Violence in Violence in Darfur, SudanDarfur, Sudan

Genocide or Conflict?Genocide or Conflict?

Violence in Darfur, Violence in Darfur, Sudan Sudan QuizQuiz1.1. What year did Sudan receive independence? (Same year that internal What year did Sudan receive independence? (Same year that internal

conflict began)conflict began)

2.2. What are the two main ethnic groups fighting?What are the two main ethnic groups fighting?

3.3. Which country planned to unify the two regions of Sudan, before the Which country planned to unify the two regions of Sudan, before the civil war broke out?civil war broke out?

4.4. What is the natural resource that makes this even more of a global What is the natural resource that makes this even more of a global conflict?conflict?

5.5. What is the name of the President of Sudan?What is the name of the President of Sudan?

6.6. What two occupations do the land tensions derive from? Arabs v. What two occupations do the land tensions derive from? Arabs v. AfricansAfricans

7.7. Name one of the rebel groups involved in this conflict?Name one of the rebel groups involved in this conflict?

8.8. What is the pro-government militia called?What is the pro-government militia called?

9.9. What types of actions (atrocities) has the “Government militia” been What types of actions (atrocities) has the “Government militia” been accused of?accused of?

10.10. What country has received most of the refugees and displaced What country has received most of the refugees and displaced people?people?

AnswersAnswers

1.1. 19561956

2.2. Northern Arabs v. Southern Black AfricansNorthern Arabs v. Southern Black Africans

3.3. BritainBritain

4.4. OilOil

5.5. Omar Al-BashirOmar Al-Bashir

6.6. Arabs = nomadic herding / Africans = FarmersArabs = nomadic herding / Africans = Farmers

7.7. SLA, SLM, JEM, National Redemption FrontSLA, SLM, JEM, National Redemption Front

8.8. JanjaweedJanjaweed

9.9. Rape, murder, burning villages and crops, poison Rape, murder, burning villages and crops, poison water supplies, etc.water supplies, etc.

10.10. ChadChad

SudanSudan Was the Largest

country in Africa (united)

Who lives there? Oil – 70% profit for

military funding 6 Million in population:

poverty Survive on farming

(Africans) and nomadic herding (Arabs)

Darfur, Sudan

Darfur is a desert region located in the far west of northern Sudan. It is bigger than California and—before major violence erupted in 2003—had a population of about six million.http://www.savedarfur.org/pages/background

Darfur is a desert region located in the far west of Sudan, the Darfur is a desert region located in the far west of Sudan, the biggest country in Africa.biggest country in Africa.

Issue at hand…Issue at hand…

““Darfur, a large region in western Sudan, Darfur, a large region in western Sudan, is home to numerous ethnic groups, some is home to numerous ethnic groups, some Arab and some who go by the label Arab and some who go by the label “African.” “African.”

Violence broke out in 2003, when African Violence broke out in 2003, when African rebels demanding better treatment for rebels demanding better treatment for Darfur attacked a Sudanese military site. Darfur attacked a Sudanese military site.

The Sudanese government retaliated by The Sudanese government retaliated by arming Arab militias and pitting them arming Arab militias and pitting them against the rebels.” against the rebels.” www.worldconflicts.com

Sides and PerspectivesSides and Perspectives One side of the conflict is an uprising by Darfuri One side of the conflict is an uprising by Darfuri

African rebels African rebels wanting greater funding for wanting greater funding for Darfur and more influence for Darfuri politicians Darfur and more influence for Darfuri politicians in Sudanese national politics. in Sudanese national politics. (Several different (Several different rebel groups support different leaders/policies and rebel groups support different leaders/policies and are not coming to agreements to resolve conflict)are not coming to agreements to resolve conflict)

Other side is a campaign by “government-Other side is a campaign by “government-supported” Arab militias, the supported” Arab militias, the JanjaweedJanjaweed, to , to defeat the rebels, which quickly expanded into a defeat the rebels, which quickly expanded into a campaign to kill or displace hundreds of campaign to kill or displace hundreds of thousands of Darfuri Africans, mainly civilians, thousands of Darfuri Africans, mainly civilians, throughout the region.throughout the region.

JanjaweedJanjaweed

A collection of Darfur-based Arab A collection of Darfur-based Arab militias, supposedly armed by the militias, supposedly armed by the Sudanese government to fight African Sudanese government to fight African rebels in Darfur rebels in Darfur

Attack villages, raping and killing Attack villages, raping and killing inhabitants inhabitants

Sixteen known Janjaweed bases Sixteen known Janjaweed bases Membership numbers estimated at a Membership numbers estimated at a

few thousandfew thousand

JanjaweedJanjaweed

Rebel Groups SLM, JEM, Rebel Groups SLM, JEM, SLASLA

SLM = Sudan Liberation Movement SLM = Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) (SLM) Used guerrilla tactics to fight government Used guerrilla tactics to fight government

forces from Khartoum in the first civil war forces from Khartoum in the first civil war JEM=Justice and Equality JEM=Justice and Equality

MovementMovement Islamist rebel group in Darfur region, Islamist rebel group in Darfur region,

which came to prominence in 2003 which came to prominence in 2003 Demands greater political and economic Demands greater political and economic

rights for Darfuris in national government rights for Darfuris in national government

Rebel Groups – con’tRebel Groups – con’t

SLA = Sudan Liberation ArmySLA = Sudan Liberation Army Darfuri rebel group founded in 2001 composed Darfuri rebel group founded in 2001 composed

almost entirely of African Darfuris almost entirely of African Darfuris Target of the Sudanese military and the Target of the Sudanese military and the

janjaweedjanjaweed after their attack on government after their attack on government sites in 2003 sites in 2003

Seeks better treatment for Darfur from Seeks better treatment for Darfur from Sudanese government Sudanese government

Several Rebel groups have broken off Several Rebel groups have broken off and formed splinter groups based on and formed splinter groups based on geographic regions.geographic regions.

Root of the Conflict Root of the Conflict

British ColonyBritish Colony NIFNIF SLA/MSLA/M JEMJEM Omar al-BashirOmar al-Bashir

Pictured Pictured JanjaweedJanjaweed

Omar Al-Bashir Came to power in 1989 in a military coup and

President of Sudan since 1993 Indicted on charge of genocide by International

Criminal Court in 2008 Banned political parties, eliminated the free

press, and instituted Islamic law in the north of Sudan

Has reportedly supported the Janjaweed and has made it difficult for humanitarian aid workers to enter the region

Arrested media, humanitarian aid workers, etc. because of the threat of spying

2003 Violence begins2003 Violence begins Side #1: an uprising by some of Sudan’s Side #1: an uprising by some of Sudan’s

poorest people, the poorest people, the African rebelsAfrican rebels, who were , who were demanding greater representation for their demanding greater representation for their communities in the Arab-dominated national communities in the Arab-dominated national government; increased federal funding for government; increased federal funding for Darfur’s schools, hospitals, and public services; Darfur’s schools, hospitals, and public services; and a share of Sudan’s oil revenue and a share of Sudan’s oil revenue

Side #2: a campaign by government-backed Side #2: a campaign by government-backed Arab militias, known collectively as the Arab militias, known collectively as the Janjaweed, to drive African farmers off fertile Janjaweed, to drive African farmers off fertile land, an increasingly scarce commodity in land, an increasingly scarce commodity in drought-ravaged Darfur drought-ravaged Darfur

SLASLA

SLM

Burned shops in an Abandoned Village between Geneina and Sisi

Cease-fire?Cease-fire?

Peace Agreements/ResolutionsPeace Agreements/Resolutions DPADPA

Has this worked?Has this worked? UN Resolution 1706UN Resolution 1706

Recent NewsRecent News The International Criminal Court indicted The International Criminal Court indicted

President Bashir on July 14, 2008, for President Bashir on July 14, 2008, for genocide and issued an arrest warrant on genocide and issued an arrest warrant on March 4, 2009, for war crimes. March 4, 2009, for war crimes. While these moves were applauded by many While these moves were applauded by many

Western leaders, they were strongly criticized Western leaders, they were strongly criticized by several Arab and African leaders and by by several Arab and African leaders and by humanitarian organizations afraid that humanitarian organizations afraid that provoking President Bashir would endanger provoking President Bashir would endanger their staff and jeopardize the peace deals. their staff and jeopardize the peace deals.

Ruling was that there was insufficient Ruling was that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide. evidence to prosecute him for genocide.

Recent NewsRecent News

By the fall of 2009, no resolutions By the fall of 2009, no resolutions were solid enough to maintain the were solid enough to maintain the peace. peace. Conflict-related violence was dwindling in Conflict-related violence was dwindling in

Darfur, however tribal clashes in the Darfur, however tribal clashes in the south were sharply intensifying. south were sharply intensifying.

In 2009, tensions over planned national In 2009, tensions over planned national elections in 2010 rose and aid groups elections in 2010 rose and aid groups began the new year by warning that began the new year by warning that increased diplomacy was needed to keep increased diplomacy was needed to keep the few peace accords from collapsing.the few peace accords from collapsing.

Recent NewsRecent News

““In April 2010, President Bashir In April 2010, President Bashir secured an easy victory in Sudan’s secured an easy victory in Sudan’s first multiparty elections since first multiparty elections since 1986. Although the election was 1986. Although the election was marred by opposition boycotts, marred by opposition boycotts, fraud, and intimidation, the fraud, and intimidation, the international community readily international community readily accepted its resultsaccepted its results World ConflictsWorld Conflicts

Global ImplicationsGlobal Implications

World oil productionWorld oil production Because there are significant oil Because there are significant oil

reserves in and around Sudan, reserves in and around Sudan, continued instability in Darfur could continued instability in Darfur could affect world oil production. The affect world oil production. The longer the Darfuri conflict goes on, longer the Darfuri conflict goes on, the greater the chance that the UN the greater the chance that the UN will impose an embargo on Sudanese will impose an embargo on Sudanese oil or that rebel groups in Darfur will oil or that rebel groups in Darfur will try and sabotage oil pipelines. : try and sabotage oil pipelines. :

Interview with Omar Al-Interview with Omar Al-BashirBashir

NBC's Ann Curry gets an exclusive NBC's Ann Curry gets an exclusive interview with Sudan President interview with Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, and asks about the Omar al-Bashir, and asks about the ongoing atrocities in Darfur.ongoing atrocities in Darfur.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17691868/ns/nightly_news/

South SudanSouth Sudan

5454thth Country in Africa! Country in Africa!

Separate State in SudanSeparate State in Sudan

After decades of fighting for After decades of fighting for independence from the north, southern independence from the north, southern Sudan seceded on July 9, 2011 and Sudan seceded on July 9, 2011 and became the Republic of South Sudan.became the Republic of South Sudan.

South Sudan has become the world's South Sudan has become the world's newest nation, the climax of a process newest nation, the climax of a process made possible by the 2005 peace deal made possible by the 2005 peace deal that ended a long and bloody civil war.that ended a long and bloody civil war.

South Sudan in the South Sudan in the FutureFuture

Facts and figures:Facts and figures: Population:Population: 7.5-9.7 million 7.5-9.7 million Size: Size: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles), 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles),

larger than Spain and Portugal combinedlarger than Spain and Portugal combined Major languages: Major languages: English, Arabic (both English, Arabic (both

official), Juba Arabic, Dinkaofficial), Juba Arabic, Dinka Religion: Religion: Traditional and a Christian Traditional and a Christian

minorityminority Main export:Main export: Oil Oil

South Sudan in the South Sudan in the FutureFuture

Challenges ahead:Challenges ahead: One of world's least developed One of world's least developed

countries:countries: Worst maternal mortality Worst maternal mortality rate; most children below 13 not in rate; most children below 13 not in school; 84% of women are illiterateschool; 84% of women are illiterate

Relations with Sudan: Relations with Sudan: Dividing debts Dividing debts and oil; border disputes; citizenshipand oil; border disputes; citizenship

Security: Security: At least seven active rebel At least seven active rebel groupsgroups

South Sudan becomes an South Sudan becomes an Independent state Video: Independent state Video: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-

africa-14089843africa-14089843

At midnight on Saturday, July 9, residents of Juba began At midnight on Saturday, July 9, residents of Juba began celebrating the independence of South Sudan with singing, celebrating the independence of South Sudan with singing,

dancing, speeches and military parades.dancing, speeches and military parades.

After more than five decades of an underdog, guerrilla After more than five decades of an underdog, guerrilla struggle and two million lives lost, the Republic of South struggle and two million lives lost, the Republic of South

Sudan became Africa’s 54th state.Sudan became Africa’s 54th state.

Many of those who turned out to celebrate, overcome with Many of those who turned out to celebrate, overcome with emotion, spoke of their fathers, mothers, sons and daughters emotion, spoke of their fathers, mothers, sons and daughters who were killed in the long struggle to break free from the who were killed in the long struggle to break free from the

Arab-dominated north.Arab-dominated north.

Thousands of soldiers lined the freshly-painted curbs with Thousands of soldiers lined the freshly-painted curbs with tiger patches on their arms and assault rifles in their hands. tiger patches on their arms and assault rifles in their hands. The new nation is being built on a guerrilla army, the Sudan The new nation is being built on a guerrilla army, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, whose field commanders are now People’s Liberation Army, whose field commanders are now

South Sudan’s political leaders.South Sudan’s political leaders.

““We have waited for more than 56 years for this," said South We have waited for more than 56 years for this," said South Sudan’s president, Salva Kiir, wearing a signature black Sudan’s president, Salva Kiir, wearing a signature black

cowboy hat given to him by Mr. Bush. “It is a dream that has cowboy hat given to him by Mr. Bush. “It is a dream that has come true.”come true.”

An American-backed treaty set the stage for a referendum in An American-backed treaty set the stage for a referendum in January in which 98.8 percent of southerners voted for January in which 98.8 percent of southerners voted for

independence. At 1:20 p.m. on Saturday, the southerners independence. At 1:20 p.m. on Saturday, the southerners officially proclaimed their freedom.officially proclaimed their freedom.

Leaders from around the world cheered during the Leaders from around the world cheered during the ceremonies. Among them was the president of Sudan, Omar ceremonies. Among them was the president of Sudan, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, whose appearance was a surprise because Hassan al-Bashir, whose appearance was a surprise because

he was indicted by the International Criminal Court on he was indicted by the International Criminal Court on genocide charges over the massacres in Darfur.genocide charges over the massacres in Darfur.

Videos Videos

Obama’s Policy (2009) on SudanObama’s Policy (2009) on Sudan http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/worl

d/2009/10/20/dougherty.us.sudan.policy.cnn?iref=videosearch

George Clooney visits Sudan as an George Clooney visits Sudan as an United Nations activistUnited Nations activist http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3032619/

ns/nightly_news/#39622101