbaneurbane
Connotation: Neutral
Etymology: 1610–20; < Latin urbānus, equivalent to urb- city