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Human Development IndexSudan
-Population: 42.3 million mid-2009
Less than 15: 41%
Over 65: 3%
-Life expectancy: 58
-Infant Mortality Rate: 81 out of 1000 births (Iceland 2.5)
-Fertility Rate: 4.5
-Using birth control: 8%
-Literacy Rate: 61%
-School Enrollment: 40%
-GDP Per Capita/PPP: $1130 (World Bank 2008)
-Urban: 38%www.undp.org
www.prb.org
Republic of Sudan Profile
• GDP Per Capita/PPP: $1130 (World Bank 2008)
• Exports:
-oil
-cotton
-sesame
-livestock and hides
-gum arabic (natuaral gum made of hardened sap from the acacia tree, used in ink, printing, paint, glue, cosmetics
• Sudan’s name comes from the Arabic “bilad al-sudan” meaning “land of the blacks”
-Religions: Islam, Christian, Animist
-Languages: Arabic, Nubian, others
-monetary unit: Sudanese dinar
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/820864.stm
History of Conflict• Most of the history of
Sudan is consumed with tensions over land and grazing rights between
1. Arabs, nomadic
herders 2. Black Africans,
mainly farmers
Transhumance: seasonal movement of livestock to exploit specific locally varying pasture conditions.
History
• 1956-1972: 1st Civil War
Fight for control over the central government between:
-Arab Muslims in the North
and
- Black African Christians in the South
History Cont.2nd Civil War 1983-2005
1. Gov’t implemented Islamic law across the country-angered southern non-Muslims
2. Oil discovered in the 60’s, mostly in southern and central Sudan, Gov’t controlled the revenues
3. 1989 Omar Hassan al-Bashir led a bloodless coup and overthrew Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi
NIF party (National Islamic Front)Banned political parties and
dismantles parliament
Since 2005• 2.5 Million
displaced persons in crowded, unsafe camps run by the African Union, UNHCR, and other aid organizations
• 250,000 refugees in Chad
Sudan Today• High levels of poverty• Lack of infrastructure like paved roads, sanitation,
and medical facilities outside of urban centers• Lack of representation in the government by some
groups• Other groups wish autonomy (Southern)• Gov’t supports Arabs and marginalizes Black
Africans• Gov’t lack of support during drought and near-
famine conditions• Gov’t says the conflict is competition for land
among ethnic groups
Arab Janjaweed: Pro-Government Militia
-Armed horsemen-Supports the “Arabization” of
DarfurWants to eliminate Black Africans-Targets civilians and villages,
claims harboring rebels-Aerial Bombing of villages, gov’t
denies but has the helicopters and planes
-Gov’t denies association with Janjaweed calling them “rebels” and “thieves” but does not stop them
-SAF Sudanese Armed Forces (Government) in alliance with Janjaweed
Ethnic Violence: Janjaweed and SAF: Sudanese Armed Forces
“Scorched Earth Campaign”
• Poison wells• Burn villages
and crops• loot• Rape women• Kill men• Abduct children
from villages to fight
African Opposition Groups1. SLM Sudanese Liberation
Movement AKA -Sudanese Liberation Army2. Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) 3. JEM Justice and Equality
MovementGuerilla Warfare
Groups have split into smaller factions
U.N. estimates there are 30 opposition groups competing for power and influence
Recruit children 9-16 from refugee camps
International Aid Efforts
• Other factions
rob international
aid efforts and
convoys for food
and supplies
NGOs=non-governmental organizations
http://www.unhcr.org/4b6305939.html
• Refugees from Darfur call for improved educational facilities in eastern Chad camps
• News Stories, 29 January 2010
• © UNHCR/A. Rehrl
• Assistant High Commissioner for Operations Janet Lim visits a mother with her new-born baby in Djabal refugee camp.
• GOZ BEIDA, Chad, January 29 (UNHCR) – Sudanese refugees in eastern Chad told a senior UNHCR official this week that they need better educational facilities for their children, while Chadians displaced within their own country said they were worried about food shortages in the coming year.
• The call came on Thursday when Assistant High Commissioner for Operations Janet Lim visited Djabal, one of 12 UNHCR-run camps in eastern Chad hosting some 250,000 refugees from Sudan's Darfur region. There are also some 166,000 internally displaced Chadian nationals in the east.
http://www.wfp.org/videos/chad-refugees-darfur
• http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-countries/chad/page.do?id=1011132
• Why are Chadian Refugees moving to Darfur camps?
Omar Hassan al-Bashir
• Sudan President Bashir denies working with or supporting the Janjaweed.
• He claims that the situation is not genocide but ethnic groups fighting over land
U.S. Statements
• 2004 Secretary of State Colin Powell:
• Darfur is a “site of genocide”
• President George Bush claims in 2005
• “clearly genocide”
United Nations 2005• “Massive violence in
region, can’t call it genocide…no evidence of intent to kill an entire racial, ethnic or religious group.”
• 2005 Peace Accord:
Some autonomy for south and share oil revenues with north
In the north, pro-Arab factions have carried out ethnic cleansing against non-Muslims in Darfur.
Darfurhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/820864.stm
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19362881/ns/today/
• Interview with Ann Curry of NBC in 2007 with Sudan President Bashir about ethnic violence in Darfur.
2008http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2009/images/03/30/picture.1.png&imgrefurl=http://insidethemiddleeast.blogs.cnn.com/
2009/03/30/sudanese-president-defies-arrest-warrant/&usg=__uk1yvlUs9As3YhGlGy_g4JvT2i0=&h=900&w=1440&sz=498&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=SMYEk5IOCMHXmM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq
%3DSudan%2BPresident%2BBashir%26imgsz%3Dl%26imgtbs%3Dz%26as_st%3Dy%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rlz%3D1T4ADBF_enUS294US295%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1
• Prosecutor, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, of the International Criminal Court, accused President Bashir of crimes against humanity, and war crimes but didn’t have enough evidence to prosecute for genocide.
Bashir orders Aid agencies to leave Sudan: refugees lack water
• President Omar Hassan al-Bashir ordered 13 foreign aid agencies to leave north Sudan in March, and closed three local groups, after the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for him to face charges of war crimes in Darfur. Bashir accused the groups of passing information to the Hague-based court, an accusation they denied.
No one was immediately available for comment from Sudan's Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs. In the past it has said the work of expelled groups has been taken up by local organisations and new international groups. Khartoum mobilised mostly Arab militias to crush the Darfur revolt, unleashing a wave of violence that Washington and some activists call genocide.
Sudan's government dismisses the accusation and says the Western media have exaggerated the conflict. Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the conflict range from 10 000, according to Khartoum, to around 300 000, according to UN humanitarian chief John Holmes. - Reuters
2009• Omar Hassan Ahmad al-
Bashir, president of Sudan, sits in the Plenary Hall of the United Nations Conference Centre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the 12th African Union Summit Feb. 2, 2009.
• The assembly endorsed the communique, issued by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union, to defer the process initiated by the International Criminal Court to indict Bashir. These charges are also opposed by the League of Arab Nations, Non-Aligned Movement(not associated with any major power block), Russia and China.
2010• Sudan: ICC prosecutor expects Bashir genocide charge
[SABCNews: 2010-01-28]
The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) said today that he expects judges to add a charge of genocide within weeks against Sudan"s "fugitive" President Omar Hassan al-Bashir. The ICC issued an arrest warrant for Bashir last March on seven counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity in Sudan"s Darfur conflict, including murder, rape and torture, but ruled it had insufficient grounds for a charge of genocide. Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocamp. . .
•
• http://www.africanewssearch.com/olink.php?ARG1=http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=90ea23df71676210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default%20&channelPath=Africa%20>>%20East%20Africa&ARG2=370954
Currently
• Bashir steps down as Chief of the Army
• Bashir promises to support a referendum for southern secession in 2011 (part of the cease-fire Peace Accord of 2005)
• Bashir runs for re-election April 2010
April 2010 Presidential Elections
Some candidates:
• YASIR ARMAN - SUDAN PEOPLE'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT: Representing the marginalized southern voters
• OMAR HASSAN AL-BASHIR - NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY: 74 Year old Current
President, indicted on war crimes
• SADEQ AL-MAHDI - UMMA PARTY: northern region, Prime Minister ousted by Bashir in 1989 Coup
• ABDALLAH DENG NHIAL - POPULAR CONGRESS PARTY: south Sudanese
Muslim
• HATIM AL-SIR - DEMOCRATIC UNIONIST PARTY: support of Muslims
Resources:www.prb.org
www.unhcr.org
http://www.africanewssearch.com/olink.php?ARG1=http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=90ea23df71676210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default%20&channelPath=Africa%20>>%20East%20Africa&ARG2=370954
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2009/images/03/30/picture.1.png&imgrefurl=http://insidethemiddleeast.blogs.cnn.com/2009/03/30/sudanese-president-defies-arrest-warrant/&usg=__uk1yvlUs9As3YhGlGy_g4JvT2i0=&h=900&w=1440&sz=498&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=SMYEk5IOCMHXmM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSudan%2BPresident%2BBashir%26imgsz%3Dl%26imgtbs%3Dz%26as_st%3Dy%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rlz%3D1T4ADBF_enUS294US295%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19362881/ns/today/
Darfurhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/820864.stm
http://allafrica.com/sudan/