vaxtang guruli

ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani

Tbilisi 2006

vaxtang guruli

ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani

(politikuri portretis Seqmnis cda)

1878-1907

Tbilisi 2006

naSromi eZRvneba ioseb juRaSvilis (stalinis) cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis saqarTvelos periods (1878-1907 ww.) da warmoadgens misi

politikuri portretis Seqmnis cdas.

redaqtori profesori merab vaCnaZe

recenzenti docenti avTandil wowkolauri

avtorisagan

ioseb stalinze bevri iwereba, ueWvelia, momavalSi kidev ufro meti

daiwereba. araferi ar aris sakvirveli imaSi, rom obieqturi mematiane jer

kidev ar sCans (cxadia, aseTad Cvenc ar miviCnevT Tavs). ioseb stalinis

moRvaweoba obieqturad Sefasdeba maSin, rodesac ruseTis WeSmariti

istoria daiwereba, es ki Zalze Soreuli momavlis saqmea. ioseb stalini

saqarTveloSi daibada, aqve daiwyo man politikuri moRvaweoba, aqve gaakeTa

arCevani, romelmac gansazRvra piradad ioseb juRaSvilis bedi, misi

samSoblos _ saqarTvelos bedi, ruseTis bedi...

2 Cveni mizania, gaviazroT ioseb juRaSvilis cxovrebisa da

moRvaweobis saqarTvelos periodi (1878-1907 ww.), avxsnaT, Tu ram ganapiroba

ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani.

prof. vaxtang guruli

6 dekemberi, 2006 weli

prologis magier

yoveli adamiani qveynierebas moevlineba rogorc RvTis naperwkali. es

imas niSnavs, rom RmerTma adamians sasuflevlisaken gza gauxsna. Semdeg

adamiani dgeba arCevanis winaSe, ufro swored adamians arCevanis (cTunebis)

winaSe ayenebs eSmaki. ase grZeldeba adamidan dRemde. arCevani xdeba:

_ RmerTsa da eSmaks,

_ sulsa da xorcs,

_ cxovnebasa da warwymedas,

_ sasufevelsa da satanjvels,

_ samoTxesa da jojoxeTs,

_ siyvarulsa da siZulvils,

_ mitevebasa da Zalmomreobas,

_ erTgulebasa da Ralats,

_ morCilebasa da amboxs Soris.

arCevanis winaSe odesme, adre Tu gvian, yvela adamiani dgeba.

arCevanSi adamiani Tavisufalia.

Tavisufali iyo arCevanSi ioseb juRaSvilic...

Cveulebrivi mokvdavis arCevani mxolod misi da SeiZleba misi

axloblebis cxovrebas gansazRvravdes, masze axdendes gavlenas. ioseb

juRaSvili ar iyo Cveulebrivi mokvdavi. amitomac arCevani mxolod misTvis

ar gamodga sabediswero. ioseb juRaSvilis arCevanma gansazRvra:

_ ioseb juRaSvilis momavali,

_ saqarTvelos momavali,

_ ruseTis (sabWoTa kavSiris) momavali

_ msoflios momavalic...

3 es arCevani ki gakeTda saqarTveloSi (iqneba gorSi, iqneb TbilisSi).

ruseTis imperiaSi msgavsi arCevani aTasebma da aTi aTasebma gaakeTes.

maTgan mxolod erTs arguna bedma, gamxdariyo dedamiwis erT meeqvsedze

gadaWimuli zesaxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli...

yovelive ki ase daiwyo...

`daibada eqvs dekembers, monaTles Svidmet dekembers~

(dabadebis TariRisaTvis)

Tbilisis guberniis samazro qalaq goris miZinebis taZris mRvdelma

solomon xaxanaSvilma 1878 wlis 17 dekembers metrikuli Canawerebis wigni

gadaSala da ocdameoTxe nomriT aseTi Canaweri gaakeTa:

„Родился шестаго (6), а крещен семьнадцатого (17) декабря, Иосиф, родители его:

житель г. Гори, крестьянин Виссарион Иванов сын Джугашвили и законная жена его

Екатерина Гавриловна, оба православнаго вероисповедения. При крещении восприемником

был житель г. Гори, крестьянин Михаил Шпоев сын Цихитатришвили. Таинство крещения

совершал Протоперей Горийского Успенскаго Собора Соломон Хаханов с причетником

Алексием Квиникадзе“.

ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis zusti TariRi dRemde dadgenili ar

aris. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, asaxeleben or TariRs: 1879 wlis 21

dekembers da 1878 wlis 6 dekembers.

ioseb juRaSvilis oficialur biografiaSi, romelic avtorTa

koleqtivma Seadgina i. p. tovstuxas xelmZRvanelobiT, mravali Secdoma Tu

uzustobaa gaparuli (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle biografia.

meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1852). sxvas rom yvelafers Tavi davaneboT,

uzustobaa gaparuli ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT.

oficialuri biografebi miiCneven, rom ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili

daibada 1979 wlis 21 dekembers. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi TviT i.

stalinis xeliT Sevsebuli anketebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ioseb

juRaSvili marTlac 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo. saTanado saarqivo

masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze dadginda, rom ioseb besarionis Ze stalini

daibada 1878 wlis 6 dekembers.

1902 wels ioseb juRaSvili Jandarmeriam daapatimra. 1902 wlis 13

ivliss quTaisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ruseTis imperiis

4 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros policiis departaments gaugzavna oficialuri

dokumenti _ cnoba pasuxisgebaSi micemuli ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb.

cnobaSi mesame kiTxvis _ „Время рождания“_ gaswvriv weria: „23 года“ am

monacemis mixedviT gamodis, rom ioseb juRaSvili dabadebula 1879 wels

(1902-23=1879). 1902 wlis 17 ivliss baTumSi JandarmTa calke korpusis

podpolkovnikma Sabilskim da baTumelma eqimma eliavam Seadgines aseve

oficialuri dokumenti „Протокол примет“ pasuxisgebaSi micemuli ioseb

juRaSvilisa. oqmis meore kiTxvis „Лета“ gaswvriv weria: „23 года“ am

monacemiTac ioseb juRaSvili 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo (1902-23=1879).

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Jandarmeriis pasuxisgebaSi micemuli moqalaqis

wlovanebis aRmniSvneli cifri saTanado grafaSi Sehqonda TviT moqalaqis

Cvenebis safuZvelze, magram SemdegSi es monacemi mowmdeboda. sabolood

Jandarmeria dabadebis TariRs dadgenilad CaTvlida mxolod mas Semdeg,

rac miiRebda amonawers sametriko Canaweris wignidan, romelic eklesiaSi

inaxeboda. ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis TariRic am gziT dadginda.

goridan Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos acnobes, rom

ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili daibada 1878 wlis 6 dekembers

(saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi (spa), fondi 8, aRwera 1, saqme 772,

furclebi 78-79). imavdroulad Jandarmeriam moipova meore dokumenti _

Tbilisis marTlmadidebelTa sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobis mier

ioseb juRaSvilis saxelze gacemuli oficialuri dokumenti _

„Свидетельство“, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom ioseb besarionis Ze juRaSvili

daibada „в шестой день декабря месяца тысяча восемьсот семьдесят восьмого года“ (sppa,

fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 414, furceli 4).

ioseb juRaSvili Semdgomi dapatimrebis drosac Tavisi asakis Sesaxeb

iseT cifrs asaxelebda, rom igi 1879 wels dabadebuli gamodioda. 1909

wels baqoSi patimrobaSi myof ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb Seqmnil

oficialur dokumentSi kiTxvis _ „Возраст“ _ gaswriv weria: „30 лет“. am

monacemiT mixedviT ioseb juRaSvili 1879 wels unda dabadebuliyo (1909-

30=1879). Jandarmeria isev daeWvda ioseb juRaSvilis Cvenebis sisworeSi. 1911

wlis 20 oqtombers Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelodan

gorSi Jandarmeriis unter-oficers miminovs werdnen: „Установи путем допроса

проживаюшей в г. Гори модистки Екатерины Глаховны Джугашвили (уроженной Геладзе) и

донести имеется-ли у нея сын Иосиф Виссарионов Джугашвили и в утвердительном случае в

5

каком году и где он родился и в какой именно церкви крещен ея сын“ (sppa, fondi 8,

aRwera 5, saqme 268, furceli 10). imave wlis 25 oqtombers goris miZinebis

eklesiis winamZRvars Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelodan

werdnen: „Прощу распоряжения о выдаче метрической выписи о рождении и крещении

Иосифа Виссарионова Джугашвили“ (sppa, fondi 8, aRware 5, saqme 268, furceli

13). 24 oqtombers gorSi Jandarmeriis unter-oficerma momonovma dahkiTxa

ioseb juRaSvilis deda ekaterine (keke) glaxos asuli juRaSvili (gelaZe)

da dakiTxvis oqmi gaugzavna Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis

sammarTvelos. oqmSi vkiTxulobT: „ ... деиствительно е нее (Екатерины Джугашвили

– В. Г.) есть сын Иосиф, 33-х лет, родился в гор. Гори, крестился в Горийском Успенском

соборе“ (sppa, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268, furceli 24). e. i. ekaterine

juRaSvilis Cvenebis mixedviT, i. stalini 1878 wels unda dabadebuliyo

(1911-33=1878). igive dadasturda goris miZinebis eklesiis sametriko

Canawerebis wignidan gakeTebuli amonaweriTac, romelic goridan miiRes

TbilisSi.

amrigad, ioseb stalinis dabadebis TariRad unda miviCnioT 1878 wlis

6 dekemberi..

mainc raSi dasWirda ioseb juRaSvilis dabadebis namdvili TariRis

damalva? ioseb juRaSvili 1902 wels daapatimres baTumSi. mas bralad

edeboda ori ram: Tbilisis social-demokratiuli wris wevroba da

baTumis demonstraciis organizeba. ioseb juRaSvils hqonda Sansi orive

braldebidan Tavis daZvrenisa. amasTan man kargad icoda, rom dabadebuli

iyo 1878 wels da rogorc samxedro valdebuli 1900-1901 wlebis gawvevas

eqvemdebareboda. amdenad, ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis SeiZleboda waeyenebinaT

braldeba _ samxedro samsaxurisaTvis Tavis arideba. 1879 wels dabadebuls

ki aseT braldebas ver wauyenebdnen.

`pirveli mowafe~

(goris sasuliero saswavlebelsa da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi)

ioseb juRaSvili q. gorSi dedasTan izrdeboda. mamas ojaxi

praqtikulad mitovebuli hyavda. 1902 wlis ivlisSi ioseb juRaSvili q.

baTumSi dahkiTxa quTaisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos

gamomZiebelma. dakiTxvisas Sedga ioseb juRaSvilis anketuri monacemebi.

6

anketaSi meTeqvsmete kiTxva ase iyo formulirebuli: „Места постояннаго

жительства родителей или заменяющих их родственников или опекунов“. am kiTxvaze

aseTi pasuxia gacemuli: „Мать живет в г. Гори, местожительство отца за последние 12

л. неизвестно“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907.

Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 27). ioseb juRaSvili ar cruobda _ mama gorSi iSviaTad

Cndeboda. Tavdapirvelad besarion juRaSvili colsa da Svils

materialur daxmarebas uwevda, Semdeg ki daxmareba Sewyvita. 1895 wlis 28

agvitos Tbilisis marTlmadidebluri sasuliero seminariis reqtors

arqimandrit serafimes saxelze daweril TxovnaSi ioseb juRaSvili

aRniSnavs: „Отец мой, уже три года, не оказывает мне отцовского попечения, в наказание

того, что я, не по его желанию, прожолжил образование“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini.

masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16). besarion

juRaSvils Svilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi ki ara goris

sasuliero saswavlebelSi Seyvanac ar surda. qmris survili miuRebeli

aRmoCnda ekaterine (keke) gelaZisaTvis. dedas Svilis sasuliero

saswavlebelSi Seyvana 1886 wels undoda, saWiro sabuTebic ki gaumzadebia.

verc 1886 wels da verc 1887 wels ioseb juRaSvilma swavlis dawyeba ver

SeZlo. cxadia, mizezi materialuri xelmokleobac iyo. ekaterine (keke)

gelaZe qmris risxvas ar SeuSinda, saWiro Tanxac iSova da 1888 wlis

seqtembridan ioseb juRaSvili goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlas

Seudga.

mamisagan mitovebul ojaxs ekonomikurad Zalze uWirda. 1894 wlis 29

seqtembers Tbilisis marTlmadidebluri sasuliero seminariis reqtoris

arqimandrit serafimis saxelze daweril TxovnaSi ioseb juRaSvili

aRniSnavda: „Мать моя находится в самом бедственном положении. Не имея имущества ни

движимого ни недвижимого, она живет и содержит меня работой, которую часто не находит“

(v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi,

1998, gv. 15). kidev ufro damZimda ioseb juRaSvilis ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba 1895 wels. seminariis reqtors arqimandrit serafimes 1895

wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvili werda: „В настоящее время, у матери моей

ослабли глаза, впоследствие чего более не может заниматься ручным трудом (единственный

источник дохода)“ (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-

1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16).

7 goris sasuliero saswavlebelSi ioseb juRaSvili kargad swavlobda.

saswavlebeli 1894 wels daasrula. oficialur dokumentSi aRniSnulia,

rom ioseb juRaSvilma sasuliero saswavlebeli daasrula "первым

учеником".

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, ekaterine (keke) gelaZem

SesZlo Svilis Tbilisis marTlmadideblur sasuliero seminariaSi

Seyvana. arsebuli wesis mixedviT, seminariaSi swavlebis gadasaxads ar

ixdidnen sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi. ioseb juRaSvli am

SeRavaTiT ver isargeblebda. kekem rogorRac moaxerxa da ioseb

juRaSvils swavlebis gadasaxadi gaunaxevres _ gadasaxadis 50%-s

saeklesio xazina ixdida. danarCeni 50% (40 maneTi) kekes unda gadaexada. es

ki ekonomikur siduxWireSi Cavardnili ojaxisaTvis advili ar iyo. ioseb

juRaSvils imdenad uWirda, rom tansacmlis SesaZeni fulic ki ar gaaCnda.

1894 wlis 29 seqtembers ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis

reqtors arqimandrit serafimes werda: "Посему всенижайше прошу вас, ваше

высокоприподобие, выдать мне зимную одежду... и избавте меня от простуды и холода" (v.

guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,

gv. 16). momdevno wels kidev ufro gauWirda. seminariis pirveli kursis

warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg ioseb juRaSvils meore kursze swavlis

gagrZelebis uflebas ar aZlevdnen. mas dafaruli ar hqonda pirveli

kursis swavlebis gadasaxadi, ufro zustad, swavlebisaTvis dawesebuli

Tanxis 50% (40 maneTi). 1995 wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvili seminariis

reqtors arqimandrit serafimes Seaxsenebda, rom mas pirvel kursze

swavlebis gadasaxadi gaunaxevres, magram darCenili naxevris gadaxdac ar

SeeZlo da sTxovda, epatiebinaT misTvis 40 maneTi. ioseb juRaSvili

seminariaSi an saeklesio xazinis xarjze unda darCeniliyo, an

swavlisaTvis Tavi unda daenebebina. amitom iyo, rom seminariis reqtors

arqimandrit serafimes sTxovda: "Посему я вторично прибегаю к стопам Вашего

Высокопреподобия и прошу покорнейше оказать мне помощ принятием на полный казенный

счет, чем окажте величайшую милость" (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi

biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 16). Tbilisis sasuliero

seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvilis Txovna Seiwynara.

mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxedvad, mamisagan mitovebuli da

TbilisSi saswavleblad Camosvlis Semdeg ukve dedis siTbosac

8 moklebuli, ioseb juRaSvili kargad swavlobda. imdenad gulmodgine iyo,

rom 1894-1895 saswavlo wels (anu pirvel kursze) arasapatio mizeziT arc

erTi saaTi ar gaucdenia, sapatio mizeziT ki gaacdina mxolod 14 saaTi.

sasuliero seminariis pirvel klasSi ioseb juRaSvili mxolod Svid

sagans swavlobda. garda amisa, unda daewera erTi Txzuleba. saswavlo

wlis bolos Catarebul gamocdebze ioseb juRaSvilma aseTi Sefasebebi

daimsaxura: wminda werili _ 5, berZnuli ena _ 4, qarTuli saeklesio

galoba _ 5, sityviereba _ 5, samoqalaqo istoria _ 5, maTematika _ 5,

qarTuli ena _ 5, Txzuleba _ 4 (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi

biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 17).

aRsaniSnavia, rom ioseb juRaSvili mTeli saswavlo wlis

ganmavlobaSi (1894 wlis seqtembridan 1895 wlis maisis CaTvliT)

yofaqcevaSi yovelTviurad umaRles Sefasebas (5) imsaxurebda. cxadia,

wliuri Sefasebac umaRlesi (5) iyo (v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi

biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 17).

meore, mesame da meoTxe klasebSi ioseb juRavSili aseve didi

mondomebiT swavlobda. seminariaSi swavlis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1894

wlis seqtemberidan 1899 wlis maisamde) ioseb juRaSvilma oci sagani

Seiswavla da Semdegi Sefasebebi daimsaxura: wminda werili ganmarteba _

Zalze kargi (4), bibliuri istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), eklesiis istoria _

kargi (3), homiletika _ Zalze kargi (4), liturgika _ Zalze kargi (4),

rusuli sityviereba _ Zalze kargi (4), rusuli literaturis istoria _

Zalze kargi (4), msoflios samoqalaqo istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), ruseTis

samoqalaqo istoria _ Zalze kargi (4), algebra _ Zalze kargi (4),

geometria _ Zalze kargi (4), pasxalia _ Zalze kargi (4), logika _ friadi

(5), fsiqologia _ Zalze kargi (4), qarTuli saeklesio sagnebi _ Zalze

kargi (4), berZnuli ena _ Zalze kargi (4), slavuri saeklesio galoba _

friadi (5), qarTuli saeklesio galoba _ Zalze kargi (4) (v. guruli. ioseb

stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 18-19). ai, am

codniT wavida ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan. Tumca

ioseb juRaSvilis ganaTleba amiT ar dasrulebula.

ekaterine (keke) gelaZes didi survili hqonda, rom misi erTaderTi

Svili mRvdeli gamosuliyo. ioseb juRaSvili dedis survils

emorCileboda da didi mondomebiT swavlobda rogorc goris sasuliero

9 saswavlebelSi (1888-1894 ww.), ise Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi (1894-1899

ww.). rogorc Cans, sxva mizani ioseb juRaSvils imxanad ar gaaCnda.

arCevanis winaSe igi cota mogvianebiT dadga.

`vards gaefurCqna kokori~ (iliasTan `iveriaSi~)

ioseb juRaSvili goridan TbilisSi 1894 wlis seqtemberSi Camovida.

sasuliero seminariis pansionSi mcxovreb ymawvils uamravi safiqrali

hqonda: mama gaRizianebuli iyo imis gamo, rom Svilma misi nebis winaaRmdeg

seminariaSi swavla ganagrZo; dedas imdena mcire Semosavali hqonda, rom

swavlebis qiris SeRavaTiT (50%) gadaxdac ki ar SeeZlo; axlovdeboda

zamTari, ioseb juRaSvilis ki Tbilisi tansacmlis SeZenisaTvis

aucilebeli fuli ar hqonda, ar hqonda wignebis SesaZeni fuli...

samagierod hqonda dauokebeli survili, cxovrebis fskerze ar

darCeniliyo, hqonda sakuTari Zalebis rwmena da imisi mudmivi gancda, rom

igi RmerTma gamoarCia nacrisferi masisagan. es rom ar yofiliyo, ioseb

juRaSvili leqsebis weris xasiaTze ver dadgeboda...

XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis sazogadoebriv-politikurma moZraobam

daakanona aseTi tradicia: Tu axalgazrda moRvawes sazogadoebriv

asparezze damkvidreba surda, mas qveynisaTvis Tavisi Tavi presis

saSualebiT unda waredgina _ kalami ecada poeziaSi, prozaSi,

publicistikaSi. imxanad, roca ioseb juRaSvili goridan TbilisSi

Camovida, qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba ramdenime

mimdinareobiT iyo warmodgenili. pirveli. gazeT `iveriis ~ mimdinareoba.

es iyo ilia WavWavaZisa da mis Zvel TanamoazreTa mimdinareoba, romlebic

erTgulni iyvnen XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli erovnuli

moZraobis programisa da Secvlili viTarebis miuxedavad, misi

ganxorcielebisaTvis iRwvodnen. meore gazeT `kvalis~ mimdinareoba. am

mimdinareobis lideri iyo giorgi wereTeli. uTanxmoeba ilia WavWavaZesa

da giorgi wereTels Soris wlebis manZilze sul ufro iZabeboda, rac

sabolood ganxeTqilebiT dasrulda. giorgi wereTelma 1893 wels gazeTi

`kvali~ daarsa da didi mondomebiT cdilobda `kvals~ `iveriis~ adgili

daekavebina qarTul sinamdvileSi. ilia WavWavaZesTan politikur,

ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxebze uTanxmoeba giorgi wereTelma imiT

10 daasrula, rom qarTveli eris momavali nacional-socializmis (erovnuli

socializmis) gamarjvebas daukavSira. giorgi wereTeli mfarvelobas

uwevda ilia WavWavaZis Seurigebel mtrebs, axalgazrda qarTvel social-

demokratebs (mesame daselebs). mesame. Jurnal `moambis~ (gamovida 1894 wels)

mimdinareoba. es mimdinareoba iziarebda niko nikolaZis Sexedulebas imis

Taobaze, rom qarTveli eris progresi burJuaziuli wyobilebis

damkvidrebaze iyo damokidebuli. meoTxe. narodnikuli (xalxosnuri)

mimdinareoba, romelsac praqtikulad pirvandeli ideuri da

organizaciuli saxe dakarguli hqonda da ideur evolucias ganicdida.

mexuTe. qarTvel social-demokratTa (noe Jordania, silibistro jiblaZe,

vladimer darCiaSvili da sxv.) mimdinareoba (`mesame dasi~), romelic

qarTveli eris momavals socializmis gamarjvebas ukavSirebda. meeqvse. rus

social-demokratTa mimdinareoba. es iyo ruseTidan revoluciuri

moRvaweobisaTvis gadmosaxlebuli rusi da ararusi erovnebis social-

demokratebis (osip kogani, nikoloz kozerenko, viqtor kurnatovski da

sxv.) mimdinareoba. ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs `mesame

dasTan~ ideur da organizaciul sakiTxebze uTanxmoeba hqondaT, amitomac

isini `mesame dasSi~ ar Sesulan. ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli social-

demokratebi Tbilisisa da baTumis muSaTa Soris eweodnen agitacias,

hqmnidnen aralegalur jgufebsa da wreebs.

zemoT aRvniSnuli eqvsi mimdinareobidan pirveli sami (`iveriis~,

`kvalis~, `moambis~ mimdinareobebi) legalurad arsebobda, TavianTi

beWdviTi organoebi gaaCndaT, amitomac ioseb juRaSvils maTi gacnoba ar

gauWirdeboda. meoTxe mimdinareobis (narodnikebis) Sesaxeb, miuxedavad

imisa, rom igi aralegalurad arsebobda, ioseb juRaSvils SeiZlebloda

gorSiac smenoda raime, Tu moindomebda TbilisSic gaigebda maTi

programisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mexuTe mimdinareoba (`mesame dasi~)

aralegalurad ki Seiqmna, magram `kvali~ am organizaciis Sesaxeb sakmaod

did masalas beWdavda da ioseb juRaSvilsac SeeZlo sruli warmodgena

hqonoda `mesame dasze~. meeqvse mimdinareoba (ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli

social-demokratebis mimdinareoba) TiTqmis saidumlo seqtis principiT

moqmedebda da albaT ioseb juRaSvils pirvel xanebSi maT Sesaxeb raimes

gageba gauWirdeboda.

11 ioseb juRaSvili rTuli arCevanis winaSe idga. gamoricxuli ar aris,

rom fiqri da gansja man jer kidev gorSi daiwyo. didxans fiqrobda

TbilisSic. arCevani gakeTda: 1905 wlis zafxulSi sasuliero seminariis

pirvelkurseli ioseb juRaSvili saqarTveloSi yvelaze popularul gazeT

`iveriis~ redaqciaSi mivida da gazeTis redaqtors ilia WavWavaZes leqsis

gamoqveyneba sTxova. `iveriaSi~ misvla ukve niSnavda, rom ioseb juRaSvili

simpaTiiT iyo gamsWvaluli ilia WavWavaZisadmi. gabeduli arCevani iyo:

qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis ioseb juRaSvili gazeT `iverias~, ilia

WavWavaZis `iverias~ unda waredgina:

ilia WavWavaZe `iveriaSi~ gamosaqveynebel leqsebs sagangebod arCevda.

iliasaTvis ar arsebobda cnobili da ucnobi avtori, arsebobda kargi da

cudi leqsi. aRmoCnda, rom ioseb juRaSvils kargi leqsi daewera. 1895

wlis 14 ivniss, `iveriis~ 123-e nomerSi, pirvel gverdze, yvelaze

TvalsaCino adgilas daibeWda samstrofiani usaTauro leqsi, romelic

iwyeboda sityvebiT _ `vards gaefurCqna kokori~. mkiTxvelma leqsis

avtoris Sesaxeb veraferi Seityo. avtori vinaobas ar asaxelebda, xels

awerda fsevdonimiT _ `i. j-Svili~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 14 ivnisi, #123, gv.

1). ra unda moswoneboda ilia WavWavaZes ioseb juRaSvilis leqsSi? Cveni

azriT, leqsis umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom dawerili iyo kargi qarTuliT,

im qarTuliT, romlis damkvidrebisaTvis ilia WavWavaZe ramdenime aTeuli

weli ibrZoda. leqsis Rirsebaze metyvelebs isic, rom igi Sevida iakob

gogebaSvilis `deda enaSi~ (ix.: iakob gogebaSvili. deda ena. nawili 1.

tfilisi, 1916; iakob gogebaSvili. deda ena. nawili 2. tfilisi, 1917).

ilia WavWavaZe sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad ucnob seminariels didad

swyalobda. 1895 wels ioseb juRaSvilma `iveriaSi~ kidev oTxi leqsi

dabeWda da oTxive pirvel gverdze.

1895 wlis 22 seqtembers `iveriis~ 203-e nomerSi daibeWda amjerad

xuTstrofiani leqsi, romelic iwyeboda sityvebiT _ `rodesac badrad

mnaTobi mTavare...~ leqsi ioseb juRaSvilma amjerad `soselos~

fsevdonimiT dabeWda (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 22 seqtemberi, #203, gv. 1). am

leqsmac, rogorc Cans, imTaviTve miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. 1899

wels leqsi, ukanaskneli taepis gamoklebiT, rogorc leqsTawyobis

saukeTeso nimuSi, Sevida qarTuli sityvierebis krebulSi (ix.: m.

kelenjeriZe. Teoria sityvierebisa. qarTuli saliteraturo samagaliTo

12 nimuSebis garCeviT. nawili 1. sazogado Teoria sityvierebisa. quTaisi, 1899,

Sv. 93-94).

erTi Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rom 1895 wlis 11 oqtombers, `iveriis~ 218-e

nomerSi fsevdonimiT `soselo~ daibeWda xuTstrofiani leqsi saTauriT

`mTvares~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 11 oqtomberi, #218, gv. 1).

1895 wels didi zeimiT aRiniSna rafiel erisTavis iubile. es iyo

namdvili saxalxo zeimi. gazeTi `iveria~ farTod gamoexmaura rafiel

erisTavis iubiles. sxva masalaTa Soris ilia WavWavaZem 1895 wlis 29

oqtombers, `iveriis~ 234-e nomerSi dabeWda ioseb juRaSvilis eqvstrofiani

leqsi saTauriT `T. r. erisTavs~ (gazeTi `iveria~, 1895, 29 oqtomberi, #234,

gv. 1). es leqsic `soselos~ fsevdonimiT daibeWda. ioseb juRaSvilis leqsi

`T. r. erisTavs~ Sevida 1899 wels rafiel erisTavisadmi miZRvnil

saiubileo krebulSi (ix.: saero dResaswauli T. raf. erisTavis iubiles

gamo (1895 w. 22 RvinobisTves). tfilisi, 1899). 1899 welsve leqsi ukanaskneli

oTxi taepis gamoklebiT daibeWda zemoT xsenebul leqsTawyobis saukeTeso

nimuSebis krebulSi (ix.: m. kelenjeriZe. Teoria sityvierebisa. qarTuli

saliteraturo samagaliTo nimuSebis garCeviT. nawili 1. quTaisi, 1899, gv.

94) da 1907 wels gamocemul qarTuli sityvierebis qrestomaTiuli

nimuSebis krebulSi (ix.: m. kelenjeriZe. qarTuli qrestomatia anu krebuli

qarTuli sityvierebis saukeTeso nimuSebisa. t. 1, wigni 1. quTaisi, 1907, gv.

43).

1895 wlis 25 dekembers, `iveriis~ 280-e nomerSi ioseb juRaSvilma

`soselos~ fsevdonimiT bolo leqsi gamoaqveyna. leqsi xuTstrofiania da

saTauri ara aqvs, iwyeba sityvebiT: `am qveynad igi, viT landi...~ (gazeTi

`iveria~, 1895, 25 dekemberi, #280, gv. 1).

ioseb juRaSvilima eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi `iveriaSi~ xuTi leqsi

gamoaqveyna. damwyebi poetisaTvis es iyo triumfi! amas, cxadia, ioseb

juRaSvilic kargad grZnobda.

ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis albaT ucnobi iyo erTi metad mniSvnelovani

garemoeba. Zvel TanamoazreTagan 1895 wlisaTvis ilias cota Tu vinme

SemorCa. niko nikolaZesTan da giorgi wereTelTan ilia WavWavaZis Serigeba

warmoudgeneli iyo. gansakuTrebiT daZabuli urTierToba hqonda ilias

gioigi wereTelTan (megobrebis Txovnis miuxedavad, ilia WavWavaZe giorgi

wereTlis dasaflavebaze ar mivida). sergei mesxi ukve gardacvlili iyo,

13 Tumca cocxalic rom yofiliyo, iliasa da sergei mesxis Serigebac Znelad

warmosadgeni iqneboda (ilia WavWavaZe arc sergei mesxis dasaflavebas

daswrebia). ilia WavWavaZes daupirispirdnen SedarebiT naklebad cnobili

moRvaweebi (magaliTad, ilia xoneli). daZabuloba ar cxreboda Tbilisis

guberniis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankSi _ ilia WavWavaZis

mowinaaRmdegebi bankis mmarTvelobidan mis Camocilebas cdilobdnen.

gazeTi `kvali~ sul ufro popularuli xdeboda da nel-nela zRudavda

`iveriis~ monopolias qarTul sinamdvileSi. giorgi wereTeli kidev ufro

Sors midioda. aSkara iyo, rom giorgi wereTeli ilia WavWavaZis winaaRmdeg

qarTveli social-demokratebs (mesame daselebs) razmavda. piradad ilias

es ukanaskneli movlena iyo afiqrebda. igi kargad grZnobda, Tu ra Zalas

warmoadgendnen social-demokratebi, vin idga maT ukan dasavleT evropasa

Tu ruseTSi.

ioseb juRaSvilis niWisa da gaqanebis axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZes

haeriviT sWirdeboda. iqneb ilia politikur memkvidredac saxavda

axalgazrda seminariels? iqneb uTanasworo brZolebiT daRlili eris mama

da saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe miiCnevda, rom mis dawyebul saqmes

swored ioseb juRaSvili gaagrZelebda? CvenTvis ucnobia, mianiSna Tu ara

yovelive amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZem ioseb juRaSvils. samagierod

cnobilia, rom ilia guldasmiT akvirdeboda kidev or axalgazrda

moRvawes _ noe Jordaniasa da arCil jorjaZes. 1897 wels iliam noe

Jordanias oficialurad SesTavaza `iveriaSi~ TanamSromloba, cota

mogvianebiT esaubra arCil jorjaZesac.

ilias TanamebrZoloba arc erTma ar isurva. 1900 wels noe Jordaniam

ilia WavWavaZe polemikaSi gamoiwvia da iliamac momakvdinebeli Sefaseba

misca noe Jordanias Sexedulebebs (ix.: ilia WavWavaZis werilebi:

`umecrobis farTi-furTi~, `axali umecrobani b-n noe Jordaniasi~,

`qarafSutoba, orTavianoba da orpiroba umecrisa~, `isev da isev b-n noe

Jordanias umecrobani da misi wajeg-ukujegobani~. _ ilia WavWavaZe.

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. VI. Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 241-295).

arCil jorjaZe ilias sajarod ar dapirispirebia. 1901 wels dawerili

ilias SexedulebaTa kritikis Semcveli werili arCil jorjaZem gvian,

ilias sikvdilis Semdeg gamoaqveyna (ix.: arCil jorjaZe. publicisti _

ilia WavWavaZe. _ arCil jorjaZe. werilebi. Tbilisi, 1989, gv. 42-102).

14 miuxedavad amisa, ilia WavWavaZisaTvis cxadi iyo arCil jorjaZis gataceba

socializmiT. 1902 wels iliam arCil jorjaZis radikalur-eqstremistul

Sexedulebebs mkacri, magram samarTliani Sefaseba misca (ix.: ilia

WavWavaZe. i. gomarTelis filosofia da a. jorjaZis fsixologia. _ ilia

WavWavaZe. Txzulebani xuT tomad. t. II. Tbilisi, gv. ).

`kursi ver daasrula usaxsrobis gamo~ (seminariis datoveba)

1895 wlis dekembris Semdeg ioseb juRaSvils `iveriaSi~ araferi

gamouqveynebia. ra moxda, ratom gaiyara ilia WavWavaZisa da ioseb

juRaSvilis gzebi? am periodisaTvis ioseb juRaSvili arc qarTvel da

arc ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTan ar yofila

dakavSirebuli. unda vivaraudoT, rom igi seriozulad arc socialistur

moZRvrebas icnobda. 1895 wlis dekembridan 1899 wlis maisamde ioseb

juRaSvili kvlav seminariaSia, mecadineobas ar acdens, kargad swavlobs,

wers saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebul Txzulebebs, yofa-qcevaSi

imsaxurebs umaRles Sefasebas (5).

iqneb ioseb juRaSvilis `iveriidan~ wasvlis mizezi sulac ar

yofila ilia WavWavaZesTan uTanxmoeba? es versia misaRebi iqneboda, rom

ara erTi faqti. `iveriaSi~ bolo leqsis gamoqveynebis Semdeg Svidi Tvis

Semdeg, 1896 wlis 28 ivliss giorgi wereTlis gazeT `kvalis~ 32-e nomerSi

daibeWda ioseb juRaSvilis eqvstrofiani leqsi saTauriT `moxuci ninika~

avtorma fsevdonimic Seicvala. `kvalSi~ leqsi man `sozelis~ fsevdonimiT

gamoaqveyna (gazeTi `kvali~, 1896, 28 ivlisi, #32, gv. 574). 1896 wlis

ivlisisaTvis ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis, `iveriisa~ da `kvalis~

urTierToba ukiduresad daZabuli iyo. `iveriis~ Semdeg `kvalSi~ leqsis

gamoqveyneba niSnavda Tu ara giorgi wereTlis TanagrZnobas? albaT ara,

radgan erTi leqsis garda, ioseb juRaSvils `kvalSi~ araferi

gamouqveynebia da arc giorgi wereTelTan hqonia raime urTierToba, ar

Careula ilia WavWavaZisa da giorgi wereTlis polemikaSi. saerTod unda

aRiniSnos, rom masalis simciris, faqtobrivad ar arsebobis gamo, ioseb

juRaSvilis mier ilia WavWavaZesTan urTierTobis gawyvetis mizezis

dadgena Zalze Znelia. am sakiTxs Cven qvemoT kidev davubrundebiT.

15 TiTqmis araferia SemorCenili ioseb juRaSvilis politikuri

mrwamsis dasadgenad seminariis mesame da meoTxe klasebSi swavlis

periodSi (1897-1899 da 1898-1899 saswavlo wlebSi). ioseb juRaSvilis

oficialuri biografebi gvauwyeben: 1896-1897 wlebSi ioseb juRaSvili

saTaveSi edga Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis marqsistul wreebs, 1898

wlis agvistoSi Sevida ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

Tbilisis organizaciaSi, gaxda pirveli qarTuli social-demokratiuli

organizaciis wevri (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle biografia.

meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 10). yvelaferi es gamogonilia: Tbilisis

sasuliero seminariaSi 1896-1897 wlebSi, ise rogorc arc wina wlebSi da

arc momdevno xanebSi, araviTari marqsistuli (social-demokratiuli)

wreebi ar arsebula; 1898 wlisaTvis, iseve rogorc 1899 wlisaTvis, ar

arsebobda rsdmp Tbilisis organizacia, ioseb juRaSvili `mesame dasSi~

arasdros Sesula, Tumca am organizaciebTan urTierToba hqonda, misi

moRvaweobis saqmis kursSi iyo (ix.: v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe. qarTuli social-

demokratiis istoria (1892-1918). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 16-58). Seumowmebeli

cnobiT, daaxloebiT am periodSi ioseb juRaSvils urTierToba hqonia

qarTveli social-demokratebis pirveli Taobis warmomadgenelTan, `mesame

dasis~ erT-erT damaarsebelTan silibistro jiblaZesTan. imave cnobiT, maT

Soris maleve ukmayofileba Camovardnila, silibistro jiblaZes ioseb

juRaSvili gaulanZRia da misTvis `lawiraki~ uwodebia. Tu es cnoba

marTalia, maSin advilad asaxsnelia, Tu ratom ar Sesula ioseb

juRaSvili `mesame dasSi~ da ratom hqonda silibistro jiblaZis mimarT

biologiuri zizRi. dokumenturadaa dadasturebuli, rom 1899 wels ioseb

juRaSvili ukve ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTanaa.

1899 weli sxva mxrivacaa mniSvnelovani ioseb juRaSvilis cxovrebaSi.

1898-1899 saswavlo (meoTxe klasi) weli ioseb juRaSvilma warmatebiT

daasrula da seminariis damamTavrebel klasSi unda gadasuliyo. Tbilisis

sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvili mexuTe klasSi ar

gadaiyvana.

ioseb juRaSvilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan wasvlis mizezi

arasworadaa warmodgenili mis oficialur biografiaSi, romelSic

vkiTxulobT: `seminariaSi, sadac sastikad adevnebdnen Tvalyurs

`saeWvoebs~, TandaTan rwmundebodnen, rom stalini aralegalur

16 revoluciur muSaobas eweoda. 1899 wlis 29 maiss igi seminariidan garicxes

marqsizmis propagandisaTvis~ (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle

biografia. meore gamocema. Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 12). ioseb juRaSvilis

oficialuri biografiis es nawili, iseve rogorc misi didi nawili

politikuri SekveTiTaa dawerili da WeSmaritebas ar Seefereba. pirveli.

araviTar aralegalur revoluciur muSaobas ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis

sasuliero seminariaSi ar eweoda. ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministos

policiis departamentis Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ar

moupovebia erTi cnobac ki, romelic pirdapir an arapirdapir adasturebs

ioseb juRaSvilis aralegarul revoluciur moRvaweobas seminariaSi.

meore. ioseb juRaSvili rom aralegalur revoluciuri moRvaweobisaTvis

seminariidan gaericxaT, amis Sesaxeb seminariis mmarTveloba Tbilisis

guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos acnobebda da daiwyeboda gamoZieba.

gamoZiebis procesSi JandarmeriaSi Sedgeboda saqme, romelic

gadaigzavneboda sasamarTloSi. saqme Sedgeboda sasamarTloSic,

gaimarTeboda sasamarTlo procesi da ioseb juRaSvils daedeboda

sasjeli. cnobilia, rom arc Ziebis da arc sasamarTlos masalebi ar

arsebobs. aseTi masala rom arsebuliyo, mas didi sixaruliT moiZiebdnen

da Seiswavlidnen ioseb juRaSvilis oficialuri biografebi, iseve

rogorc moiZies da Seiswavles ioseb juRaSvilis aralegaluri

revoluciuri moRvaweobis amsaxveli masalebi 1901-1902 wlebidan dawyebuli

1917 wliT damTavrebuli. mesame. ioseb juRaSvili, rom seminariaSi

aralegalur revoluciur moRvaweobaSi yofiliyo SemCneuli da

seminariidan am mizeziT garicxuli, maSin seminariidan wasvlisas, 1899

wlis 2 oqtombers, misTvis micemul oficialur dokumentSi _ mowmobaSi _

aRniSnuli ar iqneboda, rom ioseb juRaSvils yofa-qcevaSi hqonda

umaRlesi Sefaseba (5) (ix.: v. guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi

biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 18).

ioseb juRaSvilis Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan wasvlis mizezi

sando saarqivo masalebis mixedviT ase warmogvidgeba. am masalebidan

dgindeba, rom ioseb juRaSvilma oTxi klasis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla

veRar gaagrZela swavlebis gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gamo.

ioseb juRaSvili Tbilisis marTlmadidebeli sasuliero seminariaSi

saxelmwifo (saeklesio xazinis) xarjze ar miiRes, radgan sasuliero

17 wodebas ar ekuTvnoda. 1894 wlis 3 seqtembers ioseb juRaSvilis Txovnis

Semdeg Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis mmarTvelobam igi seminariaSi

saeklesio xazinis xarjze Caricxa. SemdegSi es gadawyvetileba Seicvala

da saeklesio xazinam ioseb juRaSvils swavlis safasuris mxolod nawili

gadauxada. amitomac 1894 wels saeklesio xazinis mier gamoyofili 480

maneTis garda, ioseb juRaSvils damatebiT _ `swavlis uflebisaTvis~ _

kidev gadaaxdevines 200 maneTi (spa, fondi 8, aRwera 1, saqme 773, furclebi

2, 10, 36). cxadia, 200 maneTi ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis Zalze didi Tanxa iyo.

1895 wlis 28 agvitos ioseb juRaSvilma TxovniT mimarTa seminariis

reqtors, raTa igi seminariaSi srul saxazino xarjze CaericxaT, razec

1895 wlis 11 seqtembers seminariis mmarTvelobisagan uari miiRo (spa, fondi

8, aRwera 1, saqme 773, furclebi 24, 36). sabolood, oTxi klasis

damTavrebis Semdeg, 1899 wels, seminariis mmarTvelobam ioseb juRaSvils

uari uTxra saeklesio xazinis xarjze swavlis gagrZelebaze, rogorc

arasasuliero wodebis warmomadgenels (spa, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268,

furceli 63). ioseb juRaSvilma Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria datova.

amrigad, ioseb juRaSvilma 1899 wlis seqtembridan 20 maisamde

warmatebiT daasrula Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis oTxi klasi da

mexuTe kursze swavla veRar gagrZela swavlebis gadasaxadis

gadauxdelobis gamo. igi seminariaSi arasdros ar eweoda aralegalur

revoluciur saqmianobas, swavlobda kargad, SemCneuli ar yofila

seminariis Sinaganawesis darRevaSi, an raime iseT saqcielSi, romelic

seminariis mmarTvelobas daaeWvebda.

`pirveli sabrZolo revoluciuri naTloba~

1899 wlidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan

gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebTanaa da aqtiur aralegarul

revoluciur saqmianobas eweva. ram ganapiroba es arCevani? Cveni azriT,

ioseb juRaSvilis arCevani Semdeg mosazrebas emyareboda:

pirveli. ilia WavWavaZesTan da `iveriasTan~ urTierTobis periodSi

ioseb juRaSvilma cxadad igrZno, rom erovnul moZraobas piki ukve

gavlili hqonda da qarTul sinamdvileSi igi monopolias veRar

daibrunebda. ilia WavWavaZes Semoecalnen Zveli TanamebrZolebi (niko

18 nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli da sxv.), ilias didi opozicia hyavda Tbilisis

guberniis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankSi, gazeTi `iveria~ TandaTan

kargavda qarTuli presis flagmanis rols. `kvali~ jerjerobiT

warumateblad, magram jiutad cdilobda `iveriis~ adgilis dakavebas.

amaTan erTad ilia WavWavaZes samkvdro-sasicocxlod daupirispirda didi

da saSiSi Zala – social-demokratia. `mesame dasi~ ar malavda Tavis

uaryofiT damokidebulebas ilias naazrevisa da naRvawis mimarT. cxadia,

ilia WavWavaZis, `iveriis~ banakSi darCena ioseb juRaSvils SesaZleblobas

miscemda rogorc mweralsa da publicists Tavisi Zalebi srulad

gamoevlinebina, magram igi rogorc politikuri moRvawe uperspeqtivo

xdeboda. meore. politikur asparezze damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT

perspeqtiuli iyo `mesame dasSi~ Sesvla. ioseb juRaSvilis niWisa da

gaqanebis adamiani iq, ueWvelia, liderTa Soris moxvdeboda. ioseb

juRaSvili viTarebis yovelmxrivi zusti analizis, perspeqtivis ganWvretis

didi niWiT daajildova gangebam. man imTaviTve zustad amoicno, rom

qarTuli social-demokratia dasavleT evropis social-demokratiis ideuri

gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, saqarTvelos evropeizacias uWerda mxars. cota

mogvianebiT, 1897 wels, noe Jordaniam pirdapir Tqma saTqmeli:

`gaevropieleba swarmoebs qarTul niadagze, qarTul kulturaze. samSoblo

da ucxoeTi, saqarTvelo da evropa, qarTveloba da evropieloba~ (noe

Jordania. gaz. `iveria~ da erovnoba. _ noe Jordania. Txzulebani. t. I.

Tfilisi, 1920, gv. 144). ioseb juRaSvils arc imis ganWvreta gasWirvebia,

rom imperiis masStabiT ukve seriozul Zalad qceuli rusuli social-

demokratia sabolood ar dauSvebda imas, rom qarTuli social-demokratia

dasavleT evropul orientaciaze darCeniliyo. `mesame dasi~ ver gauZlebda

rusuli social-demokratiis Semotevas da ideur kapitulacias moaxdenda.

cxadia, ioseb juRaSvili uperspeqtivo `mesame dasSi~ Sesvlas ar

isurvebda. mesame. XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis ioseb

juRaSvils ar gauWirdeboda imisi danaxva, rom ruseTSi sul ufro

ikrebda Zalas social-demokratia. rusulma social-demokratiam marTalia

ideuri da organizaciuli gaerTianeba emigraciaSi daiwyo, magram male es

moZraoba mTeli ruseTis imperias moedo. misi emisrebi XIX saukunis

damdegidan gaCndnen saqarTveloSi, metwilad Tbilissa da baTumSi. isini

nela, magram dabejiTebiT miiwevdnen erTi miznisaken _ saqarTveloSi

19 rusuli social-demokratiis ideuri da organizaciuli principebis

damkvidrebisaken. ruseTidan saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul rusi da

ararusi erovnebis social-demokratebs jerjerobiT arc saerTo

aralegaluri organizacia hqondaT da arc beWdviTi organo. isini

dakavebulni iyvnen muSaTa Soris agitaciiTa da propagandiT. Tbilissa da

baTumSi swored ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratma Seqmnes

muSaTa pirveli aralegaluri jgufebi da wreebi. amave periodSi `mesame

dasi~ ZiriTadad legalur muSaobas misdevda. qarTveli social-

demokratebi `kvalis~ meSveobiT eweodnen socializmis ideebis propagandas.

am or (qarTul da rusul) social-demokratiul mimdinareobas erTmaneTTan

kavSiri ar hqonia, an kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda. ioseb

juRaSvilma imTaviTve ganWvrita: Zala da, Sesabamisad, perspeqtivac

ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs hqondaT. arCevani martivi

iyo: ioseb juRaSvili Zlierisa da perspeqtiulis mxareze dadga.

ioseb juRaSvilis Sesaxeb SemdegSi bevri legenda Seiqmna. es exeba

misi cxovrebis bavSvobisa da axalgazrdobis wlebs, Semdgom xanas. didi

saxelmwifo moRvawis, politikosis cxovreba, misi biografiis detalebi da

fizikuri aRnagobis niuansebic ki Zalze ainteresebs momaval Taobebs. am

TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa baTumSi dapatimrebis Semdeg (1902 wlis

aprili) JandarmeriaSi Sedgenili ori dokumenti, romelsac dednis enaze

(rusulad) vTavazobT mkiTxvels. vnaxoT, ra icoda Jandarmeriam ioseb

juRaSvilis Sesaxeb misi politikuri cxovrebis dasawyisisaTvis.

Литер Б

Секретно

Сведения Отдельное требование Начальника Тифлисскаго Губернскаго Жандармскаго

Управления от 2 июня 1902 года за N 3151

1) Когда послана литер А – Эти сведения в г. Тифлисе.

2) Фамилия, имя, отчество – Джугашвили Иосиф Виссарионов.

3) Время рождения – 23 года.

4) Место рождения – гор. Гори, Тифлисской губ.

5) Вероисповедение – Православнаго.

6) Происхождение – Крестьянин.

20

7) Народность – Грузин.

8) Подданство – Русско-подданый.

9) Звание – Крестьянин сел. Диди-Лило Тифлисскаго у. и губернии.

10) Место постояннаго жительства – гор. Гори Тифлисской губер., временно проживал в

Батуме.

11) Место приписки – сел. Диди-Лило, Тифлисскаго уезда.

12) Занятия – Без определяющих занятий.

13) Средства к жизни – Служба в учреждениях, Обсерватории и иногда давал уроки.

14) Семейное положение – Холост.

15) Родственныя связи – Имеет отца Виссариона, мать Екатерину, мать живет в г. Гори, а

местожительство отца – неизвестно; братьев, сестер не имеет.

16) Места постояннаго жительства родителей или заменяющих их родственников или

опекунов – Мать живет в г. Гори, местожительство отца за последние 12 л. неизвестно.

17) Экономическое положение родителей – Родители живут личным трудом.

18) Место воспитания – Первоначальное образование получил Горийском Духовном

училище, где окончил курс наук в 1895 г. (1894 wels – v. g.), в том же году поступил в

Тифлисскую Духовную семинарию, откуда вышел из 5 класса в 1899 г., не окончил курса за

неимением средств.

19) На чей счет поспитывался – До 5 класса семинарии вопитывался на казенный счет, после

была потребована плата за право учения и за содержание как не из духовнаго звания, за

неимением средств вышел из семинарии.

20) Был ли за границею, когда именно, где и с какой целью – Не был.

21) Привлекался ли раньше к дознаниям – Не привлекался, ныне привлечен к дознанию по

обвинению по 2 час. 251 стр. Улож. о Наказ., которое еще произвдостве в гор. Батуме.

22) Основания привлечения к настоящему дознанию – Эти сведения находятся в Тифлисском

Губернском Жандармском Управлении.

23) Время привлечения к дознанию – 21 июня 1902 г.

24) Место производства дознания – гор. Тифлис.

25) Время и место обыска или ареста – Обыска не было, так как обвиняемый был уже ранее

под стражею.

26) Время перваго допроса – 8 июля 1902 г.

27) Что обнаружено по обыску – ...

28) Принятая мера пресечения – Собержание под стражею в Батумской тюрьме.

21

С подлинным верно:

Помощник Начальника Кутаисскаго Губернскаго Жандармскаго Управления в Батумском

Округе. Подполковник (подпись)

N722

13 июля 1902 г.

В Департамент Полиции

saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268, furclebi 63-

64.

Протокол

1902 г. июля 17 дня, в гор. Батуме я, Отдельнаго Корпуса Жандармов Подполковник

Шабильский, на основании циркуляря Департамента Полиции от 26-го мая 1886 г. за N807,

при участии Батумскаго Городового врача Г. Елиавы составил настоящий протокол примет

привлеченнаго при Тифлисском Губерском Жандармском Управлении Иосифа Джугашвили

1. Размер роста – 2 артина и 4½ вершка (161,8 sm. – v. g.).

2. Лета – 23.

3. Телосложение – Посредственнаго.

а) Нет-ли каких либо особенностей в частях организма – На левой ноге 2-й и 3-й

палец сросшиеся.

б) Нет-ли особенной манеры держать себя – Нет.

4. Впечатление, производимое наружностью – Обыкновенное.

5. Цвет волос на голове, бровях, усах, бороде, бакенбардах и ресницах – На голове –

темно-каштановые, на усах и бороде каштановые.

Вид волос – Пряные стоячие.

Прическа волосы – Без пробора.

Бреет-ли волосы – Не бреет.

6. Цвет и величина глаз, нет-лит особенностей в наружном виде глаз, нет-ли

особенностей в наружном смотреть, дальнозорок или близорук и не носит-ли очки – Темно-

карые, средней величины; очков не носит.

7. Склад головы и заметныя внешния особенности – Обыкновенный.

8. Очертание лба и нет-ли особых примет – Прямой, не высокий.

9. Очертание р размер носа – Нос прямой, длинный.

22

10. Очертание лица, цвет кожи и нет-ли каких либо наружных особенностей личной

кожи – Лицо длинное, смуглое, покрыто рябинами о оспы.

11. Полость рта, нет-ли недостатка зубов и каких именно – На правой стороне нижней

челюсти отсутствует передный зуб.

12. Очертание рта, подбородка и их наружныя особенности, нет-ли особенных

привичек при разговоре (кривить рот, улыбаться) – Рот умеренный, подбородок острый,

особых привичек при разговоре нет.

13. Характер голоса и не заикается-ли – Тихий, не заикается.

14. Очертание ушей, размер их и наружныя особенности – Средняго размера.

15. Походка и ея особенности – Обыкновения.

16. Не имеет-ли на теле и оконечностях следов болезни, родинок и вообще каких либо

особенностей – На левом ухе родинка, рябины на лице от оспы.

Подлинное подписалы:

Подполковник Шабильский

Батумский городовой врачь, Коллежский Советник Елиава

С подлинным верно: Ротмистр (подпись)

saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, fondi 8, aRwera 5, saqme 268,

furclebi 108-109.

maS ase, ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-

demokratTa Sorisaa. rodis unda dakavSireboda ioseb juRaSvili

ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-demokratebs? ioseb juRaSvilis

bavSvobis erT-erTi megobris mogonebaze dayrdnobiT (cxadia, am mogonebis

damkveTi TviT ioseb juRaSvili iyo) misi oficialuri biografebi

aRniSnaven, rom es moxda 1898 wels (ix.: ioseb besarionis Ze stalini. mokle

biografia. meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 1952, gv. 11-12). imxanad, 1917 wlis Semdeg,

ioseb juRaSvils politikuri miznebisaTvis aucileblad sWirdeboda misi

revoluciuri moRvaweobis dasawyisis rac SeiZleba Sors gadaweva. saqme

imaSi iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTis im bolSevik liderTa Soris, romelTa

asaki ioseb juRaSvilis asaks utoldeboda, bevri iyo iseTi, romelTac

revoluciuri moRvaweoba XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis damdegsa da Sua

xanebSi daiwyes. cxadia, amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar hqonda, magram

ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis ar iyo sasurveli, rom misi revoluciuri

23 moRvaweobis staJi sxva bolSevik liderebze mcire yofiliyo.

dokumentarudaa dadasturebuli, rom ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan

gadmosaxlebuli social-demokratebis davalebiT aralegalur muSaobas

Seudga 1988 wlidan (seminariidan wasvlis Semdeg). maSin ratom cdilobda

ioseb juRaSvili simarTlis dacvas, ras aZlevda mas revoluciuri

moRvaweobis dasawyisis erTi wliT gadaweva? ioseb juRaSvili gamonaklisi

ar iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg, ufro zustad XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi, bevri

bolSeviki lideri cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom revoluciuri moRvaweoba

Tu ufro adre ara, 1898 wels mainc daiwyo. saqme imaSi iyo, rom 1898 wlis

mratSi gaimarTa ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis I yriloba.

cxadia, yvela bolSevik liders surda eCvenebina, rom partiis Seqmnis

periodisaTvis is ukve eweoda aralegalur revoluciur saqmianobas.

`dinebis mimarTulebiT~ (dapirispireba qarTul social-demokratebTan)

maS ase: ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-

demokratebs daukavSirda 1899 wels (seminariidan wasvlis Semdeg). imxanad

Tbilissa da baTumSi, ZiriTadad ki TbilisSi, 10-15 gadmosaxlebuli

social-demokrati moRvaweobda. isini SeiZleba or nawilad davyoT.

sazRvargareT (JenevaSi) giorgi plexanovis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili

`Sromis ganTavisuflebis~ jgufTan (Seiqmna 1883 w.) kavSirSi myofni da

iuli martovisa (cederbaumisa) da vladimer leninis (ulianovis)

xelmZRvanelobiT `peterburgis muSaTa klasis ganTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolis kavSiris~ (Seiqmna 1895 wels) moRvaweebi. zogierTi

gadmosaxlebuli kavSirSi iyo rogorc giorgi plexanovTan, ise vladimer

leninTan. konkretulad 1899 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis TbilisSi aralegalur

muSaobas eweodnen: giorgi franCeski, ipolite franCeski, osip kogani, ivane

luzini, nikoloz kozerenko, viqtor kurnatovski, ivane levaSkeviCi,

nikoloz poletaevi, nikoloz bogorazi da sxv. (v. guruli, v. vaCnaZe.

qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria (1892-1918). Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 48-49).

ioseb juRaSvilis TbilisSi moRvawe rus social-demokratebTan

dakavSireba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo am ukanasknelTaTvis (cxadia, es Tavad

ioseb juRaSvilmac kargad uwyoda). TbilisSi moRvawe rusi da ararusi

erovnebis social-demokratebs haeriviT sWirdeboda qarTveli social-

24 demokrati, romelic qarTvel social-demokratTa organizacias `mesame

dassa~ da maT organos gazeT `kvals~ daupirispirdeboda (giorgi

wereTelma gazeTi `kvali~ 1898 wlis ianvridan mesame daselebs gadasca, am

droidan gazeTs noe Jordania redaqtorobda). rus social-demokratebs

giorgi plezanovisa da vladimer leninisagan miRebuli hqondaT miTiTeba:

`mesame dass~, rogorc damoukidebel qarTul social-demokratiul

organizacias arseboba unda Seewyvita da igi ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis adgilobriv (reginalur) organizaciad

qceuliyo. Tavis droze `mesame dasma~ monawileoba ar miiRo ruseTis

social-lemokratiul muSaTa partiis I yrilobis (1898 w.) muSaobaSi da arc

am yrilobis gadawyvetilebebs scnobda. es ki seriozulad aferxebda mTel

ruseTis imperiaSi moqmedi social-demokratiuli organizaciis erT

partiaSi gaerTianebas, plexanov-leninis gegmis realizebas. iyo meore

momenti, romelic aseve zrdida ioseb juRaSvilis rols. rus social-

demokratebs mudmivad hqondaT enobrivi barieris problema. `mesame dasis~

wevrTa nabeWdi produqciis wakiTxva da Sefaseba qarTuli enis codnis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. garda amisa, Tbilisis muSebis absoluturi

umravlesoba soflebidan axali Camosuli iyo da maT Soris agitacia

mxolod qarTul enaze SeiZleboda. swored amitom iyo, rom ioseb

juRaSvils erTdroulad ramdenime muSaTa wre Caabares.

1899 wlidan daiwyo ioseb juRaSvilis dapirispireba `mesame dasTan~

da gamoCenil moRvaweebTan: noe JordaniasTan, silibistro jiblaZesTan da

sxvebTan. es Seurigebeli ideuri brZola didxans gagrZelda.

erTi SexedviT ise Cans, rom ioseb juRaSvili ruseTidan

gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratebma da, saboloo jamSi, giorgi

plexanovma da vladimer leninma gamoiyenes. sinamdvileSi es ase ar iyo.

ioseb juRaSvili Sors gamiznuli gegmiT moqmedebda. man Tavisi bedi

social-demokratiul moZraobas daukavSira. saqarTveloSi gapirvelkaceba,

anu saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli moZraobis lideroba, aucileblad

moiTxovda `mesame dasis~ ideur da organizaciul ganadgurebas, mis

daqvemdebarebas ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiisadmi. `mesame

dassa~ da mis liderebs (noe Jordanias, silibistro jiblaZes, nikoloz

CxeiZes, vladimer darCiaSvils) ioseb juRaSvili rusi social-

demokratebis daxmarebis gareSe ver daupirisprdeboda. Tu plexanov-

25 leninis gegma Sesruldeboda (`mesame dasi~ an daiSleboda, an ideur

kapitulacias moaxdenda), saqarTvelos social-demokratiis lideri ioseb

juRaSvili xdeboda, radgan ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul rusi da ararusi

erovnebis social-demokratebs amis pretenzia ar SeiZleboda hqonodaT.

rus social-demokratebTan kavSirSi myofi sxva qarTveli social-

demokratebi (ZiriTadad, muSebi) niWiTa da gaqanebiT ioseb juRaSvils ver

Seedrebodnen, mas konkurencias ver gauwevdnen.

qarTuli social-demokratiis, `mesame dasis~ aRiarebulma liderma

noe Jordaniam, cxadia, Tavis droze ver SeniSna sruliad ucnobi

seminarielisagan momdinare saSiSroeba. noe Jordaniam kargad uwyoda

rogorc plexanov-leninis gegmisa, ise TbilisSi myofi rusi social-

demokratebis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram, cxadia, ar icoda, rom ioseb

juRaSvilis rus social-demokratebTan misvlisTanave `mesame dasis~

winaaRmdeg brZolam sul sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. am brZolas ukve

xelmZRvanelobda ara ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli ucxotomeli, aramed

qarTveli, warmoudgenlad Wkviani, ufro SorsmWvreteli, ufro

mizandasaxuli da ufro daundobeli.

usaSvelo idealisti noe Jordania dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobda,

usaSvelo pragmatikosi ioseb juRaSvili – dinebis mimarTulebiT. ori

qarTvelis dapirispirebis saboloo Sedegi winaswarve iyo cnobili. Tumca

noe Jordaniac qarTveli iyo, masac SeeZlo meore qarTveli daundoblad

gaewira. dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moZravma noe Jordaniam ramdenime mware

marcxi mainc ageba ioseb juRaSvils. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT qvemoT

gveqneba saubari.

ioseb juRaSvilma rusi social-demokratebis imedebi gaamarTla. 1899

wels ioseb juRaSvilma warmoudgenlad didi samuSao Seasrula _ Seadgina

muSaTa social-demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa. es gegma (ufro

zustad misi erTi egzemplari) Jandarmerias Cauvarda xelSi da ase

aRmoCnda Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos arqivSi (ix.: v.

guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,

gv. 20-26).

ioseb juRaSvilis mier 1899 wels Sedgenili muSaTa social-

demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa xuTi Temisagan

(ganylfilebisagan) Sedgeba: I. sazogadoebaTmcodneoba, II. filosofiuri

26 memkvidreoba, III. politikuri ekonomia, IV. istoria, V. mrewveloba (a)

mrewvelobis istoria, b) mrewvelobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba). yovel

Temas miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi literatura. sul xuTive Temis

literaturis sia 183 dasaxelebisagan Sedgeba. literaturis siaSi

warmodgenilia cnobili socialistebis: karl marqsis, frdriz engelsis,

giorgi plexanovis, petre struves, eduard bernStainis, karl kauckis,

mixeil tugan-baranovskis, emil vanderveldes, vladimer leninis, pol

lafargis naSromebi, aseve cnobili rusi mecnierebis (maqsime kovalevskis,

evgeni tarles da sxv.) gamokvlevebi, ucxoel mecnierTa Sromebi. garda

calke gamocemebisa (wignebisa da broSurebisa), literaturis siaSi

miTiTebulia ramdenime Jurnali, maT Soris sazRvargareT gamomavali (ix.: v.

guruli. ioseb stalini. masalebi biografiisaTvis. 1878-1907. Tbilisi, 1998,

gv. 20-26).

Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos utyuari cnoba hqonda

imis Sesaxeb, rom mecadineobis programa ioseb juRaSvilis mier iyo

Sedgenili (Sekrebas, sadac ioseb juRaSvils mecadineobis programis

Sedgena daevala, rus social-demokratTa Soris danergili Jandarmeriis

agenti eswreboda), magram Jandarmerias ar gaaCnda piradad ioseb

juRaSvilis xeliT dawerili teqsti, rac ioseb juRaSvils Tavis dacvas

gauadvilebda (ioseb juRaSvili xelnaweris saxiT samxils ar tovebda. igi

aralegalur gazeTSi dasabeWd masalac ki an pirdapir TviTon karnaxobda

asoTamwyobs, an redaqcias sxvisi xeliT gadaweril teqsts ugzavnida).

mTavari mainc is iyo, rom ioseb juRaSvili aralegarulad cxovrobda, misi

Sepyroba ki Jandarmerias Zalze uWirda.

Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ioseb juRaSvilis

mier Sedgenili muSaTa social-demokratiuli wris mecadineobis programa,

Sesabamisi weriliTurT, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros policiis

departaments gadaugzavna. Seqebis molodinSi myofma Tbilisis guberniis

Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos ufrosma male saidumlo werili miiRo.

policiis departamenti iTxovda: 1) programis Semdgeneli saswrafod

SeipyariT da dahkiTxeT, 2) Tu es uaxloes xanebSi SeuZlebelia, daadgineT,

ra gziT Semodioda TbilisSi amdeni akrZaluli wigni da Jurnali. verc

erTi davaleba Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelom ver

Seasrula. sammarTvelos ufrosma Tavi ase imarTla: 1) ioseb juRaSvili

27 Jandarmeriis yvela agents kargad icnobs, ris gamo isedac dabal

kvalifikaciis agentebi mis kvals ver agnebeno. 2) aralegaluri

literatura TbilisSi albaT sxvadasxva safosto gzavnilebiT (amanaTebiT,

banderolebiT da sxv.) Semodis, romlis gaCxrekis ufleba specialuri

nebarTvis gareSe Cven ara gvaqvso.

es iyo pirveli Tavsatexi, romelic ioseb juRaSvilma policiis

departamentsa da Tbilisis guberniis Jandarmeriis sammarTvelos gauCina.

`eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (qarTuli social-

demokratiis ideuri da organizaciuli ganagureba)

plexanov-leninis gegmis mixedviT qarTuli social-demokratiuli

organizaciis `mesame dasis~ ganadgurebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Tbilissa

da baTumSi rusi social-demokratebis ideuri xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi

muSaTa social-demokratiuli jgufebisa da wreebis gaerTianeba saerTo-

saqalaqo organizaciebad _ rsdmp Tbilisis komitetad da rsdmp baTumis

komitetad. es, cxadia, Searyevda `mesame dasis~, rogorc saerTo-qarTuli

social-demokratiuli organizaciis avtoritets. aucilebeli iyo `mesame

dasis~ beWdviTi organos _ gazeT `kvalis~ monopoliis SezRudva da

plexanov-leninis ideur poziciaze mdgari aralegaluri gazeTis gamocema.

miuxedavad 1900-1901 wlebSi TbilisSi mimdinare mudmivi represiebisa da

dapatimrebebisa, ioseb juRaSvilma orive davaleba brwyinvaled Seasrula.

1901 wlis seqtemberSi ioseb juRaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida

aralegaluri gazeTi `brZola~, xolo 1901 wlis noembergi Seiqmna

Tbilisis social-demokratiuli komiteti, romelic 1901 wlis dekembridan

rsdmp Tbilisis komitetad gardaiqmna. cota mogvianebiT, baTumSi

gadasvlis Semdeg, 1902 wlis gazafxulze, ioseb juRaSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna rsdmp baTumis komiteti. am samma movlenam SokSi

Caagdo `mesame dasi~ da gansakuTrebiT misi lideri noe Jordania, romelic

rsdmp Tbilisis komitetis Seqmnis dros metexis sapyrobileSi imyofeboda.

noe Jordania arc malavda, rom man ver gaigo, vin Seqmna rsdmp Tbilisis

komiteti, ra Zala moqmedebda TbilisSi. kidev ufro didi moulodneloba

iyo noe JordaniasaTvis gazeT `brZolis~ gamosvla, romelic aSkarad

28 ebZoda imas, ris damkvidrebasac noe Jordania da misi TanamebrZolebi 1892-

1893 wlebidan cdilobdnen.

ioseb juRaSvilis gamarjveba SemTxveviTi ar yofila, igi

saguldagulod emzadeboda. 1901 wlisaTvis ioseb juRaSvils aRarc

sWirdeboda saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli rusi social-demokratebis

mxardaWera. mas ukve qarTvelTagan Seeqmna aralegalurad moqmedi Zlieri

birTvi. ioseb juRaSvilis imJamindeli TanamebrZolebi iyvnen: vasil cabaZe,

severian juReli, simon juReli, zaqaria CodriSvili, mose Sengelia,

polikarpe maWaraZe, kalistrate gogua, giorgi ninua, mixeil gureSiZe da

sxvebi. iyvnen rusebic (petre skorobogatko, sergei strostenko, aleqsi

nikonorovi, leonti zolotarevi, nikifore semenovi) da somxebic (giorgi

yarajiancia, ovanes unanianci).

rsdmp Tbilisis komitetma daiqvemdebare qalaqSi ralegalurad

moqmedi social-demokratiuli jgufebida wreebi. im periodisaTvis

Tbilisel muSebSi yvelaze popularuli iyo gazeTi `kvali~. gazeT

`brZolis~ gamocemiT `kvalis~ monopolia seriozulad Seirya. mesame dasi

izolirebuli aRmoCnda Tbiliseli muSebisagan. es ioseb juRaSvilis didi

gamarjveba iyo.

yvelaze didi dartyma `mesame dasisaTvis~ mainc gazeT `brZolis~

gamocema iyo. gazeT `brZolis~ pirvel nomers (1901 wlis seqtemberi)

saxelwodebis qveS aqvs warwera: `perioduli gamocema revoluciner

social-demokratTa dasisa~. rogorc vxedavT, qarTul sinamdvileSi

arsebul ukve erT dass _ `mesame dass~ _ ioseb juRaSvilma daupirispira

axali dasi _ `revolucioner social-demokratTa dasi~. e. i. ioseb

juRaSvili `mesame dass~ arc social-demokratulad Tvlida da arc

revoluciurad. gazeT `brZolis~ meore da mesame nomeri (1901 wlis noember-

dekemberi) erTad gamovida. gazeTis saxelwodebis qveS arsebuli warwera

ar Secvlila. male gamovida gazeT `brZolis~ calke damateba. igi

daTariRebulia 1901 wlis noember-dekembriT. gazeTs saxelwodebis zemoT

aqvs warwera: `ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia~. e. i. `brZola~

ukve rsdmp gazeTi iyo. gazeT `brZolis~ meoTxe nomers, romelic 1902 wlis

dekemberSi gamovida, saxelwodebis zemoT isev aqvs warwera: `ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia~. saxelwodebis qvemoT damatebuli

aqvs: `organo qarTvel social-demokratTa dasisa~.

29 maS, raRas warmoadgenda `mesame dasi~? arc ideurad, arc

organizaciulad igi saqarTvelos social-demokratiul moZraobas aRar

xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo `mesame dasis~ faqtobrivi likvidacia.

iuridiulad `mesame dasis~ likvidacia moxda 1903 wlis martSi, roca man

monawileoba miiRo plexanov-leninis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli rsdmp

kavkasiis kavSiris SeqmnaSi.

saerTo-qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizaciis `mesame dasis~

ideuri da organizaciuli ganadgureba da saqarTveloSi rusul social-

demokratiis (plexanov-leninis) gegmis ganxorcieleba iyo pirveli didi

gamarjveba ioseb juRaSvilis politikur biografiaSi.

qarTuli social-demokratia ideurad Zalze Zlieri iyo. gazeT

`brZolis~ gamocema swored qarTuli social-demokratiis ideur

ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad. ioseb juRaSvilis mizans imdenad noe

Jordanias SexedulebaTa kritika ki ar warmoadgenda., aramed is, rom

qarTveli muSebisaTvis daemtkicebina noe Jordanias SexedulebaTa

damRupveloba. amisaTvis ki Rrma da seriozuli kritika iyo saWiro. muSaTa

auditorias es arc ainteresebda da Zalianac rom moendomebina, verc

gaerkveoda, vin iyo marTali noe Jordaniasa da ioseb juRaSvilis

polemikaSi. aq mecnierul argumentaciaze ufro momgebiani demagogia iyo.

mTeli socialisturi moZRvreba, maT Soris social-demokratiuli

ideologiac, demagogiis didi doziT aris gajerebuli. evropeli Tu rusi

socialistebi gulmxurvale revolucionerebad rom asaRebdnen Tavs,

sinamdvileSi Zalze iaffasiani demagogebi iyvnen. am TvalsazrisiT ioseb

juRaSvili maTi mowafe ar yofila. igi maswavleblebsbevrad aRemateboda.

ioseb juRaSvilTan SedarebiT is demagogebi sawyal arsebebad

gamoiyurebodnen.

gazeT `brZolis~ pirvel nomerSi (1901 wlis seqtemberi) dabeWdili

mowinave (`redaqtorisagan~) ioseb juRaSvilis mier iyo dawerili. es

patara werilSi ioseb juRaSvilma Tavdayira daayena `mesame dasisa~ da

misi liderebis, gansakuTrebiT noe Jordanias naazrevi. rasac gazeTi

`kvali~ wlebis manZilze CasCiCinebda qarTvel muSebs, ioseb juRaSvilma

erTi xelis mosmiT gaatana wyals. `redaqciisagan~ dawerili iyo, iseTi

gamarTuli, kargi qarTuliT, romlis msgavssac ver ipoviT XX saukunis

qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa nawerebSi.

30 werilis dasawyisSive ioseb juRaSvili savsebiT ugulebelyofs

`mesame dasis~ rols saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli ideebis

gavrcelebis saqmeSi. yvelasaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom qarTuli

social-demokratiuli organizaciis pirveli yriloba (konferencia)

gaimarTa 1892 wels, xolo organizaciis programa miiRes meore yrilobaze

1893 wels. 1893-1895 wlebSi `mesame dasis~ wevrebs – noe Jordanias,

silibistro jiblaZes da sxvebs ramdenime werili hqondaT gamoqveynebuli

Jurnal `moambesa~ da gazeT `kvalSi~. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb juRaSvili

sruliad garkveviT wers: `saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli moZraoba

xnieri ar aris, sul ramdenime weliwadia, rac is warmoiSva. danamdvilebiT

rom iTqvas, saZirkveli am moZraobisa mxolod 1896 wels Caiyara~ (ix.: ioseb

stalini. redaqciisagan. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907.

Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 3-4). 1896 wels ioseb juRaSvili imitom uTiTebs, rom am

wels ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma social-demokratebma TbilisSi pirveli

aralegaluri social-demokratiuli wreebi da jgufebi Seqmnes. ase rom,

`mesame dasis~ moRvaweoba (saprogramo da publicisturi werilebi) savsebiT

uaryofili iqna.

`mesame dasi~, misi lideri noe Jordania, aseve silibistro jiblaZe,

petre geleiSvili, vladimer darCiaSvili da sxvebi social-demokratiul

ideebs legaluri gamocemebiT (gazeTiT, JurnaliT), pirvel rigSi gazeT

`kvaliT~ avrcelebdnen. ioseb juRaSvili social-demokratiuli ideebis

gavrcelebas mxolod aralegalur jgufebsa da wreebSi muSaobiT

(agitaciiTa da propagandiT) Tvlida SesaZleblad. social-demokratTa

legalur muSaobas igi agdebiT, ironiiT ixseniebs: `zogierTi

gulubryvilo mkiTxvelis sayuradReboda saWirod migvaCnia oriode sityva

vTqvaT legalur gazeTze. Cven did Secdomad CavTvliT, Tu romelime muSa

legalur gazeTs, ra pirobebiTac ar unda iyos igi garemoculi, ra

mimarTulebasac ar unda adges igi, CasTvlis Tavisi, muSis, interesebis

gamomxatvelad~ (iqve, gv. 5). cxadia, ioseb juRaSvils, pirvel rigSi, gazeTi

`kvali~ hqonda mxedvelobaSi. isev `kvalis~ winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli ioseb

juRaSvilis Semdegi sityvebi: `am pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, gazeTi ver

moewyoba sasurvelad, da muSa tyuilad dauwyebs Zebnas masSi, Tundac

striqonTa Suac, misi saqmis Sesaxeb cnobebs da swor Sexedulebas~ (iqve,

gv. 5-6).

31 noe Jordania miiCnevda, rom `mesame dasi~ unda yofiliyo

damoukidebeli saerTo-qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia,

damoukidebeli programiT da organizaciiT, anu mas ar unda eRiarebina

rsdmp programa da wesdeba da ar unda qceuliyo rsdmp adgilobriv

(regionalur) organizaciad. ioseb juRaSvili swored am umTavress

ebrZoda `mesame dasSi~: `qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba ar

warmoadgens kerZo, marto qarTvel muSaTa moZraoblas sakuTari

programiT. is xelixelgadaxveulia mTeli ruseTis moZraobasTan da,

maSasadame, eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (iqve, gv.

6). ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili qarTuli social-

demokratiis (`mesame dasis~) da piradad noe Jordanias evropuli

orientacia. swored amitom iyo, rom igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli

social-demokratia `xelixelgadaxveulia mTeli ruseTis moZraobasTan da,

maSasadame, eqvemdebareba ruseTis social-demokratiul partias~ (iqve, gv.

6).

da bolos. noe Jordania winaaRmdegi iyo revoluciisa da sisxlis

Rvrisa. dasavleT evropis social-demokratiis msgavsad igi socializmis

damyarebas mSvidobian demokratiul procesebs ukavSirebda, xazs ar

usvamda muSaTa klasis gansakuTrebul misias. swored aseTi Sexedulebis

gaqarwylebas isaxavda miznad ioseb juRaSvili: `metad migvaCnia imaze

laparaki, rom ruseTSic, da sazogadod yvelgan, mxolod revoluciuri

proletariati aris istoriisagan amorCeuli rogorc ganmaTavisuflebeli

kacobriobisa da qveynad bednierebis damamkvidrebeli~ (iqve, gv. 7). ioseb

juRaSvili isev da isev noe Jordanias mier burJuaziis progresuli rolis

Sesaxeb adre gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod aRniSnavs, rom

social-demokratia ver dauSvebs `burJuaziasTan kavSir-kompromisebs~.

`brZolis~ mowinave muSebs ase afrTxilebs: `ar unda daviviwyoT social-

demokratiuli principebi da revoluciuri saSualeba brZolisa~ (iqve, gv.

8). mowinaveSi aRniSnulia, rom `brZola~ Tavis misiad miiCnevs: `Tavis

droze mouwodos qarTvel muSas brZolis velze~ (iqve, gv. 9).

noe Jordania mixvda, rom igi kvlav dinebis sawinaaRmdegod

moZraobda _ `mesame dasi~ ganwiruli Canda. ioseb juRaSvili walekviT

emuqreboda yvelafers, rasac noe Jordania da misi Tanamoazreebi qarTul

sinamdvileSi nergavdnen. Zala aSkarad ioseb juRaSvilis mxareze iyo. noe

32 Jordania imasac mixvda, rom gazeT `brZolis~ Semdegi nomrebi mas axal

siurprizebs SesTavazebda, ioseb juRaSvili did TamaSs iwyebda da

miRweuliT ar dakmayofildeboda. noe Jordania mixvda, rom mas ori gza

rCeboda: pirveli. `mesame dasis~ ideuri (saprogramo) da organizaciuli

principebis dacva da moaxloebuli aRsasrulis Rirseulad daxvedra, rac

qarTul social-demokratiaSi ioseb juRaSvilis upirobo gapirvelkacebas

niSnavda. meore. `mesame dasi~ realobas unda Segueboda da plexanov-

leninis gegmis Tanaxmad, ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

nawili gamxdariyo. Tu rusuli social-demokratiis liderebi (giorgi

plexanovi, vladimer lenini) noe Jordanias aseT gadawyvetilebas

daufasebdnen, maSin am ukanasknels kidev rCeboda Sansi, ar daeSva qarTul

social-demokratiaSi ioseb juRaSvilis gapirvelkaceba. noe Jordaniam

meore gza airCia. ase daiwyo ioseb juRaSvilisa da noe Jordanias

dapirispirebis axali etapi, romelic 1917 wlamde gagrZelda. es

dapirispireba cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda da sabolood ioseb

juRaSvilis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.

gazeT `brZolis~ morigma nomerma (me-2 da me-3 nomrebi erTad

gamovida), romelsac gamosvlis TariRad 1901 wlis noember-dekemberi uzis,

kidev erTi Zlieri dartyma miayena `mesame dass~. am nomerSi daibeWda ioseb

juRaSvilis werili `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi

uaxloesi amocanebi~. werilSi ioseb juRaSvilma mTlianad uaryo `mesame

dasis~, kerZod, misi liderebis (noe Jordania, silibistro jiblaZe da sxv.)

Sexeduleba iseT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze, rogoric iyo: social-

demokratiuli moZraobis mizani, miznis miRwevis strategia da taqtiva,

politikuri partiis organizaciuli struqtura, politikuri partiis

mizani, muSaTa klasis misia, klasobrivi (socialuri) brZolis Sinaarsi da

formebi (ix.: ioseb stalini. ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi

uaxloesi amocanebi. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi,

1947, gv. 11-31).

ioseb juRaSvilis Sexedulebebi mokled SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

pirveli. social-demokratiis saboloo mizania revoluciis gziT

mospos burJuaziuli wyobileba da daamyaros socializmi.

meore. revoluciis gziT burJuaziuli wyobilebis mospoba unda

ganaxorcielos muSaTa klasma (proletariatma).

33 mesame. muSaTa klasi revoluciisaTvis ideurad da organizaciulad

unda moamzados social-demokratiam.

meoTxe. revoluciis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Rrmad

konspirirebuli, iatakqveSa, saidumlo seqtis principze agebuli

politikuri partia.

mexuTe. muSaTa klasi unda awarmoebdes brZolas politikuri

Zalauflebis dapyrobisaTvis da reformebis gziT ekonomikuri mdgomarebis

gaumjobesebisaTvis. sanam muSaTa klasi politikuri partiis

winamZRolobiT ar daamxobs burJuaziul wyobilebas da ar daipyrobs

politikur Zalauflebas, igi adamianur cxovrebas ver eRirseba.

meeqvse. politikuri Zalauflebis dapyrobisaTvis revoluciur

brZolaSi muSaTa klasis mokavSirea glexoba, wvrili burJuazia, aseve

ruseTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi Cagruli erebi.

meSvide. ruseTis muSaTa klasis da misi politikuri partiis

uaxloesi amocanaa monarqiuli wyobilebis (TviTmpyrobelobis) damxoba da

demokratiuli wyobilebis damyareba, esaa gza socialisturi

wyobilebisaken.

ioseb juRaSvilis `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi

uaxloesi amocanebis~ mniSvneloba amiT ar amoiwureba. am naSroms imaze

gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre `mesame dasis~ da misi lideris

noe Jordanias dasamareba. imxanad ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebi

(giori plexanovi, vladimer lenini, iuli martovi da sxv.) cdilobdnen

ganesazRvraT ruseTis social-demokratiis miznebi da amocanebi, ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis roli da adgili socializmisaTvis

brZolaSi, socializmisaTvis brZolis etapebi, muSaTa klasis brZolis

formebi, politikuri partiis ideuri platforma da organizaciuli

struqtura da a. S. mimdinareobda gauTavebeli, uazro da arafris momtani

polemika. sul ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom ruseTis social-demokratiis

liderebi Sors iyvnen miznisagan. aseT viTarebaSi ibeWdeba ioseb

juRaSvilis naSromi, romelSic avtorma ara muSaTa klass, aramed ruseTis

social-demokratiis liderebs gasagebi eniT, logikuri TanmimdevrobiT da

martivad auxsna maTTvis Zalze rTuli sakiTxebi. ruseTis social-

demokratiis liderebi imdenad ususurebi iyvnen, rom erT-erTma maTganma 2

vladimer leninma _ 1902 wels daweril naSromSi `ra vakeToT?~ yvelaferi

34 isev Tavdayira daayena. is, rac ioseb juRaSvilma logikuri

TanmimdevrobiT da martivad axsna, vladimer leninma ise ariv-daria, rom

Tavisa da bolos garCeva Wirda.

noe Jordanias cxadad unda egrZno (da albaT igrZno kidec), rom

naSromiT `ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi uaxloesi

amocanebi~ ioseb juRaSvili ara marto saqarTvelos social-demokratiaSi

gapirvelkacda, aramed ruseTis social-demokratiis liderTa Sorisac

daikava adgili. aman daaCqara noe Jordanias gadawyvetileba plexanov-

leninis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb. noe Jordania Cqarobda: ruseTis social-

demokratiis liderTa Soris ioseb juRaSvilis damkvidreba misi

politikuri karieris dasasruls niSnavda. jer kidev rCeboda Sansi. saqme

imaSi iyo, rom 1901-1903 wlebSi ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebi

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis SeqmnisaTvis did muSaobas

awarmoebdnen. rsdmp II yrilobas unda mieRo partiis wesdeba da programa.

es imas niSnavda, rom unda gadawyvetiliyo `mesame dasis~ bedi. ioseb

juRaSvilis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT daimedebuli giori plexanovi da

vladimer lenini ar dauSvebdnen qarTuli social-demokratiuli

organizaciis _ `mesame dasis~ _ ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa

partiaSi avtonomiuri uflebebiT Sesvlas. noe Jordania daTanxmda, rom

ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiaSi adgilobrivi (regionaluri)

organizaciis uflebiT Sevidoda rsdmp Tbilisisa da rsdmp baTumis

komiteti. Tavisi pozicia noe Jordaniam oficialurad daadastura rsdmp

kavkasiis kavSiris I yrilobaze (1903 wlis marti). amieridan `mesame dasi~ da

gazeTi `kvali~ aRar gansazRvravda qarTuli social-demokratiis saxes.

ruseTis social-demokratiis liderTaTvis qarTuli social-demokratia

ioseb juRaSvili da gazeT `brZolis~ banaki iyo.

noe Jordanias ideuri kapitulacia sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda rsdmp II

yrilobis delegatis mandatis misaRebad. rsdmp kavkasiis kavSirma ioseb

juRaSvilis wyalobiT noe Jordania yrilobis delegatad ar airCia.

yrilobis delegati verc ioseb juRaSvili gaxda. igi delegatTa arCevnebis

dros sapyrobileSi imyofeboda. SemTxvevis wyalobiT emigraciaSi myofi

noe Jordania 1903 wels rsdmp II yrilobis muSaobas mainc daeswro

saTaTbiro xmiT.

35 `ganurCevlad erovnebisa~

(qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis Sefaseba)

ioseb juRaSvils garkveul uxerxulobas uqmnida is, rom noe

Jordania rsdmp II yrilobis delegati iyo. kidev ufro did uxerxulobas

uqmnida is, rom noe Jordania yrilobaze mainc qarTuli social-

demokratiis liderad miiRes. aseT warumateblobebs ioseb juRaSvili ar

uSindeboda. 1904 wlis 5 ianvars ioseb juRaSvili aRmosavleTi cimbiris

gadasaxlebidan gamoiqca da imave wlis gazafxulze baqos gavliT

TbilisSi dabrunda. viTareba TbilisSi ioseb juRaSvilis sazianod

Secvliliyo.

rsdmp II yrilobaze (1903 wlis ivlis-agvisto) ruseTis social-

demokratiuli partia ki Seiqmna (wesdeba da programa miiRes, xelmZRvaneli

organoebi airCies), magram imTaviTve partia or fraqciad _ menSevikebad

(umciresobad) da bolSevikebad (umravlesobad) aRmoCnda gaTiSuli. es

gaTiSva gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda yrilobis Semdeg. menSevikebis lideri

giorgi plexanovi iyo, bolSevikebisa _ vladimer lenini. daiwyo mwvave

fraqciuli brZolebi. qarTuli social-demokratiis principebs, romelic

noe Jordaniam da misma Tanamoazreebma `mesame dasis~ programaSi

Camoayalibes (1892-1893 ww.) da 1893-1897 wlebSi ganaviTares, mTlianad

uaryofda bolSevizmi. rac Seexeba menSevizms erovnul sakiTxSi da

erovnul social-demokratebTan, igi damokidebulebaSi arafriT

gansxvavdeboda bolSevizmidan, magram zogierT strategiul da taqtikur

sakiTxSi mcire Tanxvedra hqonda qarTul social-demokratiasTan. amis

gamo noe Jordaniam rsdmp II yrilobaze menSevikebs dauWira mxari da

yrilobis Semdeg menSevizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil Teoretikosad

mogvevlina. rsdmp II yrilobaze cxadi gaxda, rom bolSevizmi im

strategiasa da taqtikas iziarebda, romelic ioseb juRaSvilma jer kidev

1901 wels Camoayaliba Tavis naSromSi `ruseTis social-demokratia da misi

uaxloesi amocanebi~. cxadia, ioseb juRaSvilibolSevikebs miemxro da

yrilobis Semdeg bolSevizmis erT-erT yvelaze gamoCenil Teoretikosad

mogvevlina. es ki imas niSnavda, romnoe Jordania da ioseb juRaSvili isev

barikadis sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCndnen.

36 1904 wlis gazafxulze TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg gairkva, rom

TbilisSi da saerTod mTel saqarTveloSi menSevizms gacilebiT bevri

momxre hyavda, vidre bolSevizms. ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi aRar

daxvedria misi ori yvelaze cnobili mowinaaRmdege noe Jordania

(emigraciaSi darCa) da silibistro jiblaZe (cimbirSi gadasaxlebaSi

imyofeboda), 1904 wlis mexuTe nomridan xelisuflebas daexura gazeTi

`kvali~. ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi aRar daxvda misi uaxloesi

TanamebrZoli, gazeT `brZolis~ gamocemis erT-erTi organizatori

vladimer (lado) kecxoveli. igi 1903 wels metexis sapyrobileSi mokles.

qarTvel menSevikTagan saqarTveloSi ioseb juRaSvilis yvelaze

seriozuli oponentebi iyvnen noe Jordanias uaxloesi Tanamoazreebi

isidore ramiSvili da nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, aseve SedarebiT

axalgazrda irakli wereTeli (giori wereTlis vaJi), romelic `kvalis~

bolo redaqtori iyo.

emigraciaSi myofi noe Jordania Zalze dauaxlovda giorgi plexanovs

da male menSevikTa elitaSi moxvda. qarTul social-demokratiaSi

gapirvelkaceba ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis ukve aRarafers niSnavda. ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis fraqciebis (bolSevizmisa da

menSevizmis) gaerTianebisaTvis dawyebuli moZraoba rom warmatebiT

dasrulebuliyo, giorgi plexanovi mTeli ZalebiT ecdeboda noe Jordanias

partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi datovebas. es ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis

katastrofis tolfasi iqneboda. Seqmnili viTarebis analizis Sedegad

ioseb juRaSvilma Semdegi daskvnebi gaakeTa:

pirveli. saqarTveloSi menSevikebsa da bolSevikebs Soris mimdinare

fraqciuli brZolebSi monawileoba mas arafers moutanda. sabolood

viTareba qarTul social-demokratiaSi imaze iqneboda damokidebuli, Tu

rogor dasruldeboda fraqciuli brZola ruseTis social-demokratiul

muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi, rogor morigdebodnen, an Tu

morigdebodnen saerTod menSevikebi da bolSevikebi. saqarTveloSi myofi

ioseb juRaSvili am SemTxvevaSi movlenaTa ganviTarebaze gavlenas ver

moaxdenda.

meore. ioseb juRaSvils aucileblad unda daekavebina adgili

ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis bolSevikuri fraqciis

37 xelmZRvanelobaSi da aqedan emarTa viTareba saqarTveloSi, ar daeSva noe

Jordanias TanamoazreTa gabatoneba saqarTvelos social-demokratiaSi.

mesame. ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis fraqciebis

gaerTianebis SemTxvevaSi ar daeSva noe Jordanias darCena ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi.

yovelive es advili misaRwevi ar iyo. saWiro iyo ruseTis social-

demokratiuli muSaTa partiis bolSevikuri fraqciis lideris vladimer

leninis yuradRebis mipyroba.

ioseb juRaSvilTan SedarebiT privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi myofi

noe Jordaniac ar iyo damSvidebuli. misi simpaTiebi erovnuli social-

demokratiis mimarT da misi Sexedulebani erovnul sakiTxze kargad iyo

cnobili. marTalia, noe Jordaniam 1903 wels rsdmp kavkasiis kavSiris I

yrilobaze (1903 wlis marti) da rsdmp II yrilobaze (1903 wlis ivlis-

agvisto) ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis Seqmnis sakiTxSi

plexanov-leninis gegmis sasargeblod ukan daixia, magram es ar iyo

sakmarisi. `Zveli codvebi~ misTvis SeiZleboda yovel wuTs gaexsenebinaT.

saWiro iyo ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis menSevikuri

fraqciis lideris giorgi plexanovis yuradRebis mipyroba.

ioseb juRaSvili da noe Jordania erTi da igive problemis winaSe

aRmoCndnen. dauZinebelma ideurma mtrebma gadawyvetileba erTnairi miiRes:

qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba, misi programa da gamoCenili moRvaweebi unda

daegmoT.

1904 wels noe Jordania wers naSroms `qarTveli nacionalistebi~,

xolo ioseb juRaSvilma _ `rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri

sakiTxi~. noe Jordanias naSromi legalurad JenevaSi daibeWda broSuris

saxiT, ioseb juRaSvilisa _ TbilisSi aralegalurad gamomaval

`proletariatis brZolis~ meSvide nomerSi (1904 wlis seqtemberi). am

naSromebis wakiTxvisas TvalSisacemi xdeba TiTqosda moulodneli ram:

qarTuli erovnuli moZraobisadmi nihilisturi damokidulebiT,

kosmopolitizmis Zlieri gavleniT ori ideurad Seurigebeli

mowinaaRmdegis naSromi, erTi JenevaSi dawerili, meore _ TbilisSi,

rogorc saerTo ideuri mimarTulebiT, ise zogierTi konkretuli movlenis

SefasebiT ori wveTi wyaliviT hgavs erTmaneTs (Seadare: noe Jordania.

qarTveli nacionalistebi. _ noe Jordania. rCeuli nawerebi. Tbilisi, 1990,

38 gv. 1-38; ioseb stalini. rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri

sakiTxi. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 32-

54).

orive naSromi uxvadaa Sezavebuli kosmopolitizmiT, orive naSromSi

qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba socializmisaTvis brZolis Semaferxebel

movlenad aris warmodgenili, orive naSromSi gatarebulia azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom socializmis damyarebis Semdeg ruseTis imperiaSi erovnuli

sakiTxi TavisTavad gadaiWreboda.

ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis survili ioseb

juRaSvilsa da noe Jordanias erTnairad Zlieri hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa,

noe Jordania ufro TavSekavebuli Canda (ruseTis social-demokratiis

elitaSi adgili ukve mopovebuli hqonda), ioseb juRaSvili gacilebiT

daundobeli iyo qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis Sefasebisas (mas ruseTis

social-demokratiis elitaSi adgili mosapovebuli hqonda). ioseb

juRaSvili aravis da arafers ar indobda. erTaderTi, vinc daindo da

naSromSi arc kargad da arc cudad ar moixsenia, ilia WavWavaZe iyo. Tumca

yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo: kritika pirvel rigSi ilia WavWavaZes exeboda.

ioseb juRaSvilma sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna erTi Tviseba: iyo

siwmindeebi (SeiZleba Zalian cota), romelsac ioseb juRaSvili ar

wabilwavda, Tundac misTvis siwmindis wabilwva politikurad momgebiani

yofiliyo. ilia erT-erTi aseTi siwminde iyo.

ioseb juRaSvilma misTvis damaxasiaTebeli daundoblobiT pirdapir

miwasTan gaaswora qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba dawyebuli XIX saukunis

damdegidan XX saukunis damdegamde. misi azriT, qarTulma erovnulma

moZraobam erTi saukunis manZilze sami etapi ganvlo:

pirveli. Tavadaznauruli anu feodalur-monarqiuli anu batonymur-

monarqiuli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq Tavsdeboda yvelaferi: XIX saukunis

damdegis erovnuli ajanyebani, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da XIX saukunis 60-90-

iani wlebis erovnuli moZraoba).

meore. burJuaziuli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq Tavdeboda arCil

jorjaZis mier 1903 wels parizSi gamocemul gazeT `saqarTvelos~ garSemo

Semokrebili erovnul moRvaweTa dasi, romelTac SemdgomSi (1901 w.)

saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa partia daarses. am dasSi Sediodnen

momavali erovnul demokratebic).

39 mesame. proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi (aq igulisxmeboda

nacionaluri sakiTxis iseTi gageba, rogorsac ruseTis social-demokratia

da piradad ioseb juRaSvili amkvidrebda saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis

miwurulidan da XX saukunis damdegidan) (ix.: ioseb stalini. rogor esmis

social-demokratias nacionaluri sakiTxi? _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani.

tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 32-35).

mainc ras warmoadgenda proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi? ioseb

juRaSvili miiCnevda, rom proletaruli nacionaluri sakiTxi gulisxmobs

Semdeg principul debulebebs:

1. `mizani yovelive brZolisa _ gamarjvebaa. proletariatis

gamarjvebisaTvis ki saWiroa yvela muSis SeerTeba, ganurCevlad erovnebisa.

cxadia, nacionaluri kedlebis dangreva da mWidrod SekavSireba rusi,

qarTveli, somexi, poloneli, ebraeli da sxva proletarebisa _ ruseTis

proletariatis gamarjvebis aucilebeli pirobaa~.

2. `TavisTavad aRebuls egreTwodebul `nacionalur interesebs~ da

`nacionalur moTxovnebs~ gansakuTrebuli fasi ara aqvs, rom es

`interesebi~ da `moTxovnebi yuradRebis Rirsia mxolod imdenad,

ramdenadac isini win sweven, an SeuZliaT win waswion proletariatis

klasobrivi TviTSegneba, misi klasobrivi ganviTareba~.

3. `erebs eZlevaT, ufleba TavianTi survilebis Tanaxmad, moawyon

TavianTi nacionaluri saqmeebi. Cven (e. i. socal-demokratebi _ v. g.)

valdebuli varT SevecadoT, rom erTa survilebi namdvilad social-

demokratiuli iyos, rom es survilebi proletariatis klasobrivi

interesebidan gamomdinareobdes~.

4. `araviTari `nacionaluri suli~ ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba

arsebobdes. da Tu es asea, Tu araviTari `nacionaluri suli~ ar arsebobs,

TavisTavad cxadia, rom yovelive dacva imisi, rac ar arsebobs, logikuri

sisulelea~ (ioseb stalini. rogor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri

sakiTxi?~ _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 35,

42, 51-52).

ioseb juRaSvils imedi arc hqonia, rom an erovnuli moZraobis Zveli

Taobis warmomadgenlebs, an socialist-federalistebs, an erovnul

demokratebs, an piradad arCil jorjaZes rameSi daiTanxmebda. samagierod,

man kargad icoda, rom mis werils `rogor esmis social-demokratias

40 nacionaluri sakiTxi~ erovnuli Zalebis didi protesti mohyveboda.

atexili xmauri ki ioseb juRaSvilis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. ruseTis

social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis orive fraqciis (bolSevikebisa da

menSevikebis) liderebs saqarTveloSi agenturis kargad organizebuli

qseli hqondaT da dawvrilebiT informacias iRebdnen am mimdinare ambebis

Sesaxeb.

`lenini namdvilad mTis arwivia~

(ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis erTi cda)

ioseb juRaSvili vladimer leninTan agenturis mier mitanili

cnobebis imedad ver iqneboda. ioseb juRaSvils swrafad unda emoqmeda.

1904 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi ioseb juRaSvili, romelic maSin quTaisSi

cxovrobda, germaniaSi moqmed bolSevikur centrs ugzavnis werils. werili

iseTi Sinaarsisa iyo, rom igi aucileblad unda moxvedriliyo emigraciaSi

myof bolSevikTa liderTan vladimer leninTan. am weriliT ioseb

juRaSvilma daiwyo didi politikuri TamaSi, romlis mizani iyo, vladimer

leninis gulis mogeba, masTan daaxloeba. am periodisaTvis giorgi

plexanovisa da vladimer leninis urTierToba ukiduresad iyo

gamwvavebuli. es kargad icoda ioseb juRaSvilma. daxasiaTeba, romelsac

ioseb juRaSvili giorgi plexanovs aZlevda, aucileblad moewoneboda

vladimer lenins: `wavikiTxe plexanovis statiebi, romlebSic igi arCevs

wigns (v. leninis wigns _ v. ). `ra vakeToT?~ es kaci an mTlad SeSlilia, ar

mas siZulvili da mtroba alaparakebs. vfiqrob, aq erTica da meorec~

(ioseb stalini. `werili quTaisidan~. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1.

1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 56). Semdeg ioseb juRaSvili saqebar sityvebs ar

iSurebs socializmis TeoriaSi vladimer leninis mier Setanili wvlilis

dasaxasiaTeblad. werilSi vxvdebiT aseT gamonaTqvamebs: `denini namdvili

mTis arwivia~, `leninma Seqmna Teoriuli bazisi~, `amaSia leninuri ideis

mniSvneloba~, `leninuri~, `ise naTlad, rogorc lenins~ (iqve, gv. 57).

pirvel werils 1904 wlis oqtomberSi ioseb juRaSvilma meore

miayola. es werilic quTaisSia dawerili. werilis mizani igive iyo,

Sinaarsic daaxlobiT igive _ giorgi plexanovis damcireba da vladimer

leninis gandideba: `plexanovis Teoriuli omi leninis winaaRmdeg wminda

41 wylis donkixotobaa, qaris wisqvilebTan omia, vinaidan lenini Tavis wignSi

(igulisxmeba v. leninis wigni `ra vakeToT?~ _ v. g.) uaRresad

Tanamimdevrulad icavs k. marqsis debulebas Segnebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

xolo plexanovis omi taqtikis sakiTxebze mTlad abdaubdaa~ (ioseb

stalini. werili quTaisidan. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani. tomi 1. 1901-1907.

Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 59).

meore werilSi ioseb juRaSvili ukve noe Jordanias Sexedulebebsac

Seexo da ostaturad Caayena saqmis kursSi vladimer lenini: `kostrovma

(noe Jordanias partiuli fsevdonimia _ v. g.) gamogvigzavna kidev erTi

werili, sadac laparakobs sulsa da materiaze (mgonia, laparakobs CiTis

materiaze). am virs kidev ar esmis, rom mis winaSe gazeT `kvalis~

auidtoriaa~ (iqve, gv. 60).

bolSevizmisa da menSevizmis liderTa Soris metad mwvave polemika

mimdinareobda ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiis wesdebis pirveli

paragrafis irgvliv. es paragrafi arkvevda umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs _ vin

SeiZleboda yofiliyo partiis wevri. rsdmp II yrilobaze bolSevikebma am

sakiTxis ganxilvisas marcxi iwvnies _ wesdebis pirveli paragrafi

menSevikuri formulirebiT miiRes. gacofebuli vladimer lenini yrilobis

Semdegac ar wyvetda brZolas. ioseb juRaSvili damarcxebul vladimer

lenins Tanamoazred moevlina.

1905 wlis 1 ianvars gamovida gazeTi `proletaris brZolis~ merve

nomeri, romelSic dabeWdili iyo ioseb juRaSvilis werili `proletarTa

klasi da proletarTa partia (partiis wesdebis pirveli muxlis gamo)~.

ioseb juRaSvilma menSevikebTan polemikaSi vladimer leninis mier

gamoTqmuli azrebi ucilobel WeSmaritebad gamoacxada (ioseb stalini.

proletarTa klasi da proletarTa partia. _ i. b. stalini. Txzulebani.

tomi 1. 1901-1907. Tbilisi, 1947, gv. 61-72).

ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis elitaSi

damkvidrebisaken ioseb juRaSvilis swrafvas 1905 wlis ianvarSi

dawyebulma revoluciam sxva mimarTuleba misca.

42 `me gipasuxebT Tqven Tavis droze~

(ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi damkvidrebis warmatebuli cda)

1904 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi dabrunebul ioseb juRaSvils

metad araxelsayreli mdgomareoba daxvda _ yvelgan ganuyoflad

batonobdnen menSevikebi. ioseb juRaSvili marcxs marcxze ganicdida. man

menSevikebTan diskusiebi waago TbilisSi, baTumSi, WiaTuraSi, quTaisSi.

amitomac 1905 wlis ianvarSi dawyebuli revolucia ioseb juRaSvils kargs

arafers uqadda _ mas kidev ufro Seaviwrovebdnen. ioseb juRaSvili bevrs

muSaobs, wers proklamaciebs, mowodebebs, werilebs, broSuras. misi yvela

naSromi eZRvneboda bolSevizmis strategiisa da taqtikis dacvas,

menSevizmis kritikas. ioseb juRaSvilis naSromebi `gakvriT partiul

uTanxmoebaze~ (Tbilisi, 1905), `SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba da Cveni taqtika~

(gazeTi `proletariatis brZola~, 1905, 15 ivlisi, #10), `droebiTi

revoluciuri mTavroba da social-demokratia~ (gazeTi `proletariatis

brZola~, 1905, 15 agvisto, #11), `pasuxad `social-demokrats~ (gazeTi

`proletariatis brZola~, 1905, 15 agvisto, #11) da sxvebi saqmes ver

Svelida _ revoluciis saTaveSi menSevikebi dadgnen. paradi noe Jordanias,

isidore ramiSvils, noe ramiSvils da sxvebs mihyavdaT. mware marcxi iwvnia

ioseb juRaSvilma ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiis III

yrilobis delegatebis arCevnebisas. menSevikebma yrilobis muSaobaSi

monawileoba ar miiRes. londonSi yrilobaze 1905 wlis aprilSi 23

bolSeviki delegati Cavida. ioseb juRaSvili maT Soris ver moxvda.

qarTvelebidan delegatebad arCeuli iqnen mixa cxakaia (delegati rsdmp

centraluri komitetidan) da prokofi jafariZe (delegati rsdmp kavkasiis

kavSiris delegaciidan).

ioseb juRaSvils far-xmali ar dauyria. 1905 wlis dekemberSi igi

tamerfosSi (fineTi) Cavida ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis

bolSevikuri fraqciis konferenciaze. aq ioseb juRaSvili vladimer

lenins xvdeba. am periodisaTvis vladimer lenini giorgi plexanovTan

umwvaves polemikaSia Cabmuli. mzaddeboda ruseTis social-demokratiuli

muSaTa partiis IV yriloba, romelsac bolSevikuri da menSevikuri

fraqciebi unda gaaerTianebina. ruseTis social-demokratiis elitisagan

gariyuli vladimer lenins ioseb juRaSvili sWirdeboda...

43 tamerfosidan dabrunebidan rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobamde

TbilisSi myofma ioseb juRaSvilma rva naSromi gamoaqveyna da rvave,

nawilobriv an mTlianad, menSevikTa kritikas miuZRvna.

amjerad, ioseb juRaSvilma Tavisas miaRwia, rac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli

iyo. saqarTvelodan rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobis delegatad,

romelic 1906 wlis aprilSi gaimarTa stokholmSi, 18 social-demokrati

airCies, maT Soris 17 menSeviki da erTi bolSeviki. es erTaderTi

bolSeviki ioseb juRaSvili iyo, romelic yrilobaze `ivanoviCis~

fsevdonimiT gamodioda (ix.: v. guruli, m. vaCnaZe. qarTuli social-

demokratiis istoria. 1892-1918. Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 217). yrilobaze ioseb

juRaSvili ramdenjerme gamovida. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi

gamosvlebi: `agraruli programis gadasinjvis gamo~ (meSvide sxdoma),

`mimdinare momentis Sesaxeb~ (meTxuTmete sxdoma) da kidev erTi gamosvla

meTvramete sxdomaze.

rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobaze menSevikebma pirdapir

gaacamtveres bolSevikebi. rac Seexeba ioseb juRaSvils, igi mZime

mdgomareobaSi Caagdes qarTvelma deputatebma. gansakuTrebiT mwared

gaakritika ioseb juRaSvili bikenti (Wola) lomTaTiZem. Wola lomTaTiZe

guriaSi mimdinare glexTa moZraobis Sesaxeb saubrisas Seexo bolSevikebis

mier guriaSi mimdinare movlenebis winaswarganzraxviT arasworad

gaSuqebis faqts da aRniSna: `amtkicebda ra misi proeqtis ganxorcielebis

SesaZleblobas, amx. jonma (menSevikma p. maslovma _ v. g.), rogorc magaliTi,

moiyvana guria. am damowmebam amx. ivanoviCs (ioseb juRaSvils) misca sababi,

guriis Sesaxeb gaekeTebina ramdenime SeniSvna. `guriis Sesaxeb _ Tqva man _

avrceleben uamrav zRapars. erTi aseTi zRapari, Cans, daibeWda `novaia

JiznSi~, xolo meore zRapars guriis Sesaxeb TviTon ivanoviCi hyveba.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea bolSevikuri gazeTi, meoreSi _ amxanagi

bolSeviki~ (iqve, gv. 223). ioseb juRaSvilma Wola lomTaTiZes replika

esrola: `me gipasuxebT Tqven Tavis droze~ (iqve, gv. 223).

bikenti (Wola) lomTaTiZem `Tavis droze~ pasuxi ver miiRo, igi

naadrevad gardaicvala. yrilobaze myofma danarCenma qarTvelma social-

demokratebma pasuxi miiRes: noe Jordania samSoblodan devnili

emigraciaSi aResrula, grigol urataZec emigraciaSi gardaicvala, isidore

ramiSvili daxvrites...

44 yrilobis meoce sxdomaze Tavmjdomarem delegatebs gaacno werili

Tbilisidan, romelsac xels awerda rsdmp 200 wevri. es werili ioseb

juRaSvilis TanamoazreTa mier iyo Sedgenili da TbilisSi menSevikebis

mier yrilobis delegatTa arCevnebis dros Cadenil darRvevebs amxelda.

yrilobis umravlesobam moiTxova, moesminaT noe JordaniasaTvis, romelmac

argumentirebulad gaaqarwyla werilSi motanili faqtebi. noe Jordanias

Semdeg sityva iTxova ioseb juRaSvilma. delegatTa umravlesobis

moTxovniT debatebi Sewyda _ ioseb juRaSvils sityva ar misces (iqve, gv.

224-225).

rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobaze umravlesobaSi menSevikebi

iyvnen. bolSevikebi yvela principul sakiTxSi damarcxdnen, damarcxda

vladimer lenini, damarcxda ioseb juRaSvili.

rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) yrilobidan dabrunebul ioseb juRaSvils

saqarTveloSi aRar edgomeboda. man kidev ramdenime diskusia waago

menSevikebTan. ioseb juRaSvili SedarebiT mSvidad grZnobda Tavs baqoSi,

sadac bolSevikebs ufro Zlieri pozicia hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa, ioseb

juRaSvili danebebas ar apirebda.

rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebeli) yrilobidan (1906 wlis aprili) rsdmp V

yrilobamde (1907 wlis aprili-maisi) ioseb juRaSvilma menSevizmis

strategiisa da taqtikis kritikisadmi miZRvnili ocze meti naSromi

gamoaqveyna. menSevikebis winaaRmdeg aqtiurma brZolam mas rsdmp V

yrilobis mandati arguna. Tumca rsdmp V yriloba (1907 wlis april-maisi)

ioseb juRaSvilisaTvis didi marcxiT dasrulda: noe Jordania rsdmp

centraluri komitetis wevrad airCies. arCevnebSi monawile delegatebs

sul 293 xma hqondaT. xmebis maqsimumi (150 xma) miiRo mxolod orma

kandidatma a. martinovma da noe Jordaniam, danarCenebma _ SedarebiT

naklebi (iqve, gv. 235-236).

`tfilisi, erevnis moedani, 1907 wlis 13 ivnisi~

(simarTle gaxmaurebuli eqspropriaciis Sesaxeb)

noe Jordaniam ruseTis social-demokratiul elitaSi mdgomareoba

ganimtkica. damarcxebuli ioseb juRaSvili yrilobis muSaobis damTavrebis

45 (1907 wlis 19 maisi) TbilisSi dabrunda. TbilisSi mas aRar edgomeboda da

male baqoSi gadavida. 1907 wlis 20 ivniss baqoSi gamomavali aralegaluri

gazeTis `bakinski proletaris~ pirvel nomerSi daibeWda ioseb juRaSvilis

werili `saTaTbiros garekva da proletariatis amocanebi~. werili 1907

wlis 3 ivniss imperator nikoloz II-is mier ruseTis meore saxelmwifos

daTxovnas eZRvneboda. gazeTis imave nomerSi daiwyo da meore nomerSi

(gamovida 1907 wlis 10 ivliss) dasrulda ioseb juRaSvilis vrceli

werilis beWdva `ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis londonis

yriloba (delegatis werilebi)~. manamde ki TbilisSi moxda ambavi,

romelsac didi rezonansi mohyva ruseTis imperiaSi da mTel msoflioSi.

1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi erevnis (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis)

moednidan teroristebma gaitaces ruseTis imperiis xazinis kuTvnili fuli

_ 250 aTasi maneTi (fulis niSnebi da bankis sakredito baraTebi).

sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, erevnis moedanze

eqspropriacia ganaxorcieles social-demokratebma (rsdmp Tbilisis

komitetma). operaciis saerTo xelmZRvaneli iyo ioseb juRaSvili, xolo

uSualo Semsrulebeli simon ter-petrosiani (kamo). saarqivo masalebis

Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom ioseb stalins 1907 wlis 13 ivniss

TbilisSi ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia,

ufro metic, erevnis moednidan fuli gaitaces ara social-demokratebma,

aramed socialist-revolucionerebma (eserebma). operacias

xelmZRvanelobdnen eserTa partiis wevrebi: 1) sarqis aleqsandres Ze

oTarovi _ meSCani, 48 wlis, somxur-grigorianuli aRmsareblobisa,

amierkavkasiis olqis sadazRvevo sazogadoebis agenti, mcxovrebi TbilisSi,

malaknebis quCaze, #50 saxlSi; 2) vasil vasilis Ze pilecki _ memamule, 22

wlis, amierkavkasiis rkinigzaze fostis gadazidvis merve ganyofilebis

TanamSromeli, mcxovrebi TbilisSi sadguris quCaze #12 saxlSi

(saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 95, aRwera

1, saqme 82, furceli 21). ufro dawvrilebiT, saarqivo masalebis mixedviT,

saqmis viTareba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba.

1. erevnis moednidan gatacebuli fulis saqmis Ziebis procesSi 1907

wlis 13 ivnisidan 9 noembramde Ziebas eWvic ki ar aRZvria eqspropriaciaSi

simon ter-petrosianis (kamos) monawileobis Taobaze. kamos Sesaxeb Ziebis

masalebSi cnobebi Cndeba 1907 wlis 9 noembridan, mas Semdeg, rac igi

46 berlinSi daapatimres. germaniis policiam kamos ori braldeba wauyena:

avstria-ungreTis moqalaqis dimitri mirskis pasportiT cxovreba (es

pasporti kamom TbilisSi abanoSi mopara avstria-ungreTis diplomats

dimitri mirskis) da asafeTqebeli nivTierebis Senaxva. rac Seexeba erevnis

moedindan fulis gatacebas _ kamosaTvis es braldeba ar wauyenebiaT. 1908

wlis martSi, erevnis moedanze ganxorcielebuli eqspropriacidan cxra

Tvis Semdeg, quTaisis cixeSi myofma patimarma-teroristma arsen korsiZem

quTaisis droebiT general-gubernators werilobiT acnoba, rom erevnis

moednidan fuli gaitaca simon ter-petrosianma, igive kamom (scssa, fondi

94, aRwera 1, saqme 82, furclebi 149-150). Ziebam arsen korsiZis Cveneba

maSinve WeSmaritebad miiRo da 1908 wlis 20 martisaTvis kamos monawileoba

eqspropriaciaSi damtkicebulad miiCnia. amave dros kamo operaciis

xelmZRvaneladac iqna miCneuli (scssa, fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 82,

furclebi 25-26). saidan unda scodnoda arsen korsiZes erevnis moedanze

ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciaSi kamos monawileobis Sesaxeb? saarqivo

masalebis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna imaSi, rom arsen kosriZe an provokatori

iyo, an ubralod raRacas urevda. Tavis CvenebaSi arsen kosriZe aRniSnavda,

rom kamo general alixan-avarskis mkvlelobaSi monawileobdao (scssa,

fondi 94, aRwera 1, saqme 82, furclebi 149-150). cnobilia, rom kamos am

mkvlelobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia.

2. Ziebis masalebSi TbilisSi, erevnis moedanze, ganxorcielebul

eqspropriaciasTan dakavSirebiT ioseb juRaSvilis xsenebac ki ar aris _

masze eWvic aravis miutania.

3. social-demokratebis (bolSevikebis) dakavSireba 1907 wlis 13 ivniss

TbilisSi erevnis moedanze ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan Semdeg

viTarebaSi moxda. 1908 wels vladimer leninis uaxloesi TanamebrZoli

maqsim litvinovi (igive meer valaxi) SveicariaSi daapatimres Tbilisidan

gatacebuli bankis sakredito baraTebis gadaxurdavebisas. es faqti

gaxmaurda mTel evropaSi. mainc vin moaxdina felis gataceba? _ am kiTxvas

pasuxi TavisTavad gaeca, radgan gatacebuli fuli bolSevikebis liderTan

vladimer leninTan aRmoCnda. es Sexeduleba kidev ufro ganmtkicda mas

Semdeg, rac Tbilisidan gatacebuli bankis sakredito baraTebis

gadaxurdavebisas kvlav daapatimres vladimer leninTan daaxloebuli

pirebi: nikolai semaSko, sara raviCi da sxvebi (scsaa, fondi 94, aRwera 1,

47 saqme 176, furceli 56), Tumca Ziebas 1912 welsac ki ar hqonda imisi

damamtkicebeli masala, rom eqspropriacia TbilisSi social-demokratebma

_ ioseb juRaSvilma da simon ter-petrosianma ganaxorcieles.

4. 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciasTan

kamos araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia, Tumca gatacebul fulTan kamos kavSiri

marTlac hqonda. eserebma erevnis moednidan gatacebuli fuli avlabarSi

gadamales. Jandarmeriam fulis adgilsamyofeli icoda, magram

sisxlisRvris Tavidan acilebis mizniT, teroristebs Tavs ver esxmoda.

samagierod Tbilisidan gamavali yvela gza Sekruli iyo, avlabaric alyaSi

iyo moqceuli. ramdenime dRis lodinis Semdeg eserebi mixvdnen, rom fuls

qalaqidan ver gaitandnen da daxmarebisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferis kacs _

kamos mimarTes. Tumca saarqivo masalebidan ara Cans, magram gamoricxuli

ar aris, rom kamom saqmis kursSi Caayena ioseb juRaSvili, romelic

imxanad baqodan TbilisSi dabrunda.

kamom Tbilisidan sazRvargareT fulis gatanis operacia unaklod

ganaxorciela, magram eserebi moatyua da fuli vladimer lenins miutana.

cxadia, damoukideblad kamo aseT nabijs ar gadadgamda, mas viRac

marTavda. visi damavlebiT moqmedebda kamo, saarqivo masalebidan ar

dgindeba.

amrigad, 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi, erevnis moedanze

ganxorcielebul eqspropriaciaSi ioseb juRaSvils monawileoba ar miuRia.

ioseb juRaSvils TbilisSi ganxorcielebuli eqspropriacia

mogvianebiT, 1918 wels, gauxsena lev trockim (bronSteinma). man ioseb

juRaSvils sajarod dasdo brali teroristebTan kavSirSi. vladimer

leninma saqme gansaxilvelad partiul sasamarTlos gadasca. bolSevikuri

partiisa da sabWoTa ruseTis liderma Tavi daizRvia da obieqturobis

dacvis mizniT partiuli sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared imxanad emigraciidan

dabrunebuli menSevizmis erT-erTi aRiarebuli lideri iuli martovi

(cederbaumi) daasaxela. iuli martovis sasamarTlos Tavmjdomared

daniSvnas kmayofilebiT Sexvda lev trocki. partiulma sasamarTlom

gulmodgined imuSava, mousmina lev trockisac da ioseb juRaSvilsac.

ganaCeni aseTi iyo: ioseb juRaSvils 1907 wlis 13 ivniss TbilisSi

ganxorcielebul eqspropriacasTan kavSiri ar hqonia.

48 miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, 1907 wels TbilisSi ganxorcielebul

eqspropriacas dRemde ioseb juRaSvils miaweren. memuaruli

literaturidan, publicistikidan da istoriografiidan es Tema mxatvrul

filmsa da mxatvrul prozaSi gadavida. adamianTa nawilisaTvis is

WeSmaritebaa, nawilisaTvis _ sicrue.

bolosityva

qarTvel social-demokratebTan (menSevikebTan) ideur brZolaSi

damarcxebulma ioseb juRaSvilma 1907 wels saqarTvelo datova. xSirad

ismis kiTxva: ra moxdeboda, rom ioseb juRaSvils samSoblo ar

daetovebina da ideur mowinaaRmdegeebTan iseTive SeupovrobiT

gaegrZelebina brZola, rogorc ibrZoda 1899-1907 wlebSi? am kiTxvaze

pasuxi scildeba istorikosis kompetenciis sazRvrebs. Cven SeiZleba

vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ratom datova ioseb juRaSvilma saqarTvelo da ratom

miaSura ruseTs? ruseTis social-demokratiis liderebis (giorgi

plexanovi, vladimer lenini, iuli martovi da sxv.) naSromebis gacnobam,

rsdmp IV (gamaerTianebel) da rsdmp V yrilobaze bolSevikebsa da

menSevikebs Soris mimdinare polemikam ioseb juRaSvili daarwmuna Tavis

upiratesobaSi. ruseTis social-demokratiis elita masStaburi azrovnebis

did deficits ganicdida. mis liderebs warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT, saiT

mieqaneboda ruseTi, is saxelmwifo, romlis baton-patronad gaxdomas isini

apirebdnen. ruseTis social-demokratiaSi klasobrivma (partiulma), ufro

metic, fraqciul-klanur-seqtanturma azrovnebam imZlavra saxelmwifoebriv

azrovnebaze. swored amisi Sedegi iyo is, rom TviT giorgi plexanovi da

vladimer lenini didi xnis Semdegac ki ver mixvdnen imas, rac kargad

uwyoda ioseb juRaSvilma ukve XX saukunis damdegs: velikorusebs,

ruseTis saxelmwifos gaaCnda Rirebulebebi, romlis uaryofa adamianebis

Zalebs aRemateboda da is, rasac WeSmaritebad asaRebdnen menSevikebi da

bolSevikebi, saerTod miuRebeli iyo ruseTisaTvis.

ioseb juRaSvils ukve gansazRvruli hqonda Tavisi adgili ruseTis

social-demokratiis elitaSi. Tavdapirvelad mas swamda, rom gza ruseTis

social-demokrtiis elitisaken saqarTveloze, misi samSobloze gadioda.

mogvianebiT igi darwmunda, rom am gziT kidev erTi qarTveli (albaT,

49 sxvac) apirebda ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi SeRwevas. ioseb

juRaSvili mixvda, rom qarTvelebi mas arafers daumTobdnen: unayofo

brZolaSi gaivlida wlebi. ruseTis social-demokratiis elitaSi SeRweva

ruseTidan ufro advili iyo, iq ioseb juRaSvili ufro advilad da ufro

swrafad SeZlebda Tavisi upiratesobis realizebas.

ioseb juRaSvilma saqarTvelo datova...

maS ase: 1899 wels ioseb juRaSvilma Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria

datova da revoluciur (social-demokratiul) moZraobaSi Caeba. savsebiT

bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ioseb juRaSvils rom ekonomikuri SesaZlebloba

hqonoda (swavlebis gadasaxadi gadaexada) da sasuliero seminaria

daesrulebina, gaagrZelebda Tu ara sasuliero moRvaweobas? Cveni azriT,

ioseb juRaSvili sasuliero piri (diakvani, mRvdeli) arasdros gaxdeboda.

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom ioseb juRaSvils goris sasuliero

saswavleblis warCinebiT dasruleba da Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis

oTxi klasis programis kargad aTviseba aZlevda imis saSualebas, rom

momxdariyo misi diakvnad xeldasxma, xolo Semdeg _ mRvdlad xeldasxma.

es ufleba ioseb juRaSvilma ar gamoiyena, rac TavisTavad metyvelebs mis

mrwamsze. exla ufro dawvrilebiT.

ioseb juRaSvilma goris sasuliero saswavlebeli `pirveli mowafis~

TanrigiT daasrula. es daaxloebiT utoldeboda winaT saSualo skolebSi

arsebul vercxlisa da oqros medals. e. i. goris sasuliero

saswavlebelSi ioseb juRaSvili warCinebuli mowafe iyo. sxvas rom

yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, mas SesaniSnavad unda scodnoda Zveli da axali

aRTqma. Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis oTxi klasis dasrulebis Semdeg

ioseb juRaSvils specialur sagnebSi kargi Sefasebebi hqonda: wminda

werilis ganmarteba _ Zalze kargi (4), bibliuri istoria _ Zalze kargi (4),

pasqalia _ Zalze kargi (4), eklesiis istoria _ kargi (3), ZiriTadi

RvTismetyveleba _ kargi (3), homiletika _ kargi (3). aRsaniSnavia, rom

rusul saeklesio galobaSi igi Sefasebuli iyo friadiT (5), xolo

qarTul saeklesio galobaSi _ Zalze kargiT (4). ase rom, ioseb juRaSvils

seriozuli sasuliero ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. amasTan erTad ioseb

juRaSvilma kargad icoda istoria. ruseTis da msoflio samoqalaqo

50 istoriaSi igi Sefasebuli iyo Zalze kargiT (4). iseTi rTuli sagani,

rogoric logikaa, ioseb juRaSvils aseve friadze (5) hqonda Seswavlili.

maS ra moxda? aseTi seriozuli sasuliero ganaTlebis mqone

axalgazrda ratom gaxda revolucioneri? rogorc Cans, ioseb juRaSvils

jer kidev gorSi cxovrebis periodSi sul ufro uZlierdeboda socialuri

protestis grZnoba. mas Zalze mZime bavSvoba hqonda. qmrisagan mitovebuli

keke bavSvs ukidures siRaribeSi zrdida. ioseb juRaSvilze ara nakleb

damTrgunvel gavlenas axdenda dedis socialuri mdgomareoba (keke,

faqtobrivad, Sinamosamsaxure iyo) da imisi mudmivi SegrZneba, rom mudam

cxovrebis fskerze darCeboda. kidev ufro damZimda ioseb juRaSvilis

mdgomareoba TbilisSi Camosvlis Semdeg _ aq mas dedis siTboc moaklda.

seminariaSi Caricxvis dRidan sul imis SiSSi iyo, rom swavlebis

gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis gamo ar gaericxaT. cxadia, yovelive aman ioseb

juRaSvilSi socialuri protestis grZnoba gaaZliera.

ioseb juRaSvilis winaSe sul ufro cxadad dgeboda arCevanis

gakeTebis aucilebloba: pirveli. mZime ekonomikuri, socialuri da

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT gaborotebuls xsna eklesiaSi epova _ sulis

gadarCenisaTvis ezruna; meore. misTvis sulisSemxuTveli da

Seuracxmyofeli garemos brZoliT Secvla. es, cxadia, balmomreobasa da

sisxls ar gamoricxavda, anu RmerTisagan gandgomas niSnavda.

ioseb juRaSvilma meore gza arCia. wavidoda, Tu ar wavidoda, an ra

mizeziT wavidoda seminariidan, mniSvneloba ar hqonda. seminariidan

wasvlis Semdeg ioseb juRaSvili Zalian male RmerTisagan gandgomil,

RmerTis uarmyofel adamianebs (ruseTidan gadmosaxlebul social-

demokratebs) daukavSirda da uRmerTo cxovreba daiwyo. cxadi xdeba: ioseb

juRaSvilisaTvis ukve 1899 wlis Sua xanebisaTvis (SeiZleba cota adrec)

miuRebeli yofila uflis mcnebani:

_ `ara kac hkla~.

_ `ara wina-aRdgomad borotisa, aramed romelmac gces Sen yurimalsa

Sensa marjuenesa, miupyar erTkerZoÁca~.

_ `giyuarded mterni Tquenni~.

am mcnebaTa uaryofis gziT iara mTeli Tavisi cxovreba yofilma

seminarielma ioseb juRaSvilma. socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevisaTvis

didi sisxli daRvara, ar daindo aravin, vinc, misi azriT, am ideis

51 ganxorcielebas uSlida xels. miaRwia imas, rom Seqmna uzarmazari

saxelmwifo, romlis ideac mxolod mas ekuTvnoda da romlis xorcSesxmac

mxolod mas xelewifeboda. ioseb juRaSvilma kargad icoda, rom igi

RmerTs ganudga da suli samudamo satanjvelisaTvis gaswira. miuxedavad

amisa, didebis mwvervalze myofma, zesaxelmwifos erTpirovnulma

mbrZanebelma qristianuli wesiT dasaflaveba iTxova da sikvdilis win

moZRvars aRsareba Caabara.

adamianisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT revolucionerisa da didi

politikosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TiTqmis yvela codvis Tanaziari ioseb

juRaSvili inaniebda, RmerTisagan Sendobas eloda...