Vitamins All

7/26/2019 Vitamins All

1/19

Vitamins.

Defnition - Organic compound required in small amounts.

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B, B!,B12

Vitamin DVitamin "Vitamin #

A $e% %ords a&out eac'.


2/19

(ources in diet- )an* plants +p'otoreceptors, also meat,especiall* lier. at solu&le, so *ou can get too muc', or too littlei$ a&sorption is a pro&lem.

Vitamin A - /etinol

/etinol +itamin A

(ome uses0

Vision+11-cis-retinol &ound to r'odopsin detects lig't in our e*es.

/egulating gene transcription+retinoic acid receptors on cellnuclei are part o$ a s*stem $or regulating transcription o$ m/As

$or a num&er o$ genes.


3/19

Vitamin B1 - 'iamine

'iamine

(ome uses0

o$actor $or seeral en4*mes+a precursor $or t'iaminep*rop'osp'ate, one o$ t'e co$actors used &* t'e p*ruatedecar&o*lase comple +D.

Also, a co$actor $or &ranc'ed c'ain a-7eto de'*drogenase.

ound in a %ide ariet* o$ $oods, including meat, grains.Defcienc* causes &eri&eri +muscle atrop'*, neurologicalpro&lems.


4/19

Vitamin B2 - ri&o8ain

) - lainmononucleotide

AD -8ain adenine dinucleotide.

/i&o8ainis aprecursor $or AD and).

AD is a co$actor $or p*ruatede'*drogenase comple +D, and

succinate de'*drogenase in A

) is an electron carrierin t'e electron transport

c'ain.


5/19

Vitamin B3 - nicotinic acid+a precursor $or AD.Also 7no%n as niacin.

AD9is needed $or gl*col*sis, AD: gets oidi4ed in electron

transport c'ain, etc.

nicotinic acid


6/19

Vitamin B5 - pantot'enic acid +needed $or ma7ingoA

;e get pantot'enic acid in our diet as oA, %'ic' must &e&ro7en do%n to pantot'enic acid to &e a&sor&ed in intestine.;e t'en use t'e pantot'enic acid in ma7ing our o%n oA.

oen4*me A

pantot'enicacid


7/19

Vitamin B6 - p*ridoine

recursor $or p*ridoal p'osp'ate+


8/19

Vitamin B - Biotin.

@sed in $att* acid s*nt'esis,also ot'er $unctions.

Biotin defcienc* israre.

;e sa% &iotin in c'apter 10


9/19

Vitamin B! - olic acid./equired $or s*nt'esis o$ gl*cine,met'ionine, nucleotides @+c'apter 15.

Cmportant $or rapidl* diiding cells+er* important in earl*pregnanc*.

5

,1

met'*lene-tetra'*dro$olate is a donor o$met'*lene groups.

Defcienc* in pregnanc* causes neural tu&e de$ects.

olic acid is no% added to man* grain products in t'e @(.

$olic acid


10/19

;e sa% co&alamine in $att*

acid oidation.

o&alamin is needed inma7ing adenos*lco&alamin, aco$actor $or >met'*l malon*l

mutase?, %'ic' &rea7s do%nodd-c'ain $att* acids.

B12 is also used inregenerating $olate

(ources are meat, mil7 andeggs.

Vegetarians %'o eat dair*products are O#, &ut non-dair*

egans ma* not get enoug'.

Vitamin B12 - co&alamin.+also '*dro*co&alamin,adenos*lco&alamin.

adenos*l-co&alamin


11/19

Cn almost all organisms, ascor&ic acid is s*nt'esi4ed $romglucose in steps.

A relatiel* recent + million *ears ago mutation in t'eancestor o$ 'umans made us una&le to ma7e ascor&ic acid.(o $or us, and some closel* related primates, itEs a itamin.

Fuinea pigs canEt ma7e ascor&ic acid, eit'er.

(ources o$ itamin are $ruit and $res' meat. Vitamin defcienc* causes scur*, and in 'uman 'istor* itamin defcienc* ma* 'ae &een an impediment to spreading

nort'%ard.

Vitamin - asor&ic acid

/equired $or collagen s*nt'esis,and as a co$actor $or seeralen4*mes. Also scaenges o*genradicals.


12/19

Vitamin D re$ers to a group o$ similar lipid-solu&le molecules+maGor $orms are D2 and D3, also D1, D, D5.

Vitamin D3 +c'olecalci$erol Vitamin D2 +ergocalci$erol


13/19

Vitamin D3 can &e o&tained in diet, or deried $rom c'olesterolin a reaction t'at requires @V lig't.

@V lig't

spontaneous

lieren4*me25-'*dro*lase

Vitamin D3

calcitriol


14/19

Vitamin D &inds to a >itamin D &inding protein? +VD $ortransport to target organs.

Vitamin D is not actie itsel$ +itEs a pro'ormone= it is modifed to

*ield &iologicall* actie $orms, suc' as calcitriol.

alcitriol +deried $rom itamin D is a transcription $actor,in8uencing epression o$ proteins inoled in calcium a&sorptionand transport.

Vitamin D is also important $or immune s*stem $unction.

Defcienc* causes ric7ets, &one loss.

alcitriol,$rom itaminD.


15/19

Vitamin D production requires @V lig't +sunlig't.

(ometime a$ter 'umans migrated nort' out o$ A$rica a&out5, *ears ago, mutations appeared t'at reduced melanin

+pigment production in t'e s7in, permitting itamin Dproduction %it' less sunlig't.

Disadantages o$ less melanin production are s7in t'at is easil*damaged &* t'e sun, s7in cancer ris7, and loss o$ $olic acid due

to @V damage.

'e melanin-reducing mutations 'elped earl* 'umans ma7eitamin D in nort'ern europe in %inter.


16/19

'ousands o$*ears ago.

:uman migration.

)ap $rom

'ese groups 'aemutations resulting int'e most dramaticmelanin defcienc*.


17/19

Cn eas, t'ere is too muc' sun and plent* o$ itaminD, so C %ant m* melanin &ac7 H


18/19

Ct is essential, &ut roles are unclear.(uggestions include neural mem&ranecomponent, antioidant.

O&tained in diet, defcienc* is rare.

Vitamin " - ollectiel* re$ers to I related tocop'erols.


19/19

Vitamin # is required $or proper &lood clotting.

Ct is used in s*nt'esi4ing gamma car&o*glutamate, a post-translationall* modifed aminoacid in prot'rom&in.

(ources are egeta&les and $ruits, defcienc* is

rare.

Vitamin # - /e$ers to p'*lloquinonone +itamin #-1, andseeral structurall* similar molecules.

p'*lloquinone

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