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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti
lela saraliZe
ioseb pilsudski da
poloneli xalxis brZola rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg
meomris biblioTeka #19
Tbilisi
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecxramete wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori avTandil sonRulaSvili
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
2
poloneTis pirveli marSalis, samxedro ministrisa da SeiaraRebul
ZalTa generaluri inspeqtoris, poloneTis erovnuli gmiris _ ioseb
pilsudskis pirovnebis sidiade, mis mier dakavebul TanamdebobaTa
CamonaTvaliT rodi ganisazRvreba. i. pilsudski iyo is gmiri, romelic
samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis dausrulebel brZolaSi aqtiurad iyo
Cabmuli. Mmas wilad xvda cimbiri, cixeebi da miuxedavad mravali
siZneleebisa, moaxerxa sakuTar ganzraxvaTa ganxorcieleba. mas udidesi
Zalisxmeva dasWirda mopovebuli gamarjvebis dasamkvidreblad. ioseb
pilsudskis pirovnuli sidiade da sakuTari qveynisaTvis Tavganwirva
misabaZi magaliTia yvela eris mamuliSvilTaTvis. Aam erovnuli,
bumberazi gmiris biografia aris cocxali, mcire `konspeqti~ mTeli
poloneTis istoriisa. `samSoblosaTvis brZolis erT-erTi saukeTeso
saxelmZRvanelo~ _ ase Seafasa marSal pilsudskis moRvaweoba
qarTvelma generalma, qarTuli samxedro skolis (1919-1921 ww.) erT-
erTma fuZemdebelma aleqsandre CxeiZem.
ioseb pilsudski daibada 1867 wlis 5 dekembers, q. vilnosTan*
axlomdebare sofel JulokSi, patriotul aznaurul ojaxSi. es is
periodi iyo, rodesac sul oTxiode wlis win, 1863 wels, cecxliT da
maxviliT CaaxSves poloneTis ukanaskneli SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba,
rodesac qveyanaSi rusuli `samarTlianobis da wesrigis~ damyarebis qar-
cecxli mZvinvarebda. patara iosebs deda xSirad ukiTxavda poloneTis
istorias, uambobda ajanyebis, misi damarcxebis mizezebis Sesaxeb da
cdilobda SvilebisaTvis Caenerga mterTan bZolis gagrZelebis
aucilebloba. zRaprebis nacvlad, bavSvebi dedisagan ismendnen istoriebs
ajanyebulTa namdvil brZolebze, maT gmirobas da Tavdadebas. i.
pilsudski werda: `deda bavSvobidan wvrTnida CvenSi azrebis
damoukideblobas da aRvivebda piraduli Rirsebis grZnobebs, romlebmac
Semdegi saxe miiRes Cems azrovnebaSi: mxolod is kacia adamiani,
romelsac aqvs garkveuli rwmena da miuxedavad Sedegisa, SeZlebs am
rwmenis saqmed aRiarebas~. igi bavSvobidanve gaitaca samSoblos mtrebTan
Seurigebeli brZolis survilma. dedis uSualo gavlenis qveS izrdeboda
is 7 wlamde. mas Semdeg, rac sofelSi saxli daewvaT, ojaxi
sacxovreblad q. vilnoSi gadasaxlda. miuxedavad mcire asakisa, am
qalaqma iseTi didi STabeWdileba moaxdina i. pilsudskize, rom q. vilno,
mas cxovrebis bolomde gamorCeulad uyvarda. swored, am qalaqSi Sexvda
igi pirvelad rusebs. mSoblebma patara iosebi saswavleblad gimnaziaSi
miabares. gimnaziaSi yofnis periodi, misi gadmocemiT, namdvili katorRa
iyo, radgan maswavleblebi amcirebdnen yovelive polonurs, xSirad
abuCad igdebdnen imas, rac misTvis Zvirfasi da sayvareli iyo.
megobrebTanPpolonur enaze saubris gamo, is Zlivs gadaurCa gimnaziidan
garicxvas. jer kidev, srulebiT moumwifebeli gimnazisti, ukve
ajanyebaze fiqrobda. i. pilsudski dawvrilebiT gaecno poloneTis
3
warsul ajanyebaTa istorias da eZebda maTi damarcxebis gamomwvev
mizezebs. bevrs kiTxulobda safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb da bolos
im daskvnamde mivida, rom ajanyebis gamarjvebiT dagvirgvinebisaTvis
saWiro iyo mTeli eris gaerTianeba. jer kidev srulid axalgazrda
iosebma, Tavis Zma bronislavTan erTad, Seqmna saidumlo sazogadoeba _
`kavSiri~, romlis yvela wevri ecnoboda revoluciis pirvel nabijebs.
gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, i. pilsudski Sevida xarkovis
universitetis samedicino fakultetze. gimnaziidan ki mas Semdegi
Sinaarsis mowmoba gaatanes: `Хотя очень способный, но рожденный бунтовщиком~ (e. i. `Tumca Zlier niWieria, magram meamboxedaa
dabadebuli~). xarkovSi i. pilsudski monawileobda studentur
organizaciebSi.Ddemonstraciebis mowyobisaTvis saswavlo wlis bolos,
sxvebTan erTad, administraciuli wesiT gaZevebuli iqna xarkovidan,
amave dros, CamoerTva universitetSi kvlav swavlis ufleba. amrigad, i.
pilsudskis, Tavidanve gadauketes swavlis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba,
rac mas sabolood daarwmunebs, rom ar darCa sxva gza, garda brZolisa.
i. pilsudski dabrunda q. vilnoSi da safuZveli Cauyara saidumlo
kavSirs, romlis amocanas warmoaddgenda brZola ruseTis xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg. `kavSiris~ mizani iyo muSebis, moxeleebis da glexebis
momzadebisa da Segnebis donis amaRleba, maTTvis poloneTis itoriisa da
saerTo, imJamindeli mdgomareobis gacnoba. kavSiris wevrebi maT
farulad aswavlidnen polonur enaze wera-kiTxvas. imavdroulad, i.
pilsudskim daiwyo gazeTis gamocema. mis mier Seqmnil saidumlo
organizacias kavSiri hqonda ruseTis organizaciasTan _ `xalxis azri~,
romelic im periodSi amzadebda SeTqmulebas mefe aleqsandre III-is
winaaRmdeg. ruseTis mTavrobam gaigo SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, rasac q.
vilnos organizaciis mravali wevris dapatimreba mohyva. aseT pirobebSi,
i. pilsudskis ganwyoba ruseTis mimarT TandaTanobiT iqca zizRad da
SurisZiebis survilad. jer kidev, sruliad axalgazrda studentma,
Tavisi revoluciuri muSaobiT miipyro ruseTis mmarTvelTa yuradReba,
ris gamoc is xuTi wliT cimbirSi gadaasaxles. cimbirSi yofnis dros,
i. pilsudski sabolood midis im daskvnamde, rom samSoblos
gaTavisuflebis idea, unda wamovides TviT poloneli xalxis siRrmidan.
1887 wels, igi aqtiurad daadga im gzas, romelic bevrma misma
Tanamemamulem samSoblos gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi ganvlo. yoveli
devna, dabrkoleba da marcxi, sulierad gatexvis nacvlad, ufro met
energiasa da Seurigeblobas iwvevda masSi. cimbiridan dabrunebis
Semdeg, i. pilsudski ufro meti energiiT Seudga konspiraciul muSaobas
da saTaveSi Caudga poloneTis social-demokratiuli partiis sabrZolo
organizacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi politikuri
muSaobis manZilze, mas arc erTi wuTiT mxedvelobidan ar gamoparvia
mTavari mizani da arc erTi nabijiT ar daSorebia misken mimaval
4
umokles, swor gzas. sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad, man gadawyvita
gamoenaxa saTanado wre da am mizniT, mimarTa muSebs. am wreSi is Sexvda
polonel socialistebs, romlebmac parizis erT-erT krebaze, Tavis
miznad daisaxes poloneTis damoukideblobis miRweva. i. pilsudski
energiulad Seudga muSaobas `amxanag viktoris~ fsevdonimiT. man am
wreSic male moixveWa saxeli. i. pilsudski airCies `poloneTis
socialisturi partiis~ centraluri komitetis wevrad. man daiwyo
saidumlo beWdviTi organo `muSa~-s gamocema, sadac xSirad aTavsebda
mZafr da cxare werilebs, romlebiTac polonel ers ruseTis batonobis
winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mouwodebda. gazeT `muSa~-s gamocemam ruseTis
xelisufalTa mrisxaneba gamoiwvia. isini energiulad Seudgnen gamoZiebas
gazeTis gamomcemelTa dasapatimreblad, magram `amxanagi viktori~ (i.
pilsudski, l.s.) axerxebs Tavisi kvalis dafarvas. stamba droebiT sxva
qalaqSi gadaitanes. Tavidan igi iyo vilnoSi da sabolood gamomcemlebma
is q. loZSi* ganaTavses. gazeTis gamocemis saqmes, i. pilsudski Tavidanve
didi energiiT Seudga. Tavadve awyobda nomrebs, beWdavda da TviTonve
arigebda poloneTis sxvadasxva mxareSi. Ggamoicemoda gazeTis 1900
egzemplari, aseTi raodenobiT gazeTis darigeba-dagzavna arc ise advili
iyo, miT umetes, rom gamomcemlebs yovel wuTSi safrTxe moelodaT
agentebisagan. gazeTis gamocemis saqmeSi i. pilsudskis did daxmarebas
uwevda Tavisi megobari `edmundi~ (s. voicexovskis, poloneTis meore
prezidentis fsevdonimi, l. s.). miuxedavad didi zewolisa, gazeTi
`muSa~, eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi, ganuwyvetliv gamodioda da mTel
poloneTSi vrceldeboda.
1900 wlis 21 Tebervals, RamiT, policiam i. pilsudski
daapatimra. igi didi xnis manZilze jer q. loZis cixeSi imyofeboda,
Semdeg ki gadaiyvanes q. varSavis citadelSi da daamwyvdies e. w. meaTe
pavilionSi. aqedan tusaRi gahyavdaT an dasaxvretad, an kidev samudamo
katorRaSi agzavnidnen. misi megobrebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rogorme
gaeTavisuflebinaT poloneTis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli gmiri.
vinaidan miudgomeli cixidan misi ZaliT gamoyvana SeuZlebeli iyo,
megobrebma saidumlod gadaugzavnes werili, romelSic urCevdnen mas
fsiqiuri avadmyofobis simulacia gaeTamaSebina. maT imedi hqondaT, rom
iosebs gadaiyvandnen saavadmyofoSi da iqedan ufro SesaZlebeli iqneboda
misi daxsna. am gegmas i. pilsudski daeTanxma. marTlac, male eqimebma
daadastures pilsudskis avadmyofoba, oRond administracia frTxilad
moiqca, igi jer petrogradis petre-pavles cixeSi gadaiyvanes, ufro
mogvianebiT ki fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi. im periodSi, axalgazrda
polonelma eqimma mazurkeviCma, moaxerxa im saavadmyofos fsiqiatriul
ganyofilebaSi eqimad mowyoba, sadac i. pilsudski imyofeboda. 1901
wlis 13 maiss, mazurkeviCi saavadmyofoSi morige eqimi iyo, misi
brZanebiT, imave saRamos, masTan kabinetSi Seiyvanes avadmyofi `viktori~,
5
saidanac naxevari saaTis Semdeg igi, maRali xarisxis Cinovnikis formaSi,
gadacmuli, eqimis TanxlebiT gamodis. Ggamosasvlel karebSi mas Jandarmi
miesalma kidec. gaTavisuflebisTanave, i. pilsudski q. kievisaken
gaemarTa, sadac misi megobrebi agrZelebdnen gazeT `muSa~-s gamocemas.
Mmale man datova ruseTi da avstriaSi gadavida. iqedan ki gaemgzavra q.
londonSi socialistebis yrilobaze, sadac Sexvda Tavis megobars i.
mostickis (SemdegSi poloneTis prezidenti, l.s.). yrilobis damTavrebis
Semdeg igi q. krakovSi* dabrunda. ruseTidan gamoqceuli poloneli
patriotebi, am qalaqSi xSirad marTavdnen krebebs, romelzec i.
pilsudski ganuwyvetliv qadagebda samSoblos gaTavisuflebisTvis
brZolis ideas.
poloneTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, i. pilsudski
TanamSromlobas ar erideboda, arc erT sxva polonur politikur
jgufebTan, radgan am sabrZolo organizaciebSi igi xedavda, poloneli
eris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis kadrebs da mTeli mondomebiT cdilobda
qveynis ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis Seqmnas. pirveli msoflio omis win, i.
pilsudski imyofeboda poloneTis im nawilSi, romelic avstriis mier
iyo dapyrobili. aq is saTaveSi Caudga msrolel moxaliseTa nawilis
organizacias. igi yvelgan sakuTari eris interesebis dasacavad
moRvaweobda. igive mizniT, ibrZoda avstriis frontze ruseTis
winaaRmdeg. im droisaTvis, mTeli poloneTi mofenili iyo i. pilsudskis
mier Seqmnili Zlieri konspiraciuli samxedro organizaciebis qseliT,
romelic aralegalurad muSaobda. im periodSi, poloneTis mTeli
teritoria, mxolod germaniisa da avstriis xelSi iyo moqceuli. 1918
wlis oqtombris bolos, damarcxebuli avstria-ungreTi daiSala da
poloneTis erTi nawili faqtiurad gaTavisuflda. Nnoembris pirvel
naxevarSi, germanelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen zavi eTxovaT yovelgvari
pirobebis miuxedavad. TviT germaniaSi revoluciis cecxli mZvinvarebda.
poloneTis samxedro organizacias xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna.
polonelma patriotebma poloneTis teritoriaze myofi germanelTa
armiis ganiaraReba daiwyes. am periodSi, gaTavisuflebuli iqna i.
pilsudskic, romelic magdeburgis cixeSi ijda. igi dabrunda varSavaSi,
sadac mas mTeli eri Seegeba, ganurCevlad politikuri mimarTulebisa,
rogorc samSoblos erTaderT mxsnels. i. pilsudski erTxmad aRWurves
faqtiurad SeuzRudavi ZalauflebiT. Aim dros, poloneTis aRmosavleT
nawilSi, jer kidev idga germanuli armiis Zlieri SenaerTi, romelsac
sakuTari samSoblosaken mimavals poloneTis teritoriaze unda gaevlo.
germanelebs fexdafex misdevda rusi bolSevikebis laSqari im rwmeniT,
rom evropaSi maTi batonobis Jami dadgeboda. swored, aq iwyeba i.
pilsudskis politikuri moqmedebis axali etapi; romelic mimarTuli
iyo poloneTis sami okupanti qveynis (germania, avstria-ungreTi, ruseTi)
winaaRmdeg. xangrZlivi muSaobis Semdeg, man marTlac miaRwia mizans.
6
Semdgomi etapi ukve aRmSeneblobiT muSaobas unda daTmoboda. am
gamocdis Cabareba poloneTs metad rTul pirobebSi mouxda. saWiro iyo
saCqarod Seqmniliyo saxelmwifo aparati, aseve SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,
rac kidev ufro Zneli iyo, ramdenadac, saxelmwifos yvela struqtura
ukanaskneli omis ganmavlobaSi, daundobel brZolaTa sarbiels
warmoadgenda. poloneTi, bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi sami saxelmwifos
`Cinuri kedlebiT~ iyo dayofili, TiToeuli maTganis samflobelo
teritoriad. poloneli xalxis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom i.
pilsudskis xelmZRvanelobiT, maT, didi sirTuleebis miuxedavad,
dasaxul mizans miaRwies. Seqmnil viTarebaSi dangreuli qveynis aRdgena
Zalze Wirda. poloneTi faqtiurad, saxifaTo ekonomikuri da
politikuri krizisis winaSe dadga. AaseT rTul pirobebSi, i.
pilsudski qveyanas mxsnelad moevlina. 1926 wels, qveynis aRmSeneblobis
mizniT, igi politikur sarbielze kvlav gamovida da saaRmSeneblo
muSaobaSi iseTive Tvisebebi gamoiCina, rogorc konspiraciul moqmedebaSi.
es Sedegi iyo i. pilsudskis muxlCauxreli muSaobisa. man, faqtiurad
ufskrulidan gamoiyvana poloneli eri da xangrZlivi, Tavdadebuli
muSaobiT qveyanas Seuqmna mkvidri saZirkveli momavali ganviTarebisaTvis.
Mi. pilsudskim samSoblos mZlavri kadrebi aRuzarda mis mier
dawyebuli saqmeebis gasagrZeleblad. Mman yvelaferi Seswira samSoblos,
risi Sewirvac ki SeiZleboda: Seswira mTeli Tavisi axalgazrdoba,
romelic cixeebSi da tanjvaSi gaatara, mTeli Tavisi mxedruli niWi ki
samSoblos aRorZinebas moaxmara. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT poloneTis
mravalsaukunovan istorias, davinaxavT, rom i. pilsudskis Rvawli
ganuzomelia. man Tavisi politikuri moRvaweoba, poloneTisaTvis
ukiduresi gaWirvebis da uimedo mdgomareobidan daiwyo da saboloo
gamarjvebamde miiyvana. qarTveli erisaTvis poloneTis istoriis am
periods gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. Ees aris im eris istoria,
romelsac gangebam, qarTveli eris msgavsad, ucxo, mZlavri da agresiuli
mezoblebi mouvlina. polonelma erma kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom Tuki
ers aqvs survili ibrZolos sakuTari arsebobisaTvis, maSin am eris
gaTavisufleba, mxolod drois sakiTxad rCeba. am TvalsazrisiT, ioseb
pilsudskim gadalaxa Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebi da magaliTad iqca yvela
im xalxisaTvis, vinc sakuTari qveynis TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis.
poloneTSi, emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli iunkeri nikoloz maTikaSvili
ase afasebda ioseb pilsudskis pirovnebis mniSvnelobas poloneTisaTvis:
`poloneTs, iseve rogorc saqarTvelosac, ruseTis xelSi bevri hqondaT
saukmayofilo da amisaTvis iyo, rom orive am qveyanaSi bevri aRmoCnda
memarcxeneTa darazmul rigebSi. oRond, ramdenadac es movlena
sasargeblo aRmoCnda TviTmpyrobelobis dangrevis moaxlovebisaTvis,
imdenad dasca da moaduna erovnuli Segneba da amiT aunazRaurebeli
ziani miayena im erebs mainc, romelTa cxovreba calke kalapotiT
7
mowyobas iTxovda. saukeTeso magaliTi imisa, Tu ramdenad gadamwyveti da
mwvave iyo TviTmpyrobelobas mocilebuli erebisaTvis am ukanaskneli
simZimis daZleva, varT Cven, qarTvelebi. poloneTsac igive gza ar
ascdeboda, rom misi bedis mkveTelad Cvenis msgavsi pirobebi
darCeniliyo. Bbedi, oRond, ufro lmobieri gamodga maTTvis da im Znel
wuTebSi mouvlina kaci, romlis rkinis nebisyofam, aRelvebul cxovrebis
talRebze poloneTis gemi gamocdili xeliT iqamde da ise atara, vidre
is sasurvel da myudro navTsayudelTan ar miiyvana. Ees adamiani,
msoflioSi kargad cnobili marSali pilsudskia; is pilsudski, romlis
piradi biografia poloneTis eris, misi Tavisuflebis aRdgenis da
ganmtkicebis istoriaa. Eeris istorias pirovnebani qmnian, kargsac da
avsac. maTi damsaxureba da bralia, Tu eri, aTeuli wlebis sigrZeze,
bedsa an ubedobaSi Cavardeba da poloneTis magaliTze es aqsioma kidev
erTxel damtkicda. Aadvili pirobebi ar hqonia samad gayofil poloneTs
Tavisuflebis mopovebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
CvenTan SedarebiT, es pirobebi iyo bevrad ufro Zneli, magram
pilsudskim aramc Tu yvela pirobebi gadalaxa, aramed geniosuri
SorsmWvretelobiT Seafasa da Tavisi momavali moqmedebisaTvis, eris
sakeTildReod xelsayreli foni TviTonve da windawinve Seqmna. Aam
mizezis bralia, rom i. pilsudskis pirovneba Tavisi RirsebiT da fasiT
bevrad gascda poloneTis eris masStabs da misi pirovneba yvela
Tavmoyvare erisaTvis Seswavlis sagnad da pativis Rirsad iqca.~
bunebrivia, tabaxmelas gmiri n. maTikaSvili, ver egueboda, 1921
wlis 25 Tebervals, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupacias da im sastik,
komunistur reJims, romelic damyarda mis mSobliur saqarTveloSi da
emigraciaSi myofi, sinanuliT afasebda qveynis istoriis im metad mZime
periods, romelmac saqarTvelo didi xniT daaSora ganviTarebis
dasavlur gzas.
i. pilsudskis, qveynis gaTavisuflebis imedi, jer kidev, ruseT-
iaponiis omma Causaxa. amasTanave, igi xedavda poloneTis eris tragedias
imaSi, rom poloneTis Svilebs sisxli unda daeRvaraT Soreuli
aRmosavleTis sazRvrebze, ruseTis interesebis dasacavad. i. pilsudskis
ar aSinebda dapatimrebis safrTxe, rodesac varSavaSi dabrunda da
mobilizaciis sawinaaRmdego aSkara propagandas eweoda. samwuxarod,
poloneTis sazogadoeba maSin mzad ar aRmoCndaTavisuflebisaTvis
sabrZolvelad. Mmale, iaponiis mTavrobis miwveviT, pilsudski iaponiaSi
gaemgzavra da qveynis mTavrobas windadadeba misca ruseTis jarebis
zurgSi dazvervis mowyobis Sesaxeb. sanacvlod, iaponiisagan moiTxova
iaraRi da sabrZolo masala poloneli revolucionerebisaTvis.
molaparakeba ver Sedga da pilsudski krakovSi dabrunda. man miiRo
gadawyvetileba, moemzadebina sayovelTao SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi da
8
energiulad Seudga am saqmes. pirveli aseTi SeiaraRebuli gamosvla,
1904 wlis 10 noembers, varSavaSi moxda da mas usisxlod ar Cauvlia.
i. pilsudskim, ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, Seqmna samxedro
safuZvelze damyarebuli, `mebrZolTa organizacia~. am organizaciis
wevrTa raodenoba 6 000 kacs aRwevda. isini dayofilni da
ganawilebulni iqnen patar-patara diviziebad* da imyofebodnen ruseTis
mier dapyrobili poloneTis teritoriaze. i. pilsudskim am razmebs
amocanad dausaxa rusebis ganuwyvetliv Seviwroeba. swored, im periodSi
daiwyo Tavdasxmebi fostaze, policiaze, matareblebze da sxvadasxva
dawesebulebebze. ioseb pilsudskim, organizaciaSi Seitana samxedro
wesrigi da gankargulebebs scemda, rogorc oficialuri samxedro
meTauri. ruseTis mTavroba am razmebs daundoblad devnida, ris gamoc
organizaciis muSaoba metad garTulda; gaxSirda organizatorTa
dapatimrebebic, Sedegad ki, zogi maTgani sazRvargareT gaiqca.
organizacia, TiTqmis daSlis piras iyo. miuxedavad amisa, i. pilsudskis
Seudrekelma xasiaTma, am SemTxvevaSic Tavisi gaitana. Mman gadawyvita
saqmis gamosworeba. ai, ras werda igi 1907 wlis bolos: `vSromob da
vfiqrob or sakiTxze _ fulis Sovnaze momavali xazinis dasaarseblad
da militarul agitaciaze, e. i. momavali revolucionerebis sabrZolo
amocanebis Seswavla-momzadebaze, Tuki nawilobriv mainc mivaRwev pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, 300 000 maneTis Sovnas da meore SemTxvevaSi ki, SevZleb
SevunarCuno sazogadoebas saRi azrovneba am mimarTulebiT da
axalgazrdebis daintereseba _ viqnebi savsebiT kmayofili da SevZlebdi
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Semeqmna iseTi ram, romelic ufro metad
gamosayenebeli iqneboda miznis misaRwevad, vidre dRevandeli aqtiuri
razmebi~. am TvalsazrisiT, i. pilsudski 1908 wlis dasawyisidan
noembramde, aqtiur muSaobas eweoda. xangrZlivi Sromisa da dazvervis
Semdeg, misTvis cnobili gaxda, rom q. vilnodan matarebliT, didi Tanxa
gadahqondaT petrogradSi. misma Tanamoazreebma, Ggadawyvites
matarebelze Tavdasxma da fulis gataceba. Ddadgenilebis sisruleSi
moyvana friad Zneli da saxifaTo iyo. i. pilsudski, Tavis or
megobarTan erTad, awyobs gegmas, romlis sisruleSi mosayvanad daTqves
1908 wlis 26 noemberi. aRniSnuli gegmis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobas
iRebda 14 kaci, maT Soris iyo erTi qali. kargad momzadebuli saqme,
brwyinvaled dagvirgvinda. Mmatarebeli gaaCeres da fostis mcveli
guSagebis ganiaraRebis Semdeg, SeTqmulebs xelSi CauvardaT, zustad
sasurveli Tanxa _ 300 000 maneTi. am warmatebuli operaciis Semdeg,
misi monawileni, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT daifantnen, maTi erTi nawili
avstriaSi gadavida. maT Soris iyo i. pilsudskic; cota mogvianebiT,
avstriaSi fuli Caitana gegmis ganxorcielebaSi monawile qalma, gvarad
SCerbinskam, romelic SemdgomSi i. pilsudskis meuRle gaxda.
9
i. pilsudskim miznad daisaxa Zlieri polonuri armiis Seqmna.
mogvianebiT q. lvovSi, man safuZveli Cauyara organizacias,
saxelwodebiT _ `aqtiuri brZolis kavSiri~, romelic SemdgomSi
`msrolelTa kavSirad~ gadakeTda. Mmis mier Seqmnil msrolel jgufebs,
romelTa raodenoba 1912 wels 300 aRwevda, igi Sescqeroda, rogorc
kadrebs, romelTagan momavalSi Seiqmneboda poloneTis jari. i.
pilsudski Tavis organizaciaSi izidavda inteligent axalgazrdobas. man
daaarsa nacvalTa samxedro skola, xolo oficerTaTvis _ umaRlesi
skola.
i. pilsudskis mier Seqmnili organizacia ar iyo savsebiT faruli.
avstriis mTavroba xels ar uSlida mis wevrTa muSaobas, radgan Tavis
mxriv, is momavalSi am organizaciis avstriis miznebisaTvis gamoyenebaze
fiqrobda. 1912 wels, i. pilsudskim gamoiCina araCveulebrivi gambedaoba
da momavali jaris saWiroebisaTvis daaarsa samxedo xazina, aseve, Seqmna
`poloneTis ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~, romelic I msoflio omis
dasawyisSi, faqtobrivad, mTavrobis rols asrulebda.
`ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~ TviTonve marTavda savele swavlebebs da
manevrebs, aseve, umaRles samxedro skolaSi atarebda leqciebs.
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, pilsudski im azrisa iyo, rom
poloneTi im SemTxvevaSi gaTavisufldeboda, Tu momaval omSi
damarcxdeboda jer ruseTi, Semdeg ki _ germania, xolo Tu ruseTi an
germania sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovidoda am omidan, misi azriT,
poloneTi veRarasodes daixsnida Tavs maTi uRlisagan. swored, am
mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda i. pilsudski, rodesac pirveli msoflio
omis dawyebisas, Tavisi jariT, avstrielebis mxareze iyo da ibrZoda
ruseTis dasamarcxeblad. is imedovnebda, rom avstriis mxareze saomari
moqmedebisas, ruseTis mier dapyrobil poloneTis nawilSi, moaxerxebda
poloneli eris ajanyebas. 1914 wlis 6 agvistos, krakovidan brZolis
velze gaemarTa poloneTis jaris pirveli sakadro aseuli, sul 160
kaci, romelic mTlianad inteligentebisagan Sedgeboda. Aaseuls i.
pilsudskim Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `jariskacno! wilad gxvdaT is
didi pativi, rom pirvelni gailaSqrebT samefosaken (igulisxmeba
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi poloneTis teritoria, l.s.) da
gadalaxavT ruseTis sazRvrebs, rogorc mowinave nawili poloneTis
jarisa, romelic mieSureba brZolaSi samSoblos gansaTavisufleblad...
Tqven SegcqeriT rogorc kadrebs, romlis farglebSi unda gaiSalos
(aSendes) momavali poloneTis jari da mogilocavT Tqven, rogorc
pirvel sakadro aseuls.~ maT win miuZRodaT rva kacisagan Semdgari
cxenosani patruli, belina praJmovskis meTaurobiT. cxenosanTa patruls
mzveravis funqcia eniWeboda, Tumca maT cxenebis saWiro raodenoba ar
hyavdaT da nabrZanebi hqondaT isini rusebisaTvis waerTmiaT.
10
i. pilsudskis ZalisxmeviT, Seiqmna msrolelTa razmi da mokle
xanSi pirveli aseuli iqca legionad, SemdegSi legioni* daiSala pirvel
brigadaT, romelsac uSualod meTaurobda komendati i. pilsudski.
brZolis velze gamoCnda, aseve, meore da mesame legionebis brigadebi.
patara cxenosani patruli gadaiqca cxenosan legionad. legionerebs
ecvaT polonuri formebi, qudze ki isini atarebdnen poloneTis gerbs,
gvirgvinosani TeTri arwivis gamosaxulebiT. komendantma i. pilsudskim,
brZolis win polonel xalxs Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `dadga
gadamwyveti dro. poloneTma Tavi daaRwia monobas da surs TviT ganagos
Tavisi bedi, TviT surs aaSenos sakuTari momavali da amisaTvis
gamohyavs brZolis velze sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. poloneTis
jaris kadrebma ukve fexi daadges poloneTis samefos miwaze ... mogvaqvs
erisaTvis ganTavisufleba...~
1916 wlis dasawyisSi, poloneTi ukve gaTavisuflebuli iyo rusebis
jarisagan, Tumca iq germaniisa da avstriis jarebi kidev idgnen.
Kkomendanti i. pilsudski, rogorc samxedro ministri, droebiTi
mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. germanelebi dahpirdnen polonelebs
saxelmwifos aRdgenas im pirobiT, Tu maT germaniis jaris Sesavsebad
poloneli axalgazrdebis gawvevis ufleba miecemodaT. mTavrobis erT-
erT sxdomaze, komendanti i. pilsudski, win aRudga germaniis am
winadadebas. man yovlad SeuZleblad miiCnia germaniis daxmareba.
imavdroulad, i. pilsudski grZnobda, rom germanelebi, uaris
miuxedavad, mainc Tavisas gaitandnen da amitom saswrafod Seudga
saidumlo organizaciis formirebas poloneTis samive nawilSi da
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi `poloneTis mxedruli organizaciis Seqmnas~.
germanelebma igrZnes poloneli sazogadoebis winaaRmdegoba da
legionerebisagan germaniis saxelmwifos winaSe erTgulebis ficis dadeba
moiTxoves. i. pilsudski poloneTis jars Semdegi saxis brZanebas aZlevs:
`fici ar miiRoT!~
1917 wlis 22 ivliss, germanelebma daatusaRes komendanti i.
pilsudski da misi Stabis ufrosi k. sosnovski. oriveni germaniaSi
gadaiyvanes da moaTavses magdeburgis cixeSi. germanelebma brigadebi
daSales da legionerebi moaTavses saizolacio banakSi. pilsudskis
dapatimrebis Semdeg, `poloneTis mxedruli organizaciis~
xelmZRvaneloba Tavis Tavze generalma ridz-smiglma aiRo.
1918 wlis noemberSi, germanelebis damarcxebis Semdeg, ioseb
pilsudski da misi Stabis ufrosi patimrobas Tavs aRweven da 1918
wlis 10 noembers, oriveni varSavSi dabrundnen. xalxi maT zeimiT
Sexvda. poloneli xalxis rwmeniT, erTaderTi pirovneba, romelmac
daimsaxura eris marTvis ufleba da Seswevda Zala saTaveSi Cadgomoda
sakuTar qveyanas, i. pilsudski iyo. im periodSi, mowveul iqna saxalxo
11
yriloba, romelmac mTeli Zalaufleba mas gadasca. igi, amasTanave xdeba
`saxelmwifos ufrosi~ da yvela SeiaraRebuli Zalis mTavarsardali.
Aim droisaTvis, poloneTis germanuli, avstriuli da rusuli
nawilebi dakavebuli iyo germanelebis mier. ruseTidan ukan daxeul
germaniis jars kvaldakval mihyveboda bolSevikuri jari. sursaT-
sanovage gatacebuli iyo okupantebis mier. civi zamTari mZimed awveboda
isedac gatanjul polonel xalxs. i. pilsudskis varSavaSi dabrunebis
Semdeg, mxolod misi simSvide, Seudrekeloba da dauSreteli energia
asuldgmulebda polonel xalxs. saWiro iyo saidumlo organizaciis
aqtiuri muSaoba, romelic jer kidev 1917 wels daaarsa windaxedulma
i. pilsudskim.
germaniaSi revoluciis pirveli dRidan, general ridz-smiglis
brZanebiT `poloneTis mxedruli organizacia~, Seudga germaniis jaris
ganiaraRebas. brZola gaCaRda poloneTis mTel teritoriaze. poloneTis
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ricxvi dRiTidRe matulobda. i. pilsudskim
daaCqara regularuli jaris Seqmna. germanelebisTvis warTmeuli iaraRi,
mas saSualebas aZlevda gaezarda jariskacTa raodenoba. imave dros,
polonelma erma gamoiCina araCveulebrivi patriotizi, isini sakuTari
xarjebiT adgendnen mTel legionebs. qalebma da bavSvebmac ki, xelSi
iaraRi aiRes, mTeli eri dairazma mtris winaaRmdeg.
damoukideblobisaken am swrafvas, suli Caudga adamianma, romelmac
samSoblos mtrebTan bavSvobidanve daiwyo brZola. poloneTis mosazRvre
saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen misTvis romelime nawilis warTmevas, aseTi
cda Cexoslovakiis mxridanac iyo, Tumca i. pilsudskim mtkiced daicva
qveynis sazRvrebi da aravis araferi ar dauTmo.
amrigad, 1918-1919 wlebSi i. pilsudskim poloneTis samive nawili
dampyroblebs gamoglija, SeaerTa da mkvdreTiT aRadgina mTeli
poloneTi. qveynis aRmosavleTi sazRvari jer kidev ar iyo
damSvidebuli, radgan iq bolSevikebi aqtiurobdnen. 1920 weli idga.
sabWoTa jarebi, romlebmac gaanadgures denikini, dasavleTisaken
gaemarTnen, raTa wiTeli xiStebiT evropaSi saerTaSoriso revolucia
gaeCaRebinaT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom bolSevikebic da denikinic
erTnairad mtrulad uyurebdnen poloneTs, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos.
politikuri situacia im dros, ruseTisaTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli
iyo, radgan germaniis Zveli Zliereba daemxo; avstria-ungreTis imperiis
dacemis Semdeg, dunais napirze mdebare patara saxelmwifoebi
dasustebulni iyvnen. mxolod poloneTi uRobavda gzas ruseTis
dasavleTisken eqspansias, Tumca rus bolSevikebs miaCndaT, rom verc
poloneTi SeZlebda maTi winsvlis SeCerebas. im droisaTvis poloneTi,
marTlac mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, radgan jer kidev
moumzadebeli iyo regularuli jari, romelsac aklda iaraRi, saomari
masala, gansakuTrebiT artileria. jari moklebuli iyo meqanikur
12
satransporto saSualebebs, aseve mcirericxovani iyo cxenosani razmi.
TiToeuli samxedro nawili Taviseburad gawvrTnili iyo, Tumca
erTianobaSi ar warmoadgenda mTlian, SeduRebul organizms _ jars.
erTianoba ar iyo qveynis SigniTac, poloneTis yovel sam nawils
Taviseburi xasiaTis wesrigi hqonda, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli
saxelmwifos xelSi imyofeboda. poloneTis mZime mdgomareoba gamoiyena
ruseTma da TavdajerebiT SeiWra qveyanaSi, Tumca bolSevikebma daiviwyes,
rom materialuri saSualebebi jaris Zlierebis erT meoTxeds
warmoadgens, xolo sulieri Zliereba ki _ sam meoTxeds. marTalia,
poloneTis jars saTanado aRWurva aklda, magram samagierod mis
saTaveSi idga bunebiT patrioti i. pilsudski, romelic jariskacebs
sulier mxneobas matebda. jer kidev, 1919 wlis bolos, poloneTis
sardloba Seudga SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gadamzadebas. reorganizaciis
Sedegad, poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Sedgeboda 21 qveiTi jaris
diviziisa da 7 cxenosanTa brigadisagan. jariskacTa saerTo ricxvi im
droisaTvis 600. 000 aRwevda. garda amisa, arsebobda erTeulTa gareSe
mdgomi, sarezervo nawilebic. im periodSi, poloneTis sardloba
gadavida franguli muSaobis meTodze, romlis Sesabamisad xdeboda
umcros, ufros da generaluri Stabis oficerTa gawvrTna.
1920 wlis ianvris pirvel ricxvebSi, poloneTis laSqari daexmara
litvas, maTTan erTad ukuagdo bolSevikebi aRmosavleTisaken da fronti
gadaitana mdinare svinuxis da osveis tbis napirebze. 1920 wlis martis
bolos, poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan frontze imyofeboda 16
qveiTi divizia da 14 cxenosanTa polki, danarCeni nawilebi jer isev
qveynis SigniT idgnen. Mmoqmed jars Semdegi xazi eWira: CrdiloeTidan
igi mosdevda mdinareebs _ dvinas, berezinas da ptiCs, Semdeg mdinare
uborcs, samxreTiT ki daaxloebiT Sepetuvka-zviahel-proskurovo-
tarnopolis rkinigzas (ixileT ruka #1).
rusi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebaTa dawyebis win,
poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xuT laSqrad iqna dayofili,
saxeldobr: frontis CrdiloeTi nawili mdinare berezinis naxevramde
eWira I armias, frontis samxreTi nawili or armias _ volini II, xolo
podoli ki VI-s. frontis es ori didi nawili gayofili iyo Suaze,
polesiis gauval Waobian tyeTa sivrciT. aRniSnuli sivrce, jaris
nawilebis SesaerTeblad dakavebuli hqonda IV armias. poloneTisadmi
mtrulad ganwyobili litvis sazRvrebze mdgomi nawilebi ki darazmulni
iyvnen Svid armiad. III da V armia, faqtiurad ar arsebobda. dasavleTis
sazRvrebi, im dros antantis* umaRlesi sabWos saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
sagans Seadgenda da samxedro moqmedebaTa uSualo adgils ar
warmoadgenda. poloneTis frontma ufro Sors, aRmosavleTiT
gadainacvla, vidre is mokavSireTa umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebis
Sedegad, versalis* zaviT iqna gansazRvruli poloneTisaTvis.
13
poloneTSi rusi bolSevikebis SemoWramde, evropis saerTo
politikuri mdgomareoba Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: ruseTSi,
xangrZlivi Sinauri omis Semdeg, bolSevikebma gaimarjves. antantam Tavi
daaneba ruseTis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevas da datovebuli nadavliT
mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera bolSevikebis samxedro Zalebi. Sinaurma
gamarjvebebma ruseTis mmarTvelebs Sinagani rwmena ganumtkica. im
droisaTvis germaniaSi anarqia da qaosi sufevda, sadac xelisuflebas
erTmaneTs ecilebodnen memarjvene da memarcxene (komunisturi)
elementebi. italia erTi mxriv, ganicdida Zlier ekonomikur kriziss,
meore mxriv, memarjveneebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen zavis pirobebiT. kidev
ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo damarcxebuli avstria. aseT pirobebSi,
ruseTis politikuri mesveurebi fiqrobdnen sakuTari survilisamebr
moewyoT evropis politikuri ruka. ruseTis am survils ki win aRudga
axlad aRmocenebuli poloneTis respublika.
ruseTi, jer kidev 1919 wlis bolos Seudga yvela Tavisi Sinauri
brZolebisagan gaTavisuflebuli Zalebis gadmosrolas poloneTis
winaaRmdeg. amasTanave, ruseTma poloneTs orjer SesTavaza zavi, rac
erTgvari politikuri fandi iyo misi mxridan da sinamdvileSi, evropis
TvalSi ruseTis momrigeblis rolSi gamoyvanas iTvaliswinebda. es
ruseTis nacadi politikuri xerxi iyo, romelsac igi aqtiurad iyenebda
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze. petre didisa da vaxtang VI-is
kavSiris Semdeg, sakuTar Tavze saqarTvelomac araerTxel gamoscada
rusuli xrikebis sxvadasxva variantis simware.
ruseTs SeeZlo ori mimarTulebiT daewyo farTo masStabiani
Seteva poloneTis mimarTulebiT. erTi, es iyo polesiis samxreTiT
myofi nawili, sadacUukrainidan volinis gavliT, mowinaaRmdege
samxreTidan Semouvlida polesiis sivrces da gadmovidoda centralur
poloneTSi. meore mimarTuleba ki, frontis CrdiloeTi nawiliT,
gadadioda vilno-bialistokis gziT, litvisa da germaniis sazRvrebis
gaswvriv, CrdiloeTidan uvlida polesiis raions da iqedan Sedioda
centralur poloneTSi. amasTanave, ruseTi Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
umTavres nawils, poloneTis winaaRmdeg gzavnida denikinis frontidan,
anu samxreTidan, kavkasiis CrdiloeT nawilidan. ukrainaSi, poloneTis
jaris gamarjvebis Sedegad, gaCnda axali mokavSire saxelmwifo didi
ukrainis saxiT, ramac mdgomareoba poloneTis sasargeblod Zirfesvianad
Secvala. poloneTis sardlobam gadawyvita, ruseTze adre daewyo
aqtiuri moqmedeba frontis samxreT nawilSi, ukrainis teritoriaze. Aam
didi samxedro operaciis dawyebis win, poloneTis sardlobam Caatara
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom polonelebma
rusebs gadauWres zurgSi mimavali orSa-korosten-Jitomir-Jmerinkis
rkinigza. es gza ruseTs SesaZleblobas aZlevda iolad gadaejgufebina
Tavisi Zalebi erTi mimarTulebidan meoreze. aRniSnuli gzis gadaWriT,
14
ruseTs uaxloes gzad rCeboda mxolod dnepris aRmosavleT napiriT
mimavali homel-baxmaC-kievis gza. rodesac poloneTis sardloba ukrainis
frontze Setevas gegmavda, gamoirkva, rom ruseTi Tavisi SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis umTavres nawils CrdiloeTis frontze ajgufebda da aqedan
ufro adre SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo poloneTze mosalodneli Seteva.
bunebrivia, CrdiloeTis frontze poloneTis jaris gadajgufebas didi
dro dasWirdeboda, amasTanave, ukrainis frontis SesustebiT da iqedan
jaris gamoyvaniT iniciativa rusebis xelSi gadavidoda. aqedan
gamomdinare, poloneTis sardlobam gadawvita ar daeTmo ruseTisaTvis
da ukrainis frontze droulad gadasuliyo Setevaze. aRniSnul
frontze ruseTis ori armia idga: XII, romelic eyrdnoboda korosten-
kievis rkinigzas da XIV, romelic ganlagebuli iyo Jmerinka-odesis
xazze. maT aerTebdaT kiev-Jmerinka da Jmerinka-korostenis rkinigzebis
koziatinis kvanZi (ixileT ruka #2).
poloneTis sardlobam, rusul fronts, sam armiad darazmuli 8
qveiTi jaris diviziiT, aseve 1 cxenosani diviziiT da cxenosanTa 2
brigadiT Seutia. es operacia i. pilsudskim piradi xelmZRvanelobiT
Caatara, xolo mTavari amocana axlad Seqmnil mesame armiis ufross,
general riZ-smigls daavala. Seteva daiwyo 1920 wlis 25 aprils.
polonelebis mier, ruseTis jarebi gayofili iqna Jitomer-koziatinis
raionSi SeWris Sedegad. orive frTidan koncentrirebuli SeteviT
ukugdebuli iqna ruseTis XII-e armia, romelsac ukan dasaxevi gza
polonelTa cxenosanTa jarma mouWra. ruseTis jarebma gaarRvies ukan
dasaxevi gza da didi zaraliT daiwies kievisaken. aRniSnuli sabrZolo
moqmedebebis paralelurad, polonelTa VI armia utevda rusi
bolSevikebis XIV armias, romelic gadavida Jmerinka-vinnicis raionSi.
rusebi moemzadnen kievis raionSi brZolis sawarmoeblad, ris gamoc
ruseTis sardlobam gaaZliera III armia, romelsac davalebuli hqonda
dnepris dasavleT nawilis dapyroba mdinare pripecisa da krasnos Soris,
TviT kievSi maT unda aRedginaT xidebi, dnepris aRmosavleT napirze ki
unda daekavebinaT xidis safari. danarCen or armias daevala Setevis
mogerieba kievis samxreTiT.
1920 wlis 9 maiss, polonelebma TiTqmis ubrZolvelad daikaves
kievi, rusebma ukan daxeviT Tavidan aiciles saxifaTo brZola, isini
mxolod dnepris marjvena napirs icavdnen kievis raionSi. Ppolonelebma
gadawyvites dnepris napiris dacva, paralelurad, II armiis saSualebiT,
samxreTisaken galaSqreba, Tumca sabrZolo frontis CrdiloeT nawilSi
momxdarma ambebma movlenaTa Semdgom ganviTarebas sul sxva mimarTuleba
misca. saqme imaSi iyo, rom CrdiloeTis frontze rusebma moaxdines
mTeli TavianTi Zalebis koncentriteba da gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis
moemzadnen. poloneTis sardlobam gadawyvita amjeradac daeswro
rusebisaTvis. maTi gegmis Tanaxmad, gadawyda 17 maiss, Seteva daewyoT
15
polesiis CrdiloeT raionidan; aRniSnuli operacia unda
ganxorcielebuliyo poloneTis oTxi diviziis mier, romelTagan erTi
ukrainis frontidan iqna gadmosrolili. es armia SeewinaaRmdegeboda
minskze (ruseTis teritoriaze) SetevisaTvis gamzadebul, rusuli
armiis nawilebs. Tavis mxriv, rusebs ganzraxuli hqondaT, ukuegdoT
poloneTis jari polesiis Waobebze da iqve gaenadgurebinaT is.
polonelebma daigvianes, radgan jer kidev 14 maiss, rusebis 6 qveiTi
jari da erTi cxenosanTa divizia, lepelis raionidan pirdapir
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. imavdroulad, rusebis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis SedarebiT susti jgufi, poloneTis armias CrdiloeTidan _
latviisa da litvis sazRvrebis gaswvriv utevda (ixileT ruka #3). im
periodSi latvia sazavo molaparakebas awarmoebda ruseTTan, xolo
litva poloneTisadmi aSkarad mtrul damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. rac
Seexeba poloneTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs, maT am droisaTvis sul ori
divizia hyavdaT. polonelTa I armiam ukan daixia, misma mTavarma Zalebma
samxreTis mimarTulebiT, molodeCnosken daiwia, xolo erTma nawilma
dasavleTisaken. Setevis meoTxe dRes, rusebis mTavari SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi Semotrialdnen samxreTisaken da gezi molodeCnoze aiRes, raTa
aqedan polonelTa jari polesiis Waobebze ukuegdoT. imavdroulad,
rusebi minskis mimarTulebiTac utevdnen. maisis bolo ricxvebSi,
polonelebma Seteva gaaZlieres samxreTidan gadmoyvanili axali
diviziebis meSveobiT, riTac moaxerxes rusebis Setevis SeCereba. 1
ivniss, poloneTis sardlobam mowinaaRmdeges ori frontidan Seutia:
marjvena frTas oTxi qveiTi diviziiT da erTi cxenosani brigadiT,
xolo marcxena frTas ori diviziiT, riTac mteri ukuagdes mdinare
autas da berezinas napirze, sadac polonelebma frontis gamagreba
daiwyes. CrdiloeTis frontze Seqmnilma situaciam aiZula poloneTis
sardloba Seemcirebina sakuTari Zalebi ukrainis frontze. Tavis mxriv,
rusebma Zalebis Sesavsebad, XII armia kievis aRmosavleTiT, kievis xidis
safarTan ganalaga. rusebi elodebodnen aseve, budionis cxenosani razmis
mosvlas denikinis frontidan.
im dros poloneTis sardlobas, ukrainis frontze mxolod ori
mTavari Zala hyavda _ II armia, kievis raionSi, romelic frontiT
aRmosavleTisaken idga da mis marjvniv VI armia, odesis mimarTulebiT,
romelic samxreTis frontze iyo ganlagebuli. ruseTis sardlobam,
miznad daisaxa kievis III armiis ganadgureba. maisis bolo ricxvebSi,
budionis cxenosanTa armiam Seutia polonelTa VI armiis marcxena
frTis divizias. rusebis am Setevas, igeriebda polonelTa oTxi divizia
da cxenosanTa razmis erTi brigada. miuxedavad pirveli marcxisa da
didi zianisa, polonelTa diviziam didi winaaRmdegoba gauwia rusebs da
frontis xazi ucvlelad SeinarCuna, Tumca am brZolam poloneTis
mTeli maSveli razmi Seiwira.
16
5 ivniss (1920 w.), rusebma brZolebi ganaaxles. ruseTis XII
armiis erTma nawilma Seutia polonelTa kievis laSqars kedarodan,
xolo rusebis armiis umetesi nawili, kievis CrdiloeTiT, Setevaze
gadavida da polonelebs zurgidan Seutia borodziankis mimarTulebiT.
imavdroulad, rusebis XIV armiidan gamoyofilma iakiris mebrZolTa
jgufma, gadalaxa md. Ddnepri, kievis samxreTiT, biali cerkvis raionSi
da meore frontidan Seutia kievis laSqars (ixileT ruka #4).
aRniSnuli operaciis paralelurad, budionis razmi mTeli Tavisi
ZalebiT ekveTa polonelTa III da V armias, gaarRvia misi Zalebi da
polonelTa III armiis zurgSi moeqca; ase daipyres rusebma berdiCovis
da Jitomiris raionebi. ruseTis armiam, amasTanave miiRo brZaneba,
zurgidan Seetia polonelTa kievSi ganlagebuli laSqrisaTvis,
risTvisac Sebrunda aRmosavleTisaken, Tumca bolos, sxva qalaqebis
aReba gadawyvita da dasavleTisaken daiZra. Tavis mxriv, poloneTis
sardlobam gadawyvita, rom darCeniliyo kievis raionSi da dnepris
dasavleT napirze moegeriebina mtris Zalebis Semoteva. i. pilsudskim
ganizraxa, poloneTis III da VI armias, dasavleTisaken koncentrirebuli
SeteviT, moespo budionis cxenosanTa laSqari, risTvisac III armiis
ufross, ubrZana Jitomiris mimarTulebiT daexia. kavSiris uqonlobis
gamo, poloneTis III armiam ukan daxeva mxolod, 10 ivniss daiwyo, im
droisaTvis, Jitomiri ukve mtris xelSi iyo, ris gamoc III armiam ukan
daixia, koziatinis mimarTulebiT. samwuxarod, rusebma maT aqac mouWres
gza da polonelTa III armia borodziankasTan iZulebuli gaxda,
dasavleTisaken mimavali gza brZoliT gaerRvia. swored, aq iCina Tavi
budionis Secdomam, romelmac mTavar samizned geografiuli punqtebi
airCia da poloneTis armiis cocxal ZalebTan Seteva saWirod ar
miiCnia. iniciativa kvlav rusebs rCebodaT, isini ukan ixevdnen, kievze
Setevis win dakavebul xazamde. Tavis mxriv, poloneTis sardlobam scada
iniciativis xelSi Cagdeba da budionis laSqris gasanadgureblad
Setevaze gadasvla, magram rusebis mier marcxena frTaze warmatebis
mopovebam, xolo meore mxriv, budionis mier frontis xelaxalma
garRvevam, poloneTis armia aiZula ukan daexia, rovnos raionamde.
ivnisis bolo ricxvebSi, polonelTa mTeli ukrainis fronti
ganagrZobda ukan daxevas. maTgan gansxvavebiT, III da IV armia SedarebiT
nela ixevda ukan. polonelTa axlad Seqmnili II armia, romlis
winaaRmdegac budioni moqmedebda, Rrmad iyo Sesuli dasavleTis
frontisaken. am raionSi polonelTa frontis axali ufrosi generali
ridz-smigli Seecada Setevaze gadasuliyo da gaenadgurebina budionis
laSqari, Tumca amis ganxorcieleba man ver moaxerxa. 5 ivliss, budionma
daikava rovno da polonelTa VI da II armiis zurgSi aRmoCnda.
poloneTis armiam kvlav ukan daixia, ase rom VI armia icavda lvovis
mimarTulebas, xolo II _ kovelis mimarTulebas; polonelTa III armiam
17
sarnis mimarTulebiT ukan daixia. amasTanave, II da VI armiebs Soris
kavSiri gawyda. 10 ivliss, polonelTa nawilebs mdinareebis _ stiris
da zbruCis xazi ekavaT. CrdiloeTis frontze ki ufro didi
mniSvnelobis gadaadgilebebi SeiniSneboda. miuxedavad pirvelad gancdili
marcxisa, ruseTis sardlobas da mis politikur xelmZRvanelobas,
swored aRniSnul frontze surdaT generaluri brZolis gamarTva. 4
ivliss, ruseTis 17 qveiTi jaris ori divizia da cxenosanTa ori
brigada CrdiloeTis frontidan ekveTa polonelebis sam laSqrad
darazmul qveiTi jaris 10 divizias da cxenosani jaris erT brigadas.
polonelebis adgilobrivma kontrSetevebma ver SeaCera ruseTis jaris
winaaRmdegoba. rusebi warmatebiT ebrZodnen poloneTis I armiis orive
frTas (ixileT ruka #5). poloneTis pirveli armiis meTauri
iZulebuli gaxda, 5 ivliss, daewyo ukan daxeva, romelic ori
mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: polonelTa mTavarma Zalebma ukan daixies
samxreT-dasavleTisaken molodeCnoze, xolo ori divizia dasavleTisaken,
vilnos mimarTulebiT gaemarTa. imave dRes, budionis laSqarma rovno
daikava da poloneTis mTeli fronti latviis sazRvridan, rumineTis
sazRvramde gadaswia.P
poloneli mTavarsardlobisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom adgilobrivi
kontr-SetevebiT da mudmivi ukan daxeviT, mters ver daamarcxebda. maT
gadawyvites CamoSorebodnen mowinaaRmdeges, SeewyvitaT masTan sabrZolo
Sexeba da TavianTi Zalebi axali winaaRmdegobis xazze gadaejgufebinaT,
mxolod amis Semdeg gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli, radikaluri xasiaTis
sabrZolo operaciis ganxorcieleba. am mizniT, maT SearCies germanelTa
yofili frontis xazi vilno-luninecis sivrceze, Tumca maT verc aq
moaxerxes mterTan Sexebis Sewyveta. polonelTa IV armias, mis marcxniv
mdgomi I armia, aRniSnul xazze, mniSvnelovnad dascilda, rusebma amiT
isargebles da 14 ivliss, marcxena frTidan SeteviT, gais cxenosanTa
korpusma moaxerxa qalaq vilnos dakaveba. es ise swrafad moxda, rom
polonelTa IV armiam samxreTis xazze gadasvla verc ki moaswro. aqedan
dawyebuli, TviT varSavamde, rusebi mTeli ZalebiT utevdnen polonelTa
marcxena frTas jer litvis da Semdeg germaniis sazRvrebis gaswvriv.
rusebma ganizraxes ukuegdoT poloneTis jari polesiis uRrani
Waobebisaken. amasobaSi, poloneTis armiam gadmolaxa germanelTa yofili
frontis xazi. maTi mizani iyo mdinare nemanis da SCaras xazze gamagreba,
iqedan ki Setevis ganxorcieleba rusebis winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod,
polonelebma verc iq moaxerxes fexis mokideba. maSin, rodesac
poloneTis jaris nawilebi efarebodnen nemanis xazs, gais cxenosanTa
korpusma, romelic gamudmebiT uvlida polonelTa marcxena frTas, 19
ivliss, moulodneli SeteviT daikava grodno, riTac gadmolaxa nemanis
xazi. 21 ivliss, rusebma aseve warmatebiT gadmolaxes nemanis xazis
marjvena frTaze _ mdinare SCarac. Seqmnil situaciaSi, poloneTis
18
sardlobam gadawyvita morigi Seteva mdinareebis _ narevis da bugis
xazidan ganexorcielebina, aRniSnul xazze gasamagreblad saWirod cno
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samxreTis frontidan gadmosrola, risTvisac
saWiro iyo budionis Semotevis SeCereba. im droisaTvis, budioni,
samxreTisaken gaemarTa da qalaq brodis raionSi imyofeboda, igi Tavisi
razmiT lvovisaken miemarTeboda da ravaruskas da lvovis rkinigzis
gadaWras cdilobda. polonelTa armiam, garkveuli gadajgufebis Semdeg,
budionis razms orive frTaze Seutia da ukuagdo. aRniSnuli Setevis
Semdeg, budionis jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo da polonelebis moqmedebas
seriozuli gamarjvebis saxe mieca. magram male, 1 agvistos, rusebma
daipyres bresti (brest-litovski) mdinare bugze, ris Semdegac gaxsnili
iqna samxreTis frontis marcxena frTa. imave xazis ganapira marcxena
frTaze gais cxenosanma korpusma 3 agvistos, qalaqi lomJa daikava da
meore dRes q. ostrolenkas miadga. es moulodneli aRmoCnda poloneTis
sardlobisaTvis, ris gamoc isini iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan daexiaT. am
radikalurma cvlilebebma, polonelebis mier, budionis winaaRmdeg ase
kargad dawyebuli Seteva mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa. miuxedavad amisa,
polonelTa nawilebis SeteviT, mtris cxenosani laSqari ukugdebuli
iqna, riTac aRdga taqtikuri kavSiri poloneTis VI armiasTan. Seqmnil
situaciaSi, poloneTis sardlobam ganizraxa, gadamwyveti brZola
mdinare vislaze ewarmoebina, xolo am brZolisaTvis saTanado
gadajgufebis Casatareblad da drois mosagebad, gadawyvita
mowinaaRmdegis, rac SeiZleba meti xniT dayovneba aRniSnul xazze. am
manevriT poloneTis sardlobam, faqtiurad erTi kvira moigo. es dro
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom polonelTa armiis jariskacebis
sabrZolo suliskveTeba amaRlebuliyo. amasobaSi, poloneTis armiis
mTavarsardalma Camoayaliba Tavisi ganzraxva: man gadawyvita bugis xazis
datoveba da Seudga generaluri brZolisaTvis jaris gadajgufebas.
Semdgomi saomari moqmedebebis gegma mxolod poloneli samxedro
xelmZRvanelobis viwro wrisaTvis iyo cnobili.
sainteresoa, rogor afasebda Seqmnil situacias poloneTis farTo
sazogadoeba. unda iTqvas, rom xangrZlivi ukan daxeva da marcxi
Tavdapirvelad poloneli xalxis gulgatexilobisa da mRelvarebis
mizezad iqca; magram Semdeg, saomari mdgomareobis uaRresad gamwvavebam
da erovnuli ubedurebis moaxlovebam, polonel erSi sulieri
gardatexa da mobilizeba moaxdina. mdinare bugze warmoebuli brZolis
dros, ers gamoRviZeba da Tavdadebuli brZolis survili daetyo.
poloneTis Tavdacvis sabWo Seudga moxaliseTa frontze gawvevas, maTma
ricxvma 80. 000 miaRwia. es Zalebi ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli iqna
frontze arsebuli nawilebis Sesavsebad.
rac Seexeba, poloneTis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas, is im
droisaTvis, Zalze rTuli iyo. inglisma Tavidanve arasaimedo pozicia
19
daikava. ufro metic, poloneTisadmi misi damokidebuleba SeiZleba
iTqvas, mtrul xasiaTs atarebda. rac Seexeboda safrangeTs, igi
poloneTs didi simpatiiT uyurebda da materialur daxmarebasac uwevda,
Tumca aSkara iyo, rom Tu poloneli xalxi Tavis saxelmwifoebriobas
TviTonve ver SeinarCunebda, sxvisi imedi ver eqneboda. safrangeTis
mxardaWeris miuxedavad, versalis zaviT, poloneTs daubrunda
baltiispireTis sanapiros mxolod mcire nawili dancingis (gdanskis)
gareSe; igi Tavisufal qalaqad gamocxadda. poloneTs gadaeca
aRmosavleT prusiis mcire nawili, xolo didi nawili kvlav germanias
darCa. poznanis aRmosavleT nawilis poloneTisaTvis gadacemas, versalis
konferencia mxolod mas Semdeg daTanxmda, rodesac iq mcxovrebi
polonelebis ajanyebebis Sedegad (1918 wlis dekemberi, 1919 wlis
ianvari), germanelebi gaZevebulni iqnen poloneTidan. zemo sileziaSi,
versalis zaviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo plebiscitis Catareba didi
saxelmwifoebis kontrolis qveS, Tumca silezielTa sami didi ajanyebis
Sedegad (1919, 1920, 1921 wlebi), erTa ligis gadawyvetilebiT, zemo
silezia orad gaiyo: aRmosavleT nawili miekuTvna poloneTs, dasavleTi
ki kvlav germaniis xelSi darCa. inglisis maSindeli sagareo saqmeTa
monistri, loid jorji, germaniis dasustebis xarjze poloneTis
gaZlierebis winaaRmdegi iyo. aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad, poloneTma
ver daibruna daaxloebiT 100 000 km2 farTobis teritoria, romelic
kvlav germaniis xelSi rCeboda mravalmilioniani polonuri
mosaxleobiT. poloneTma, marTalia, miiRo zRvaSi gasasvleli 70
kilometriani viwro zoliT, e. w. `dancingis koridoris~ meSveoboT,
magram poloneTs uari uTxres dancigze, romlis gareSe misi pozicia
zRvaze aramyari iyo. germanias darCa poloneTis TiTqmis mTeli
zRvispireTi da sileziis mniSvnelovani nawili. isic unda iTqvas, rom
germaniam, litvam da Cexoslovakiam poloneTisadmi mtruli pozicia
daikaves. maTi mxridan, arc SeiaraRebuli intervencia iyo gamoricxuli,
rac kidev ufro arTulebda poloneTis isedac mZime mdgomareobas. jer
kidev 1919 wlis dekemberSi, mokavSireTa umaRlesma sabWom, poloneTs
aRmosavleT sazRvrad mdinare narevi da bugis xazi daudgina. varSavis
brZolis dReebSi, mokavSireTa umaRlesi sabWo poloneTs aiZulebda
mieRo maT mier nakarnaxevi zavis pirobebi, romelic inglisma, loid
jorjis meTaurobiT, Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: poloneTis armias ukan
unda daexia mdinareebis narevisa da bugis xazze, litvisaTvis
dauyovnebliv unda gadaeca q. vilno, samxedro moqmedebebi Sewydeboda
brZolis xazze, amasTanave poloneTi unda damorCileboda umaRlesi
sabWos dadgenilebebs: sileziis, litvis, galiciis da Cexoslovakiis
sazRvrebis sakiTxebSi. mxolod, aRniSnuli pirobebis dakmayofilebis
Semdeg, loid jorji pirad Suamdgomlobas sTavazobda poloneTs da Tu
20
ruseTi am pirobebs ar miiRebda, maSin antanta poloneTs, SesaZleblobis
farglebSi, materialur daxmarebas gauwevda.
ukiduresad garTulebul politikur situaciaSi poloneTis jaris
mTavarsardali da mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli _ ioseb pilsudski naTlad
xedavda, rom poloneTis bedi Tavganwiruli brZoliT unda gadaewyvita
mxolod da mxolod TiToeul polonel jariskacs.
poloneTis sardloba Seudga varSavis brZolis gegmis
ganxorcielebas. evropa Soridan ucqeroda poloneTSi Seqmnil
situacias, maTi saagentoebi aqveynebdnen cnobebs, TiTqos varSava rusebma
daipyres. poloneTis sardlobas srul ndobas ucxadebda sakuTari
xalxi, romelic grZnobda, rom qveynisTvis aseT mZime wuTebSi, rodesac
dgeba misi eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, mTeli pasuxismgebloba mis
sardlobas awveba kiserze. sabednierod, poloneli erisTvis im mZime
wuTebSi qveyanas ioseb pilsudskis saxiT, gamouCnda Rirseuli Svili,
romelmac sakuTar Tavze aiRo mTeli pasuxismgebloba da sakuTari
qveynis winamZRoloba. poloneTis mTavarsardalma varSavis brZolis gegma
Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: mas surda CrdiloeTis fronti ukan gadmoewia,
mdinareebis _ vislis da vepSis napirebze. aRniSnuli frontis marcxena
frTidan poloneTis jars unda moegeriebina mteri varSavis CrdiloeTiT
mdinare narevis da oJicis dasavleT napirebze ise, rom am mdinareebze
yvela gadasasvleli SeenarCunebina. varSavis raionis dacva unda
momxdariyo vislis aRmosavleT napirze, farTe xidis safaris
saSualebiT. polonel jariskacebs varSavis samxreTidan demblinamde
(ivangorodi) unda daecvaT mdinare vislas dasavleT napiri.
imavdroulad, mdinare vepSis samxreT napirze Sekrebili jariskacebi
kibiseburad, swori kuTxiT iqnebodnen mimarTulni varSavis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli rusebisadmi. polonel jariskacTa aRniSnuli jgufi
moulodnelad unda gadasuliyo Setevaze, da TiTqmis 60 kilometriani
siRrmiT SeWriliyo mtris razmSi. marjvena frTidan, maT daxmarebas
samxreTis frontis (yofili ukrainis frontis) jariskacebi gauwevdnen.
i. pilsudskis gegma miznad isaxavda omis Sedegebis radikalur Secvlas
poloneTis sasargeblod. aRniSnuli gegmis realurad
gansaxorcieleblad saWiro iyo sakuTari iniciativiT mdinare bugis
frontidan poloneTis jaris ukan daxeva, jaris nawilis gadayvana
brZolis axal xazze da maTi xelaxali gadajgufeba. poloneTis
mTavarsardlis ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanas win eRobeboda Semdegi
siZneleebi: polonelebis bugis xazidan ukan daxevis bunebriv gzas
varSava-modlinis (novogiorgievski) mimarTuleba warmoadgenda maSin,
rodesac saWiro iyo am nawilebis samxreT (demblin-kockis) raionSi
Sekreba. poloneTis jariskacTa udidesi nawilis ZiriTad damrtymel
jgufSi Tavmoyras arTulebda is garemoeba, rom yvela TvalsazrisiT,
aucilebeli iyo varSavis dacva, romliskenac miiltvoda ruseTis
21
mTavari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. amasTanave, SeuZlebeli iyo samxreTis
frontis Zalebis Semcireba, vinaidan aRmosavleTidan mas unda
moegeriebina mtris Semoteva. poloneTis mTavarsardlis gegmis
sisruleSi mosayvanad brZaneba gaica 1920 wlis 6 agvistos da
jariskacebma im dResve daiwyes misi ganxorcieleba.
sainteresoa, ra xdeboda im dros frontis meore xazze, anu
mowinaaRmdegis banakSi. ruseTis mizani aSkara iyo. miuxedavad sazavo
molaparakebisa da saerTo politikuri sirTuleebisa, ruseTs surda
poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ganadgureba da saerTod qveynis
politikuri arsebobis mospoba. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi win
miiwevdnen da fiqrobdnen, rom yvelaferi male maT sasargeblod
damTavrdeboda. mdinare bugze warmoebuli mwvave brZolidan, ruseTis
CrdiloeTis frontis ufrosma mixeil nikolozis Ze tuxaCevskim
gamoitana daskvna, rom poloneTis mTavari Zalebi Tavs iyridnen vislis,
narevis da bugis SesarTavTan da Sesabamisad iq iqneboda brZolis
mTavari kera. man polonelTa aRniSnuli Zalebis CrdiloeTidan
SemovliT, ganizraxa maTi zurgidan ganadgureba. dasaxuli miznis
gansaxorcieleblad mas unda gadaelaxa mdinare vislis qvemo nawili,
gadaeWra poloneT-baltiis gzebi da poloneTis armiis zurgSi
moqceuliyo. m. tuxaCevskim ruseTis Zalebis udidesi nawili varSavis
CrdiloeTiT mdebare sivrciT dasavleTisaken mimarTa da modlin-
vloclavekis Sua moindoma mdinare vislis gadalaxva. bugis samxreTiT,
varSavisa da Sua vislisaken, mxolod rusebis XVI armia da moziris*
jgufi ganlagda. aRniSnuli manevris Sedegad, rusebis CrdiloeTis da
samxreTis fronti erTmaneTs mniSvnelovnad daSorda, ris gamoc maT
Soris carieli sivrce Seiqmna. swored, am cariel adgilebSi krebda
mTavar Zalebs poloneTis mTavarsardali i. pilsudski, raTa
rusebisaTvis sasikvdilo dartyma mieyenebina. m. tuxaCevski grZnobda am
sicarielis safrTxes da aRniSnul adgilebSi ganlagebisaken mouwodebda
samxreTis frontis XII da budionis armias, romlebic im droisaTvis mis
uSualo gankargulebaSi imyofebodnen. rac Seexeba budions, igi
Zveleburad lvovisaken miemarTeboda. ruseTis XII armiiidan ki,
CrdiloeTisaken, mxolod erTi divizia daiZra. ruseTis sardlobis am
moqmedebam, poloneTis sardlobas bevrad gauadvila dasaxuli gegmis
ganxorcieleba. brZolis bedi damokidebuli iyo ukan daxevis
gegmazomier ganxorcielebaze. mcire gamonaklisis garda, ukan daxeva
poloneTis sardlobis gegmiT warimarTa, radgan mxolod frontis
marcxena frTaze, CrdiloeTiT, mdgomma nawilebma ver gauZles rusebis
Setevas. sardlobis mier dadgenili drois ganmavlobaSi ruseTis armiam
gza gaarRvia da gaemarTa dasavleTisaken pSaSniS (prasniSi)-cexanov-
lipnosken. samxreTis frontze brZolaSi Cabmulma poloneTis
legionebis I da III diviziebma warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi sakmaod rTul
22
amocanas: TavdadebiT Seuties mters da daamarcxes igi, riTac moipoves
Semdgomi moqmedebis Tavisufleba. amis Semdeg, polonelma jariskacebma
gezi CrdiloeTisaken, axali daniSnulebis adgilisaken aiRes. I divizia
rkinigzis transportiT gadaadgilda, xolo III _ salaSqro wesiT. 12
agvistosaTvis, poloneTis jari Semdegnairad ganlagda: Crdilo-
dasavleTiT, ukidures marcxena frTaze torunidan viSegrodamde,
mdinare vislis marcxena napirs SedarebiT susti, saTadarigo da
moxaliseTa erTeulebis nawilebi icavdnen; maTTan erTad imyofeboda
reorganizaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi XX divizia. aRniSnul nawilebs
mdinare vislis aRmosavleT napirze hqondaT specialuri safrebi.
modlinis raionSi Seikriba polonelTa V armia. marTalia, am nawilis
jariskacTa Segroveba sabolood jer ar iyo damTavrebuli, Tumca isini
mterTan mZime brZolebs awarmoebdnen. aRniSnuli jaris SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda: qveiTi jaris oTxi divizia, erTi brigada da erTi cxenosani
razmi. varSavis xidis safarze Seikriba poloneTis I armia, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic iyo erTi qveiTi divizia da erTi saTadarigo brigada.
garda amisa, mas aseve TadarigSi hyavda erTi qveiTi jaris divizia,
xolo zurgSi, damatebiT kidev erTi divizia mTavarsardlis rezervidan.
aRniSnuli laSqris marjvena frTa daba karCevTan eyrdnoboda mdinare
vislis aRmosavleT napirs. karCevidan demblinamde mdinare vislis
dasavleT napirze ki idga poloneTis I armia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
mxolod qveiTi jaris ori divizia Sedioda. aRniSnul Zalebs im
momentisaTvis mterTan Sexeba ar hqondaT. zemoT CamoTvlili poloneTis
armiis nawilebis samxreTiT, maTi frontis TiTqmis swori kuTxis
sawinaaRmdegod, mdinare veSpis samxreT napirze, ruseTis armiaze zurgSi
dartymis misayeneblad ikribeboda poloneTis IV armia, romlis nawilebs
veSpis CrdiloeT napirze yvela strategiuli gadasasvleli eWiraT.
imavdroulad, poloneTis IV armia jer kidev gadajgufebis procesSi
imyofeboda, romlis winaaRmdeg, misive frontis paralelurad,
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, demblinis mimarTulebiT, sruliad Ria
frTiT miemarTeboda ruseTis armiis moziris jgufis erTeulebi. IV
armiis marjvena frTidan, TiTqmis swori kuTxiT, fronti Tavidan
brundeboda samxreTisaken, sadac poloneTis III armia idga, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda qveiTi jaris ori divizia, erTi brigada da ori
patara jgufi. maTgan samxreTiT, samxreTis frontis (yofili ukrainis)
nawilebi ibrZodnen. kerZod, sam diviziani VI armia, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi iyo aseve, erTi cxenosani divizia da ukrainelTa
nawilebi. varSavis brZolis mTeli xazi sam nawilad iyo gayofili.
marcxena frTidan demblinamde, CrdiloeTis fronts ganagebda generali
ioseb haleri. demblinidan brodamde, centralur fronts, ganagebda
generali ridz-smigli. brodidan danarCen nawils, anu samxreTis
fronts, ganagebda generali ivaSkeviCi. aqve saWiroa imis aRniSvnac, rom
23
poloneTis armiis mTavarsardalma qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
mizanmimarTulad gaanawila sxvadasxva frontebze. poloneTis armiis
gankargulebaSi imyofeboda ocdaerTi divizia da erTic ukrainelebis
divizia. aqedan gadamwyvet brZolaSi monawileobas iRebda cxrameti
divizia. danarCeni sami divizia, didi mniSvnelobis mqone, Tumca meore
xarisxovan frontze ibrZoda. mTavari frontis cxrameti diviziidan,
mxolod sami awarmoebda ZiriTad moqmedebebs, danarCen Teqvsmets ki
gardatexa unda Seetana sabrZolo operaciebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Zalebis aseTi gadanawileba, im droisaTvis, evropis teritoriaze
warmoebuli brZolebis istoriaSi iSviaTi iyo.
ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda im droisaTvis ruseTis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi? rusebis marjvena frTaze, gais cxenosani korpusi serJcis
raionSi Semotrialda vislisaken da vloclavekis da neSavas xidebisaken
gaemarTa. IV armiis erTi divizia gaCerda dzialdovis raionSi, frontiT
dasavleTisaken, xolo jaris danarCeni nawili Semotrialda racionJis
raionSi da samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT mdinare vislisaken
gaeSura. rusebis XV armiam cexanovi daikava da polonelTa V armias
utevda modlinis mimarTulebiT. polonelTa V armias, imave mxridan
utevda rusebis I armiac, romlis marcxena frTis divizia da XVI
armiis marjvena frTis divizia erTdroulad uaxlovdebodnen varSavis
xidis safars. amasTanave, ruseTis XVI armiis danarCeni nawilebi
polonelebis xazidan daaxloebiT erTi dRis saval manZilze iyvnen
daSorebulni. maTgan samxreTiT, polonelebis IV armiis frontis win,
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, moziris jgufis nawilebi miiwevdnen, xolo
samxreTiT, rusebis XII armia gadadioda mdinare bugze vlodavisa da
xelms Soris (ixileT ruka #6). amasobaSi, budionis cxenosani laSqari
brodis raionidan da rusebis XIV armia mdinare stripaze erTdroulad
utevdnen polonelebis VI armias.
i. pilsudskis mizani iyo, rom rusebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi
varSavis mimarTulebiT rac SeiZleba metad Cabmuliyvnen brZolaSi, raTa
aq maT meti ziani mieRoT, amasTanave saomari moqmedebisas, gamoeyenebinaT
rac SeiZleba ufro meti maSveli Zala. mTavarsardlis azriT, amiT
rusebis sardloba dakargavda unars winaaRmdegoba gaewia samxreTidan
polonelTa Semotevaze. 12 agvistos, saRamos, i. pilsudski Tavad
gaemgzavra samxreTis raionSi, raTa piradad exelmZRvanela iq
ganTavsebuli polonelTa armiis darazmvisa da moqmedebaTa gegmis
sisruleSi moyvanisaTvis.
amasTanave, man gadawyvita samxreTis frTidan Seteva daewyoT 17
agvistos, diliT. ase daiwyo varSavis brZola. qronologiurad brZola
Semdegnairad warimarTa: 13 agvistos, rusebis XVI armiis orma diviziam,
erTdrouli Seteva ganaxorciela varSavis xidis safarze, gaarRvia misi
pirveli xazi, daikava daba raZimini da miadga frontis meore xazs.
24
aRniSnul xazs warmoadgenda germanelebis mier, msoflio omis dros
aSenebuli varSavis xidis safari. Seqmnilma garemoebam, poloneTis I
armiis sardali aiZula, brZolis pirvelsave dRes, samxedro
moqmedebebSi Caeba jer kidev reorganizaciis procesSi myofi maSvelTa
razmi. amasTanave, frontis ufrosma gasca brZaneba, V armia dauyovnebliv
gadsuliyo Setevaze. 14 agvistos, ukve polonelTa I da V armiis mTel
frontze mwvave brZolebi mimdinareobda. 15 agvistos, xidis safarze,
polonelebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen. daba raZimini mZime brZolaSi
ramodenimejer xelidan xelSi gadavida. bolos, polonelebma moaxerxes
mowinaaRmdegis Setevis mogerieba. 16 agvistos, diliT rusebi kvlav
gadavidnen Setevaze, Tumca im dros omis bedi polonelTa sul sxva
frontze gadawyda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 14 agvistos, diliT,
Setevaze gadavida poloneTis V armia. pirveli ori dRis ganmavlobaSi
sakmaod umniSvnelo Sedegebi iqna miRweuli. mxolod 16 agvistos,
polonelTa ori frTidan koncentrirebuli SeteviT, daba naselkis
raionSi mopovebuli iqna mniSvnelovani warmateba. aqedan polonelebma
pultuskis da serockis mimarTulebiT Seuties rusebs. varSavis xidis
safarze brZolis garTulebis da rusebis marjvena frTis dasavleTisaken
swrafi winsvlis gamo, poloneTis mTavarsardalma gadawyvita
daeCqarebina mTavari jgufis moqmedeba da Setevaze, erTi dRiT adre
gadasuliyo. 16 agvistos, diliT Setevaze gadavida polonelTa IV armia.
qveiTi jaris oTxi divizia da cxenosanTa erTi jgufi didi siCqariT
miiwevda win, CrdiloeTisaken, rusebis oTxi armiis Rrma zurgis
mimarTulebiT. poloneTis IV armiis moqmedebas, aRmosavleTidan, icavda
erTi divizia, romelic mdinare bugis gaswvriv brestisaken miemarTeboda.
imave dRes, varSavis xidis safaris samxreTi frTis nawilebma tankebiT
Seuties varSava-minskis gzatkecils. polonelTa IV armiis erTeulebi
didi siswrafiT miiwevdnen win. maT mxolod ruseTis armiis moziris
jgufis usistemo erTeulebi uwevdnen umniSvnelo winaaRmdegobas.
polonelTa IV armiis winsvlasTan erTad, Tavisufldebodnen mdinare
vislis dasavleT napirze mdgomi II armiis diviziebi, romlebic
poloneTis mTavarsardlis maSvel ZalebSi gadavidnen. 17 agvistos,
poloneTis armiam gadaWra varSava-sedlces rkinigza, ris Semdegac maT
gaanadgures rusebis XVI armiis marcxena frTa. q. minskSi (poloneTis
qalaqi, varSavasTan axlos) moxerxda poloneTis I da IV armiis
dakavSireba. imave dResve, naTlad gamoikveTa brZolisa da masTan erTad
mTlianad omis bedis mniSvnelovani gardatexa. Tavidan rusebis Crdilo-
dasavleTis frontis ufrosi fiqrobda, rom moaxerxebda mdgomareobis
gamosworebas, magram male gamoirkva, rom movlenaTa viTarebas mTlianad
akontrolebda poloneTis sardloba. rusebis XVI, III da XV armiis
nawilebi erTimeoreSi areulni, uwesrigod ixevdnen ukan, Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. saerTo ukan daxevis fonze, ruseTis IV
25
armia da gais cxenosani korpusi medgrad ganagrZobdnen winsvlas, maT
zurgidan Semouares polonelTa V armias. poloneTis sardloba jaris
gadajgufebas Seudga. mTavarsardalma, i. pilsudskim, gadawyvita,
mtrisaTvis gza moeWra brest-bialistos-osovecis xazze da aRniSnul
sivrceSi Caeketa igi. sabolood, unda momxdariyo ruseTis SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis ukugdeba germaniis sazRvrebze da maTi ganadgureba. am mizniT,
xelaxla iqna Sedgenili poloneTis II armia, romelic Tavis mxriv,
qveiTi jaris oTxi diviziis, cxenosani jaris erTi brigadisa da sxva
patara nawilebisagan Sedgeboda. misi ZiriTadi daniSnuleba iyo mtris
devna bialistokis mimarTulebiT da marjvena frTaze, brestis dakaveba.
poloneTis IV armias, ori diviziis SemadgenlobiT daevala mtris devna
pirdapir CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT, raTa ruseTis jaris gzaabneuli
nawilebi aRmosavleT prusiis sazRvrebTan miemwyvdiaT. poloneTis
pirvel armias, ori diviziis SemadgenlobiT, uSualod varSava-lomJis
xaziT, daevala mtris devnis warmoeba. polonelTa V armias ki, ruseTis
armiis gais cxenosani korpusis, aseve IV da XV armiis nawilebis
likvidacia unda moexdina.
poloneTis mTavarsardlis gegma mxolod nawilobriv ganxorcielda.
i. pilsudskis, gais cxenosani korpusisa da rusebis IV armiis
ganadgurebaze, polonelTa V armiaze meti Zalebis dabandeba ar surda,
danarCeni Zalebi ki, mTavarsardals Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken unda
waremarTa. varSavis brZolebSi gamovlili polonelTa I armiac, Crdilo-
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gaemarTa da ruseTis V armiis winaaRdeg
aqtiur brZolaSi CaerTo. rusebis III da XV armiis nawilebma
aRmosavleTisaken gaqceva ver moaxerxes. rusebis XVI armia, romelsac
polonelebis Seteva pirvels daatyda Tavs, sruliad ganadgurda.
ruseTis III da XV armiis nawilebi, zogi brZoliT ikafavdnen gzas,
zogic prusiis sazRvris gaswvriv, osovec-graevos gziT, miipareboda
aRmosavleTisaken. imavdroulad, rusebis gais cxenosani korpusi da IV
armia jer kidev Setevas awarmoebdnen polonelebis winaaRmdeg. 19
agvistos maT daipyres q. polocki da mdinare vislis gadalaxvas
cdilobdnen. rusebma ukan daxeva mxolod 21 agvistos daiwyes, rodesac
XV da III armiis nawilebi lomJa-bialistoks scildebodnen. rusebs, 22
agvistos, mlavasTan brZoliT mouxdaT poloneTis V armiis nawilebis
mier gadaWrili gzis garRveva. igive ganmeorda xoJelTan. 25 agvistos,
rusebma poloneTis IV armiis Setevas veRar gauZles, da mTeli
SemadgenlobiT gadavidnen germaniis teritoriaze, sadac iaraRi dayares.
poloneTis armiis jariskacebma warmatebiT ganaxorcieles mtris devna.
poloneTis pirveli diviziis jariskacebs, TerTmeti dRis manZilze,
dReSi saSualod 40 kilometris gavla brZoliT uxdebodaT. meTerTmete
dRes ki, maT 60 kilometri gaiares. mopovebuli gamarjvebis
SesanarCuneblad, poloneTis sardlobam miznad daisaxa mtris saboloo
26
mospoba, risTvisac saWiro iyo mtris bolomde devna, amasTanave,
polonuri sajariso erTeulebis didi gamZleoba.
ra xdeboda am dros ruseT-poloneTis frontis samxreTiT?
saxelganTqmuli budionis cxenosan da ruseTis XII armiis nawilebs
SesaZlebloba hqondaT, CrdiloeTisaken aeRoT gezi da polonelTa
mewinave armiis zurgSi moqceuliyvnen. poloneTis mTavarsardalma, i.
pilsudskim gaiTvaliswina rusebis es SesaZlebloba da saTanado zomebic
miiRo. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, CrdiloeTis frontze, ruseTis
orive es armia general m. tuxaCevskis eqvemdebareboda. m. tuxaCevski
armiis nawilebs daJinebiT mouwodebda, energiulad SeetiaT CrdiloeTis
mimarTulebiT. am brZanebis miuxedavad, 20 agvistos, budioni jer kidev
q. lvovis midamoebSi utevda polonelebs. varSavis brZolis dros,
budionma kargad icoda, rom omis bedis gadamwyveti moqmedebebi
CrdiloeTis frontze unda momxdariyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom q. ruvnos
aRebis Semdeg, budionma mimarTulebis arCevis sruli Tavisufleba
moipova, mainc samxreTi airCia da q. lvovisaken gaeSura. rac Seexeba
CrdiloeTis frontze myof ruseTis XII armias, misma jariskacebma q.
lublinis mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva da poloneTis mewinave armiis
zurgSi moqcevas cdilobdnen. budionis razmi qalaq zamoscisken
gaemarTa. rusebis am Zalebs win aRudga polonelTa SedarebiT susti,
sam diviziani III armia. aRniSnuli Zalebis gasaZliereblad, poloneTis
mTavarsardalma, CrdiloeTis frontidan gaTavisuflebuli ori divizia
gagzavna Tavisi sakuTari maSveli jaridan. erTi divizia ukve gzaSi iyo
da rkinigzis transportiT miemarTeboda, meore ki jer datvirTulic ar
iyo matarebelze. 27 agvistos, budioni CrdiloeTisaken daiZra. gzaze
man ukuagdo polonelTa nawilebi da qalaq zamoscs miadga. im dros,
zamoscSi imyofeboda polonelTa mxolod qveiTi jaris erTi polki,
ori saetapo da erTi sadarajo aTaseuli, aseve, ukrainelTa erTi
divizia, artileriis erTi divizioni da ori javSnosani matarebeli. es
nawilebi, TiTqmis yoveli mxridan iqna garSemortymuli budionis mier.
miuxedavad amisa, polonelTa garnizoni TavgamodebiT ibrZoda. aRniSnul
samxedro operacias, budionisaTvis araviTari strategiuli mniSvneloba
ar hqonda. nacvlad imisa, rom q. zamoscisaTvis Tavi daenebebina da m.
tuxaCevskis brZanebis Tanaxmad, CrdiloeTisaken wasuliyo, budioni
uazro sijiutiT eZgera am qalaqs da sruliad umiznod Caeba brZolaSi.
amiT isargebla poloneTis sardlobam da saTanado manevriT upasuxa
budionis Setevas. general stanislav haleris jgufi, romelmac
budionis laSqari frontaluri brZoliT ver SeaCera, fexdafex
zurgidan daedevna mas. imavdroulad, q. zamoscis CrdiloeTiT, q.
krasnistavTan, ikribeboda transportiT gadmoyvanili poloneTis maSveli
divizia, romelic daiZra q. zamoscisaken. polonelTa meore maSvelma
diviziam, rusebs CrdiloeTidan Seutia. amrigad, budionis cxenosani
27
razmi xafangSi moeqca. erTaderTi gamosavali ukandaxeva iyo. budionma,
polonelTa Zlieri zewolis qveS, gadalaxa mdinare bugi da mdinaris
aRmosavleT napirze gadavida. budionis razmis ukugdebis Semdeg,
poloneTis sardlobam ZiriTadi sabrZolo moqmedebebi rusebis samxreTis
frontis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. maTi mizani iyo mtris frontis orive
frTidan Semovla da rusuli razmebis gadamwyveti SeteviT ganadgureba.
generaluri Seteva mTel samxreTis frontze daiwyo 12 seqtembers;
rusebs utevda poloneTis III da VI armia, aseve samxreTis mxridan
ukrainelTa laSqari. sabrZolo moqmedebebi, poloneTis mTavarsardlis
gegmis mixedviT warimarTa, ris gamoc, poloneTis armiam win
mniSvnelovnad waiwia. moralurad dacemulma rusma jariskacebma Seteva
ver moigeries da ruseTis jarma ukan daxeva daiwyo. sabrZolo
operaciis dros, javSnosanTa erToblivi mcdelobiT, mtris zurgSi
pirvelad iqna gadasrolili avtomobilebze datvirTuli polonelTa
qveiTi jaris didi nawili. aRniSnuli sabrZolo manevri, SemdegSi
samxedro istoriis specialistTa aqtualuri kvlevisa da kamaTis sagani
gaxda. faqtia, rom am manevrma, polonelTa sasargeblod, Zireuli
gardatexa Seitana saomar moqmedebebSi. poloneTis jaris erTma nawilma,
marjvena frTidan Semouara ruseTis XII armias da qalaq kovelSi
SeiWra. iq, Rrma zurgSi rusebis Stabebi, Tavs uzrunvelad grZnobdnen
da dinjad awyobdnen axal sabrZolo gegmebs polonelTa winaaRmdeg. q.
koveli rusebs TxuTmeti saaTiT adre hqondaT dakavebuli, vidre iq
polonelTa razmebi gamoCndebodnen. maTma gamoCenam rusebis frontze
sagrZnobi areuloba da ruseTis armiis masiuri ukandaxeva gamoiwvia.
budionis cxenosanTa razmi kidev erTxel Seecada winaaRmdegobis gawevas,
Tumca mdinare stirze polonelTa cxenosanma korpusma ukuagdo maTi
razmi. oqtombris Sua ricxvebisaTvis, frontis xazi mdinare uborcis,
sluCisa da kaluSis xazze gadioda. sabrZolo moqmedebebis periodSi,
aRdgenili iqna mWidro kavSiri CrdiloeTis frontze mebrZol polonur
erTeulebTan. rusebi mTel frontze damarcxdnen. poloneTis cxenosani
razmi rusi jariskacebis zurgidan agrZelebda sabrZolo moqmedebebs.
maT mowinaaRmdegis Rrma zurgSi gaanadgures q. korostenSi arsebuli
mtris mTavari kvanZi, riTac varSavis brZola polonelTa samarTliani
gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
miuxedavad mTeli rigi gansxvavebisa, romelic mefis ruseTis
mxedrobasa da sabWoTa jariskacebis Taobas Soris arsebobda, poloneTis
winaaRmdeg omi da gansakuTrebiT, varSavis brZola, rusebma Zveli
rusuli tradiciebis mixedviT Caatares da TavianTi sardlobis
Sesisxlxorcebuli Tvisebebis gamo, waages kidec. maSin, rodesac rusebis
CrdiloeTis frontis armia, polonelTa moulodneli Setevis gamo,
sasikvdilo agoniaSi imyofeboda, samxreTis frontze myofma rusulma
nawilebma maT dasaxmareblad araferi gaakeTes, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom
28
tradiciulad, maT mxolod sakuTar frontze evalebodaT brZolis
warmoeba. miuxedavad maTi meTaurebis mxridan garkveuli brZanebisa,
ruseTis samxreTis frontis jariskacebi, polonelebisagan gansxvavebiT,
uryevad idgnen da seirs Sehyurebdnen. rodesac q. raZiminTan (qalaqi
varSavasTan axlos) brZolam poloneTisaTvis mZime xasiaTi miiRo,
poloneTis sardlobas V armiis nawilebis Sekreba jer kidev ar hqonda
damTavrebuli; miuxedavad amisa, polonelTa mezobeli armiis
mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad, me-V armia dauyovnebliv gadavida
Setevaze, xolo frontze saerTo situaciis gamosasworeblad,
poloneTis damkvrelma gvardiam erTi dRiT adre daiwyo saomari
moqmedeba.
faqtiurad, varSavis operaciam gadawyvita ruseT-poloneTis omis
bedi. rusebi sastikad damarcxdnen, magram omi jer kidev ar iyo
damTavrebuli. ruseTi, romelic 1914 wlidan ganuwyveteli omebiT iyo
moqanculi, zavis rac SeiZleba male dadebas cdilobda. poloneTis
sardloba ki rusebis im SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saCqarod ganadgurebas
miiCnevda saWirod, romelic mterma varSavis brZolidan gadaarCina.
varSavis brZolis dros, poloneTis armiis mTavari moqmedeba
samxreTidan pirdapir CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT warmoebda. rusebis
armia jvaredini mimarTulebiT ixevda ukan. kerZod, dasavleTidan
Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken. polonelebis moqmedebis marjvena frTas II
armia icavda, romelic ruseTis armiis devnis procesSi, brestidan q.
bialistokisa da osovecis mimarTulebiT, 250 kilometris sigrZeze iyo
gadaWimuli. germaniis sazRvarze myofi poloneTis armiis win,
mowinaaRmdege rusuli Zalebi saerTod gaqrnen. samagierod, rusuli
jaris nawilebi aRmosavleTiT, yofili marjvena frTis win, mdinare
nemanisa da SCaris dasavleTiT iyridnen Tavs. poloneTis sardlobis
azriT, saWiro iyo mTeli frontis Semobruneba da axali brZolis
momzadeba ise, rom mowinaaRmdeges ver moeswro sulis moTqma. aRniSnuli
samxedro operacia unda uzrunveleyo poloneTis II armias, romlis
zurgs ukan IV armia idga. polonur armiebs, i. pilsudski, im
diviziebiT aZlierebda, romlebic TandaTan Tavisufldebodnen varSavis
brZolis ganviTarebasTan erTad. diviziebis erTi nawili mTavarsardalma
samxreTis frontis gasaZliereblad gagzavna. ruseTis armiam, Tavisi
marjvena frTa litvis sazRvrebs miabjina, marcxena _ polesiis Waobebs,
sadac awarmoebda sabrZolo nawilebis Cqari tempiT Sevsebas da
mowesrigebas.
poloneTis mTavarsardals, i. pilsudskis, im droisaTvis ukve
Camoyalibebuli hqonda momavali sabrZoli gegma. gegmis mixedviT, saWiro
iyo mowinaaRmdegis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis marjvena frTidan SemovliT,
zurgSi dartymis ganxorcieleba da mtris ukugdeba. garda amisa,
imavdroulad unda ganxorcielebuliyo mciremasStabiani Seteva,
29
SedarebiT naklebi ZalebiT, aseve mtris marcxena flangzec, risTvisac
saswrafod unda momxdariyo poloneTis jaris nawilebis gadajgufeba.
rusebs polonelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gamzadebuli hyavdaT
oTx laSqrad darazmuli qveiTi jaris ori divizia da erTi brigada;
amasTanave, frontis xazze imyofeboda qveiTi jaris aTi divizia, erTi
brigada da cxenosani jaris erTi divizia. danarCeni Svidi divizia
reorganizaciis procesSi imyofeboda. ruseTis jari Semdegnairad
ganlagda: marjvena frTaze idga III armia, xuTi qveiTi da erTi
cxenosani diviziis SemadgenlobiT. cxenebis uqonlobis gamo, rusi
mxedrebi qveiT razmSi gadavidnen. aqedan, xazze, mxolod sami divizia
imyofeboda. maTgan marcxniv, idga XV armia, oTxi diviziis
SemadgenlobiT; magram realurad, frontis xazze, mxolod ori divizia
idga. marcxniv ganlagebuli iyo ruseTis oTx diviziani XVI armia da
Semdeg axlad Sedgenili rusebis xuT diviziani IV armia. ufro
CrdiloeTiT idga litvis jari. 1920 wlis ivlisSi, poloneTis armiis
ukan daxevis dros, litvam daarRvia neitraliteti da poloneTis
teritoriis nawili daikava, riTac faqtiurad, am qveyanasTan saomari
mdgomareoba Seiqmna. saomari mdgomareoba gagrZelda 7 oqtombris
xelSekrulebamde. varSavis brZolaSi damarcxebis Semdeg, ruseTis jaris
materialuri da sulieri mdgomareoba Zlier Seirya. jaris nawilebi
imdenad dasustda, rom aucileblad unda momxdariyo maTi xelaxali
gadajgufeba. rusebis aRniSnuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg, or laSqrad
dairazma poloneTis qveiTi jaris Tormeti divizia da cxenosani jaris
ori brigada. marcxena frTaze idga poloneTis II armia, romlis
gankargulebaSi imyofeboda qveiTi jaris eqvsi divizia da cxenosani
jaris ori brigada, xolo misgan marcxniv idga poloneTis IV armia,
qveiTi jaris eqvsi diviziis da erTi brigadis SemadgenlobiT.
poloneTis mTavarsardlis, i. pilsudskis sabrZolo gegma Semdegi
iyo: man ganizraxa poloneTis II armiis Semadgenlobidan gamoeyo
Semomvleli jgufi. aRniSnul jgufs unda gaevlo litvelTa laSqris
gaswvriv da mis zurgSi mdinare nemani gadaelaxa, saidanac zurgis
siRrmeSi Seteva unda ganexorcielebina rusebis saTadarigo diviziaze,
romelic daba ldis raionSi idga. saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis win, i.
pilsudski fiqrobda iseTi ZaliT SeetiaT rusebisaTvis, rom
mowinaaRmdegis frontidan ukugdebuli nawilebi, ukan daxevis dros,
poloneTis Semomvlel jgufs pirispir Sexvedroda da ukan daxeva
CrdiloeTis nacvlad, samxreTisaken, polonelTa XV armiis zurgSi
ganxorcielebuliyo. im mizniT, rom mteri SecdomaSi SeeyvanaT da
polonelTa mTavari mimarTuleba daefaraT, ganzraxuli iqna IV armiis
mZlavri Seteva q. volkoviskis mimarTulebiT. mTeli am moqmedebebis
litvelTa Setevisagan Tavdasacavad, suvalkis raionSi gamzadebuli iqna
e. w. CrdiloeTis jgufi. amas emateboda samxreTidan polonelebis IV
30
armiis nawilebis mier warmoebuli SemovliTi operaciebi. aRniSnuli
jgufis ZalTa ganawileba Semdegnairad ganxorcielda: II armiis
gankargulebaSi iyo: 1) Semomvleli jgufi, ori qveiTi jaris diviziiT
da cxenosanTa razmis ori brigadiT; 2) CrdiloeTis jgufi, erTi
diviziiT da erTi qveiTi jaris brigadiT; 3) frontis nawilebi, qveiTi
jaris sami divizia.
20 seqtembers, frontis nawilebma daiwyes mosamzadebeli Seteva
mdinare nemanis gadasalaxavad, raTa brZolis warmoebisaTvis saTanado
sivrce daekavebinaT. nemanis xazs da grodnos raions ruseTis sardloba
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, ris gamoc ruseTis jari brZolaSi
Tavdauzogavad Caeba da Setevam Tavidanve mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. am dros
ki, avgustovis tyeebSi, saidumlod ikribeboda poloneTis armiis
Semomvleli jgufi. erTeuli diviziis meTaurebi darwmunebulni iyvnen,
rom Seteva unda mietanaT q. kovnoze. 22 seqtembers, polonelma
jariskacebma erTi dakvriT gaarRvies litvelTa fronti da q.
druskenikisken gaemarTnen. 23 seqtembers, maT daikaves mdinare nemanze
gadasasvlelebi da q. lidisaken gaemarTnen. poloneTis armiis frontis
nawilebi uSualod mdinare nemanis napirebze ibrZodnen da rusebs
mdinaris gadalaxvis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevdnen. mxolod ruseTis IV
armiis nawilebma miaRwies sagrZnob warmatebas volkoviskis raionis
mimarTulebiT, Tumca meore dResve, isini polonelebma ukuagdes. 25
seqtembers, ruseTis IV armiam xelaxla daikava volkoviskis raioni,
Tumca polonelTa Zlieri Setevis Semdeg, nel-nela aRmosavleTisaken
daiwia. RamiT, poloneTis jaris nawilebi grodnoSi Sevidnen. brZolis
Semdgomi msvleloba mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli poloneTis
Semomvleli jgufis moqmedebaze, romelmac 24 seqtembers, saRamos,
gadalaxa vilno-grodnos rkinigzis xazi. i. pilsudskim grodnos
raionSi mdgomareobis gaurkvevlobis gamo, 25 seqtembers erTi dRiT
SeaCera aRniSnuli jgufis winsvla. 26 seqtembers, Semomvleli jgufis
erTi divizia da erTi cxenosani brigada, druskenikis raionidan radunis
mimarTulebiT q. lidisaken gaemarTa, sadac rusebis mTavari maSveli Zala
imyofeboda. ufro samxreTiT mdgomi poloneTis armiis erTi divizia da
erTi cxenosani brigada ki aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daiZra. 25
seqtembers, RamiT, polonelTa Semomvleli razmis CrdiloeTiT mdgomma
jgufebma daikaves radun-marcinkanecis raioni, xolo maTgan samxreTiT
myofi polonuri nawilebi, stara rudas raionSi, rusebis III armiis
zurgSi moeqca. polonelTa aRniSnuli jgufi, 27 seqtembers, mdinare
lebiodaze gadaeRoba rusebis III armias, romelic aRmosavleTisaken
ixevda ukan. uecrad, rusebis armias wamoeSvela q. lididan gadmosuli
rusebis maSvelTa nawili, romelic polonelTa diviziis nawils
zurgidan ekveTa. poloneTis armiam didi zarali ganicada. polonelTa
Semomvleli jgufis CrdiloeTis nawili, 28 seqtembers, CrdiloeTidan
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brZoliT Sevida q. lidSi, sadac moaxerxa Semotrialeba frontiT
dasavleTisaken da amjerad, ukve meored mouWra gza rusebis III armias.
poloneTis samxedro nawilebis qalaqSi Sesvlis momentSi, rusebis
armiis sardalma Zlivs moaswro matarebliT q. molodenCosaken ukan
daxeva. amis Semdeg, rusuli jaris nawilebs Soris kavSiri
mniSvnelovnad dairRva, ris gamoc rusuli diviziis nawilebi meTauris
gareSe, sakuTari bedis anabara darCnen da ise agrZelebdnen brZolas.
rusebis eqvsive divizia, uwesrigod areuli, aRmosavleTisaken garboda.
moulodnelad, qaosurad mebrZol rusul nawilebs dasavleTidan
poloneTis mTavari frontis jariskacebma Seuties. CrdiloeTis frontis
samxreT nawilSi, polonelebis IV armiam gadalaxa mdinare SCara da q.
slonimi daipyro. ori dRiT adre ki, marjvena frTidan Semomvlelma
polonurma nawilebma q. pinski daikaves. rusebis samxedro Zalebma
masiuri ukandaxeva daiwyes. amis Semdeg, faqtiurad, ruseTis
SeiaraRebuli nawilebis mxridan seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sewyda.
poloneTis sardloba mixvda, rom zavi uaxloesi dReebis saqme iyo da
poloneTis saxelmwifos momavali sazRvrebis strategiulad
ganmamtkicebeli raionebis dakavebis mizniT, umowyalod devnida mters
qveynis sazRvrebidan. poloneTis armia, damfrTxal rusebs frontis erTi
frTidan meoreze mierekeboda da aqtiurad miiwevda aRmosavleTisaken.
zavis dadebis dRes, polonelebs ukve zaslav-ratomka-mdinare ptiCis
xazi eWiraT.
sazavo molaparakeba varSavis minskSi, varSavis brZolis wina
dReebSi, poloneTisaTvis umZimes wuTebSi daiwyo. rusebi molaparakebas
ganzrax aWianurebdnen. SemdgomSi, molaparakeba ruseTis minskSi iqna
gadatanili. aRniSnuli periodis ganmavlobaSi omis bedi Zireulad
Seicvala, radgan poloneTis armia didi siCqariT uaxlovdeboda meore,
ruseTis minskis misadgomebsac. polonelebis es ganuwyveteli winsvla,
mniSvnelovnad arbilebda rusebis sazavo molaparakebaSi dakavebul, maTi
azriT, uryev pozicias da mas polonelTa sasargeblod cvlida. bolos,
zavi q. rigaSi daido. zavis xelmoweris dros ki ruseTis minskic
polonelebis xelSi iyo. amrigad, 1920 wlis 12 oqtombers daido
droebiTi zavi, xolo 1921 wlis martSi, rigaSi, ruseTisa da
poloneTis mTavrobebma xeli moaweres zavs, romliTac poloneTs
gadaeca dasavleT ukraina da dasavleT belorusia. 1920 wlis
oqtomberSi, poloneTis jarma daikava vilniusi, romelic Tavisi olqiT
1922 wels, oficialurad poloneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
Sevida.
ase dasrulda rusi bolSevikebis `wiTeli jvarosnuli laSqroba~
dasavleTisaken. am omSi gamarjvebiT, poloneTma daamtkica Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis ufleba. varSavis brZolam xuTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi omis bedi radikalurad Secvala da cxadyo, rom ruseTi
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poloneTs ver daamarcxebda. varSavis Semdgomi nemenis brZola, es ukve
am omSi damarcxebuli rusebis sabolood daCoqeba iyo da mopovebuli
gamarjvebis strategiul da politikur dagvirgvinebas warmoadgenda.
varSavis operaciis dagegmvis dros, m. tuxaCevskim uari Tqva, rom
ruseTis armias mTavari frontaluri dartyma varSavaze mietana. misi
azriT, poloneTis mTavari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi dedaqalaqis
CrdiloeTiT ixevdnen ukan. man swored am mimarTulebaze miitana mTavari
dartyma, raTa gaenadgurebina poloneTis jari varSavidan Crdilo-
dasavleTiT. 27 wlis m. tuxaCevskis gadawyvetilebebma kidev ufro
gaaRrmava ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis mier miRebuli
strategiuli Secdoma. sabWoTa samxedro dazvervam ver moaxerxa verc
imis dadgena, rom mTavari polonuri Zalebi varSavis CrdiloeTiT ar
iyo ganlagebuli. maT ver SeamCnies verc mdinare vepSze, samxreT-
dasavleTis frontze mebrZoli polonuri diviziebis gadasrola
Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. miuxedavad amisa, m. tuxaCevskim miiRo
sakmaod riskiani gadawyvetileba, vinaidan mas mowinaaRmdege polonur
Zalebze sakmarisi informacia ar gaaCnda. samxedro istoriis mkvlevarTa
azriT, varSavis operaciaSi ruseTis armiis damarcxeba da am marcxSi
tuxaCevskis wvlilis Sesaxeb dava gadamwveti faqtori gaxda misi bedis
gansazRvraSi 1937 wlis represiebis dros. mxolod 1957 wels, misi
gadracvalebis Semdeg, moxda m. tuxaCevskis reabilitacia.
aqve saWiroa imis aRniSvnac, rom varSavis brZolis mniSvneloba
mxolod ruseT-poloneTis urTierTobis sakiTxiT ar amoiwureboda.
varSavis brZolaSi ruseTis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, mTeli evropis da
SesaZloa msoflio politikuri rukac Zirfesvianad Secvliliyo. igive
problemis winaSe idga evropa maSinac, rodesac osmalTa Zlevamosili
jari Sua evropaSi SeiWra da venas zarbaznebs uSenda. maSinac omis
bedze iyo damokidebuli, Tu saiT wavidoda evropis da saerTod
kacobriobis ganviTarebis momavali: osmaleTis Tu dasavleT evropis
gziT. poloneTma maSinac Tavisi sityva Tqva. bunebrivia, es ar iyo
ubralo SemTxvevis Sedegi. poloneTi or gansxvavebul samyaros,
dasavleT evropasa da aRmosavleTs Soris mdebareobs.
ruseTTan omSi poloneTis gamarjveba ganapiroba i. pilsudskis
gamWriaxobam, romlis sawindaric misi Seupovari revoluciuri warsuli
iyo da is samxedro gamocdileba, romlis brZolis asparezi
magdeburgidan kamCatkamde iyo gadaWimuli. sabrZolo wvrTna man 1905,
1914-1918 wlebis mZime gamocdebidan miiRo. mTeli am xangrZlivi
brZolis ganmavlobaSi miuZRoda igi sakuTari eris mebrZol nawils.
poloneli eri icnobda mas, hqonda misdami rwmena, ris gamoc aniWebda
moqmedebis Tavisuflebas. is iyo faqtiurad varSavis brZolis avtori.
bevri ucxoeli samxedro specialisti polonelebis am gamarjvebas
frangebis damsaxurebad miiCnevda. maT mxedvelobaSi hqondaT is
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garemoeba, rom 1920 wlis ivlisSi poloneTis dasaxmareblad varSavaSi
Cavida antantis samxedro misia, romlis saTaveSic frangebis
mTavarsardli, I msoflio omis droindeli Stabis ufrosi, generali
veigani idga. rogori idealuri gegmac ar unda SeemuSavebina veigans,
yvelaferi mainc am gegmis ganmxorcieblis pirad Rirsebebze iyo
damokidebuli. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia moviyvanoT Tundac is
magaliTi, rom germanelebma msoflio omi general Slifenis, TiTqmis
idealuri, martivi da utyuari gegmiT daiwyes, magram generalma
moltkem es gegma Tavisi xasiaTisa da Rirsebis Sesaferisad Caaswora da
igi bolos marnis Rirsebamde miiyvana. ufro metic, marSal i.
pilsudskis, frangebis koncefcia aramc Tu ar miuRia, aramed mis
sawinaaRmdegod moiqca. man gadamwyveti dartyma miitana mterze mdinare
veSpis napirebidan CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,
ruseTis armiis Rrma zurgSi. poloneTis sardloba, mxolod varSava-
modlinis raionSi awarmoebda mogeriebiT da nawilobriv SeteviTi
xasiaTis operaciebs, riTac mtris Zalebs frontalurad Seukra xel-
fexi. am faqts xazs usvamdnen, aseve cnobili frangi samxedro
mkvlevarebi generlebi komoni da mordaki. amrigad, varSavis brZolis
koncefcia da misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba i. pilsudskis ganuyofel
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda.
poloneTs Tavisufleba da gamarjveba moupova meTaurma, romelic
ers dampyroblisadmi Seurigebeli da ukompromiso brZolisaken
mouwodebda. ukiduresi gaWirvebis wuTebSi poloneli eri instiqturad,
mxolod, mas Sescqeroda da sakuTar beds uyoymanod masve andobda.
ruseT-poloneTis omma cxadyo, rom eri, romelsac Tavisuflebis
mopovebis uryevi gadawyvetileba aqvs da surs amisaTvis brZola,
miuxedavad mowinaaRmdegis siZlierisa da uamravi dabrkolebisa, mizans
ueWvelad miaRwevs. ers, Tu ara aqvs gadawyvetileba Tavisi
arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakuTari ZalebiT warmoebisa, mas verc erTi
ucxo saxelmwifo da veraviTari Zala ver gaaTavisuflebs monobidan.
damoukidebeli arseboba ki amayi da bunebiT Tavisufali erebis
privilegiaa. i. pilsudski iyo is pirovneba, romelic auwereli
sirTuleebis, dabrkolebebisa da xelisSemSleli pirobebis miuxedavad,
sakuTar xalxs ukompromiso da radikaluri brZolisaken mouwodebda.
igi am brZolis mosamzadeblad uangarod iRwvoda. qveynisaTvis
ukiduresad kritikul momentSi polonelma erma igi mTavarsardlad
airCia, Tavisi bedi miando da manac imedi ar gaucrua sakuTar xalxs.
poloneTis samxedro ministri da SeiaraRebul ZalTa generaluri
inspeqtori, ioseb pilsudski 68 wlis asakSi gardaicvala varSavaSi. igi
dakrZalulia q. krakovSi, vavelis sasaflaoze, iq, sadac ganisveneben
poloneTis mefeebi. vavels polonelebisaTvis igive mniSvneloba aqvs,
rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis mcxeTisa da gelaTis mefeTa saZvaleebs. i.
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pilsudskis dakrZalvaze, wminda ioanes eklesiis SesasvlelSi, sityva
warmoTqva poloneTis maSindelma prezidentma, profesorma egnate
mostickim. man isaubra i. pilsudskis damsaxurebaze poloneli eris
winaSe da Tqva: `mefeTa savanes hbardeba (Cveni) megobari saukuno
gansasveneblad. ar amSvenebs mis Subls mefeTa gvirgvini, arc xelT
upyria emblemebi saamiso. igi mefe iyo Cveni gulebis da mflobeli Cveni
sulis. Tavisi sicocxlis naxevar saukunovani SromiT igebda is guls
gulze da suls sulze, vidre mSvenieri samefo misi sulisa ar daeufla
poloneTs mTlianad... man aRudgina poloneTs Tavisufleba, misca
sazRvrebi, daubruna siZliere da pativi. sakuTari qceviT kidiT-kidemde
aRviZebda gmirobisadmi ltolvis naperwkals... ojaxTa kerasTan
aRvmarToT bWeni fasdaudebel mis TvisebaTa CvenSi gadasarCenad da
naanderZevis Sesanaxad, raTa samSoblosaTvis datanjul mis suls
saukuno gansveneba davumkvidroT~.
i. pilsudskis gardacvalebas farTod gamoexmaurnen poloneTSi,
emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli samxedro moRvaweebi, romlebic Tavis droze
rusuli agresiis msxverplni aRmoCndnen. isini ucxo qveynidan
Sescqerodnen da sulmouTqmelad elodebodnen saqarTvelos
gaTavisuflebas. bevrma maTganma ucxoobaSi dalia suli da iq hpova
samudamo gansasvenebeli. erT-erTi maTgani, tabaxmelas brZolis
sulisCamdgmeli, generali aleqsandre CxeiZe ase afasebda i. pilsudskis
Rvawls: `marSali pilsudski Tavis individualur TvisebaTa wyalobiT
yvela xalxisaTvis simdidred gadaiqca _ am mxriv igi poloneTis
farglebs gascda. misi yoveli nabiji, yoveli sityva, mTeli sicocxlis
msvleloba saukeTeso magaliTia yvelasaTvis, visac surs sikeTe Tavisi
samSoblosaTvis. ar iqneba gadaWarbeba, rom vTqvaT: verc erTi xalxi ver
gaigebs, ver igrZnobs da ver Seafasebs marSalis namoqmedars ise,
rogorc Cveni qarTveli xalxi. swored, Cveni xalxi, imave dros da imave
mtrisagan Cagruli, saerTo istoriis msvlelobam migviyvana
ganTavisuflebamde... rogor movuareT Cven Tavs da ra advilad davkargeT
Tavisufleba! pirobebi bevrad advili da xelsayreli iyo CvenTvis, vidre
poloneTisTvis, oRond ver gamoviCineT mtkice survili, mivayuCeT Cveni
xalxis sulis tradiciuli siZliere. vin icis, am didi adamianis
istoriam rom miaRwios Cven xalxamde, bevr rameze auxels mas Tvalebs,
gaagebinebs warsul Secdomebs da momavlisaTvis bevrs aswavlis; Cveni
xalxi Sors aris. Cven, emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebs ki SesaZlebloba
gvaqvs SeviswavloT am araCveulebrivi adamianis cxovreba da namoqmedari
da vaRiaroT samSoblosaTvis sabrZolvel erT-erT saukeTeso
saxelmZRvanelod~.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) arsebobis
gaxangrZlivebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli poloneT-ruseTis omma,
romelic rusebis marcxiT damTavrda. aRsaniSnavia, rom rodesac
35
poloneTis jarebi q. kievs uaxlovdebodnen, rusebma, swored, maSin
moaweres xeli saqarTvelosTan e. w. `samSvidobo~ xelSekrulebas.
dokumenti, romelsac v. i. leninma `megobrobis traqtati~ uwoda,
xelmowerili iqna 1920 wlis 7 maiss, swored im dros, rodesac
poloneTis jarma q. kievi aiRo. ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebas,
drois gayvanis daniSnuleba hqonda, riTac mxolod mcire xniT Seyovnda
saqarTvelos aneqsia. ruseTis jarebma, jer kidev 1920 wlis pirvel
maiss, gadakveTes azerbaijan-saqarTvelos sazRvari da moulodneli
TavdasxmiT moindomes Tbilisis dapyroba, Tumca qarTulma garnizonebma
rusebs medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines Tavi
saqarTvelos oficerTa skolis kadetebma; swored, maT aiZules
bolSevikebis jars, ukan daexia. rusebs mainc ar auRiaT xeli Tbilisis
dapyrobaze da 2 maiss, diliT, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg kavaleria
gamoagzavnes, romelsac wiTel xidTan medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies
qarTuli jaris nawilebma. es Setakeba qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda.
rusebis samxedro moqmedebebi saqarTveloSi 5 maisamde gagrZelda.
aRniSnul samxedro operaciebs, im etapze, ruseTisaTvis mxolod
dazverviTi xasiaTi hqonda, risTvisac didi raodenobiT jariskacs ar
agzavnidnen. bolSevikebi cdilobdnen amoecnoT ara mxolod saqarTvelos
samxedro momzadeba, aramed evropis reaqcia TavianT avantiuristul
moqmedebebze.
saWoTa istoriografia krZalavda i. pilsudskis saxels da
poloneTis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas absoluturad sawinaaRmdegod,
separatizmad da poloneli xalxisTvis damRupvelad warmoaCenda.
samwuxarod, aseT sicrueSi cxovrobda qarTveli eric, romelsac
damoukidebloba rusulma xiStebma, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals
saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, didi xnis manZilze waarTva.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1921 wels, poloneTis mTavrobam scno
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukidebloba `de iure~.
poloneTSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgeneli iyo imave dros
varSavaSi arsebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare. 1920 wels,
daarsda specialuri organo `qarTuli komiteti poloneTSi~, romelsac
oficialuri statusi hqonda damtkicebuli poloneTis xelisuflebis
mier. qarTuli komiteti poloneTSi muSaobas agrZelebda ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdegac, 1922 wlis bolomde. komitets
xelmZRvanelobda s. yuruliSvili, xolo Semdeg i. salayaia.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.), saqarTvelos
mTavrobam miiRo poloneTis samxedro saswavleblis kursantebi general
i. pilsudskis meTaurobiT da isini rogorc stumrebi, mTeli wlis
saswavlo da dRiuri xarjebisagan gaaTavisufla. es im pativiscemis
dasturi iyo, rasac ruseTis imperiis monobaSi moqceuli, am ori eris
xalxebs Soris, jer kidev XIX saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli.
36
saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, poloneTis xelisuflebam Seifara
qarTveli ltolvilebi. safrangeTis Semdeg, qarTvel emigrantTa yvelaze
didi jgufi poloneTSi dasaxlda. poloneTis samxedro skolaSi
Cairicxa 46 qarTveli iunkeri, romlebsac saswavleblis damTavrebis
Semdeg, oficris Cini mieniWaT da poloneTis armiis sxvadasxva
SenaerTebSi gadanawildnen.
poloneli xalxis brZolis istorias rusuli agresiis winaaRmdeg,
didi mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, qarTvelebisaTvis, radgan XIX
saukunidan dawyebuli, poloneli da qarTveli xalxis cxovreba,
SeiZleba iTqvas, pirdapir paraleluri gziT mimdinareobda. qarTvelma
xalxma polonelTa am gmiruli brZolidan Semdegi daskvnebi unda
gamoitanos:
1. sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gareSe yovlad SeuZlebelia
qveynis Tavisuflebis mopoveba.
2. yovelgvari SeiaraRebuli Zala eris realur simdidres da
sakuTrebas warmoadgens, romelic adre Tu gvian ueWvelad iqneba
gamoyenebuli da Tavis ers ueWvelad gamoadgeba.
3. brZolis warmoebis teqnikisaTvis samxedro ganaTlebis miReba
yvelgan SeiZleba, magram am xelovnebis strategiuli da
politikuri mizniT gamoyeneba, mxolod da mxolod sakuTari
erovnuli politikis da strategiis xaziT unda iqnes gatarebuli.
am mizniT, qarTvelma jariskacma unda Seisisxlxorcos da
gaaanalizos sakuTari eris wiaRidan gamosul mamuliSvilTa
sabrZolo gamocdileba. saWiroa gaikvlios gza erekles da daviT
aRmaSeneblis sabrZolo moqmedebaTa sulieri kavSirisaken,
romelTa magivrobas maT veravin gauwevs.
4. mxedrobis RirsebaTa da SesaZleblobaTa sruli realizaciisaTvis,
aucilebelia sakuTari jariskacisaTvis sruli ndobis gamocxadeba
mTeli erisa da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mxridan. bunebrivia,
sakuTari jarisadmi ndoba, omis gamocxadebis dekretiT, erT
dReSi ar ibadeba, amisaTvis saWiroa eris yvela warmomadgenlis
mWidro kontaqti sakuTar mxedrobasTan mSvidobis periodSive.
37
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
antanta _ frangulad `Entente~ `SeTanxmeba~, igulisxmeba samxedro
bloki, romelic Camoyalibda 1904-1907 wlebSi ingliss, safrangeTsa da
ruseTs Soris. e. w. `samTa kavSiri~. aRniSnulma qveynebma 1914 wlis
oqtomberSi gaaformes xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac erTad unda
ebrZolaT pirvel msoflio omSi. 1914-1918 wlebSi maT SeuerTda
italia, iaponia, anu germaniis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili saxelmwifoebi.
antantis qveynebma pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebuli saxelmwifoebi
parizis sazavo konferenciaze ar dauSves. konferenciaSi monawileobda
antantis mxareze mebrZoli 27 saxelmwifo. samSvidobo xelSekrulebis
proeqts amuSavebda `aTTa sabWo~, romelSic Sedioda 5 didi
saxelmwifos: aSS-is, inglisis, safrangeTis, italiisa da iaponiis
warmomadgenlebi. 1919 wlis martSi `aTTa sabWo~ gauqmda da igi `oTxTa
sabWoTi~ Seicvala, iaponiis gamoklebiT.
divizia _ laT. `Divisio~ qveiTebis, kavaleriis an javSansatanko
nawilebis 3-4 polkisagan Sedgenili danayofi, samxedro SenaerTi,
romelic gaZlierebulia artileriiTa da specialuri samxedro
nawilebiT.
versalis zavi _ 1919 wlis 28 ivniss, versalis sarkeebian darbazSi
xeli moewera zavs I msoflio omSi damarcxebul germaniasTan. vinaidan
zavi versalis sasaxleSi iqna xelmowerili, mas versalis zavi ewoda.
versalis zaviT, poloneTs daubrunda baltiispireTis sanapiros,
mxolod mcire nawili dancigis (gdanski) gareSe. igi Tavisufal qalaqad
gamocxadda. poloneTs gadaeca aRmosavleT prusiis mcire nawili, xolo
didi nawili kvlav germanias darCa. poznanis aRmosavleT nawilis
poloneTisaTvis gadacemaze versalis konferencia, mxolod mas Semdeg
daTanxmda, rodesac iq mcxovrebi polonelebis ajanyebis Sedegad, 1918
wlis dekemberSi da 1919 wlis ianvarSi germanelebi gaZevebulni iqnen
poloneTidan. mogvianebiT, 1919 wlis 10 seqtembers, parizSi, sen-
Jermenis sasaxleSi, pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebulma avstriam xeli
moawera antantasTan sazavo xelSekrulebas, romliTac scno poloneTis
saxelmwifos damoukidebloba.
vilno _ vilniusi, litvis dedaqalaqi 1353 wlidan. 1919 wels
poloneTis jarebma i. pilsudskis meTaurobiT xelT igdes bresti,
vilniusi, mTeli litva, SeiWrnen belorusiaSi, daikaves minski da
miaRwies dasavleT dvinamde da berezinamde. poloneTis iurisdiqciaSi
yofnis periodSi (1920-1939 ww.), qalaqi vilniusi moixsenieboda vilnos
saxelwodebiT. 1990 wels, litvis respublikis damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis Semdeg, litvis uZvelesi qalaqi vilniusi Tavisi arsebobis
manZilze mesamed gamocxadda litvis dedaqalaqad. vilniusSi daibada da
38
iqve miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba cnobilma polonelma mweralma adam
mickeviCma, romlis Zeglic dResac amSvenebs Zveli vilniusis erT-erT
ubans.
legioni _ laT. `legio~ (legios) romauli jaris umaRlesi sabrZolo
erTeuli, uricxvi raodenoba, simravle, sxvadasxva drois sxvadasxva
samxedro nawilis saxelwodeba, mag. 1914-1918 wlebis msoflio omis
dros moqmedebdnen polonuri legionebi.
loZi _ (sityvasityviT _ `navi~) mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT,
poloneTis mesame qalaqia. 2006 wlis monacemebiT qalaqis mosaxleoba
753 192 kacs Sesadgens. is qveynis centralur nawilSi mdebareobs,
varSavis samxreT-dasavleTiT 120 km-ze. loZi poloneTis msubuqi da
eleqtronuli mrewvelobis centrad iTvleba.
krakovi _ (pol. Kraków ['krakuf]), sruli saxelwodeba: samefo
dedaqalaqi krakovi (pol. Królewskie Stołeczne Miasto Kraków) erT-erTi
udidesi da uZvelesi qalaqia poloneTSi. 2004 wlis monacemebiT misi
mosaxleoba 760 000 kacs Seadgens. istoriuli qalaqi mdebareobs md.
vislaze, vavelis mTis Ziras, molopolskas regionis samxreTiT. 1999
wlidan is molopolskas savoevodos (województwo małopolskie) dedaqalaqia, xolo manamde, dawyebuli XIV saukunidan, krakovis
savoevodos dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda. krakovi, istoriulad poloneTis
wamyvani samecniero, kulturuli da xelovnebis centri iyo. erT dros
poloneTis dedaqalaqi, sakuTari aTaswlovani istoriis wyalobiT,
mravalTa mier dResac qveynis gulad miiCneva. is regionisa da
saerTaSoriso turizmis centria, weliwadSi 2 milionze meti mnaxveliT.
moziris jgufi _ moziris meTaurobiT, rusi jariskacebisagan Semdgari
samxedro SenaerTi, romelic 1920 wels aqtiur monawileobas
Rebulobda poloneTis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi qalaq varSavasTan.
39
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• avaliSvili z. `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis
saerTaSoriso politikaSi~, Tbilisi, 1990;
• gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, `qarTvelebi poloneTSi~, parizi,
1927, # 18, gv. 5;
• gazeTi `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~, `qarTuli kolonia varSavaSi~,
parizi, 1935, # 17, gv. 14-15;
• r. dauSvili `qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi~, gamomcemloba
`raeo~, Tbilisi 2007;
• r. dauSvili `qarTuli politikuri da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi
emigraciaSi XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, t.
11, 2004, gv. 206-226;
• Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis emigraciis
muzeumSi daculi foto dokumenturi masala. guram SaraZis piradi
fondi;
• n. maTikaSvili `poloneTis ganTavisufleba da marSali pilsudski~,
`mxedari~, # 19, parizi, 1935;
• a. manveliSvili `ruseTi da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~, san-
francisko, 1984;
• a. manveliSvili `ruseTi da saqarTvelo~, t. I, parizi, 1951;
• Manvelichvili A. `Histoire de Géorgie~, Nouvelle éditions de la Toison d’or, Paris, 1951;
• Nippold o. `La Géorgie du point de vue du droit international~, éd du Bureau de Press Géorgien, 1920;
• poloneTis prezidentis egnate mosticskis sityva warmoTqmuli
marSal ioseb pilsudskis dakrZalvisas, `mxedari~, # 19, parizi,
1935;
• Jurnali `axali poloneTi~, 2001;
• al. CxeiZe `marSal i. pilsudskis cxovreba da moqmedeba~ Jurnali
`mxedari~, # 19, parizi, 1935;
• n. javaxiSvili `qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis qveS~, Tbilisi
1998.
• qavTaraZe ian (vano) (emigranti qarTveli istorikosi), `saqarTvelos
istoria~, gam. varSavis aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti, varSava,
1929 (polonur enaze), redaqtori, prof. marteli handelsmani.
sainteresoa wignis avtoriseuli miZRvna: `istoriis wigns ubeduri
erisa, romlis Svilebmac TavianTi samSoblos tragediis wlebSi
TavSesafari hpoves poloneTis miwaze, vuZRvni polonel xalxs; Cems
naSroms mivarTmev am qveynis pirvel marSals _ ioseb pilsudskis,
rogorc Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis simbolos~.
40
• Советская историческая энциклопедия, т.14 _ М.; Советская энциклопедия, 1973.
• Соколов Б. В. Михаил Тухачевский: жизнь и смерть «Красного маршала», Смоленск: Русич, 1999.
• Тухачевский М. Н. Избранные произведения в 2-х томах _ М.; Воениздат, 1964 г., т.1, Предисловие Маршала Советского Союза С. С. Бирюзова.
• Черушев Н. С. 1937 год: Элита Красной армии на голгофе. _ М.; Изд-во «Вече», 2003.
• Гуль Р. Б. Красные маршалы: Тухачевский, Ворошилов, Блюхер, Котовский. _ М.; Молодая гвардия, 1990.
41
sabrZolo moqmedebaTa rukebi:
ruka #1
ruka #2
42
ruka #3
ruka #4
43
ruka #5
ruka #6
44
poloneTis pirveli marSali ioseb pilsudski
komendanti ioseb pilsudski
45
poloneTis prezidenti egnate mosticki
poloneTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generali ridz-smigli
46