Variation in Ende Word Order

Variation inEnde Word

Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage

Word OrderTrends InEnde

Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications

Cross-linguisticsWord Order Trends

Summary

Variation in Ende Word Order

Megan M. Brown

Boston University

12th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages andLinguistics Conference, June 18, 2020


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Ende Language

• Pahoturi Riverlanguage

• >0600 speakers

• Limol, Malam, andKinkin

(Eberhard et al., 2019; Lindsey, 2019)


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Ende LanguageWord Order Variation

(1) Daif

bongoyou

ttongoone

llaman

deacc

papahit

dagaganaux.3sg

‘If you hit someone’

Subject - Object - Verb

(2) Yabadsun

angdewhen

ikopsee

dagaganaux.3sg

kokmoon

bomacc

kollbafish

peyangwith

‘When sun saw moon with the fish’

Subject - Verb - Object


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(1) Daif

bongoyou

ttongoone

llaman

deacc

papahit

dagaganaux.3sg



(2) Yabadsun

angdewhen

ikopsee

dagaganaux.3sg

kokmoon

bomacc

kollbafish

peyangwith




Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(1) Daif

bongoyou

ttongoone

llaman

deacc

papahit

dagaganaux.3sg



(2) Yabadsun

angdewhen

ikopsee

dagaganaux.3sg

kokmoon

bomacc

kollbafish

peyangwith




Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(3) Gethis

llaman

deacc

umllanginform

dagaganaux.3sg

mallawoman

danom

‘Then some woman informed this man’

Object - Verb - Subject

(4) Mallawife

deacc

llaman

danom

ekatell.rec

nantamenynan3sg>3sg

‘A man told the wife something’

Object - Subject - Verb


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(3) Gethis

llaman

deacc

umllanginform

dagaganaux.3sg

mallawoman

danom



(4) Mallawife

deacc

llaman

danom

ekatell.rec

nantamenynan3sg>3sg




Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Project

What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?

Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Project

• What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?

Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Project

• What are the mostcommon word ordersin Ende?

• Where variationoccurs, what factorsmight influence the useof one order vsanother?


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Data

• Ende corpus (Lindsey, 2015)

• >0100 hoursrecorded EndeSpeech

• >0200,000 wordstranscribed

• 4 recordings ofspoken Endeselected


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Data

• 4 speakers

• 2 male, 2 female

• Age Range = 57-76

• Narratives and stories


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

The Analysis

• Verbs, Subjects, andObjects

• Copula Constructions

• Pre- and Post-NominalAdjectives

• Main Verbs andAuxiliary Verbs

• Adpositions(Prepositions vs.Postpositoins)

• Demonstratives


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Consistencies


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

ConsistenciesCopula Constructions

Copula constructions are always ordered predictate-copula(n=25).

(5) Ngamaour

ttoenttoensmall-story

dancop

Predicate - Copula


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

ConsistenciesAuxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs always followed the main verb (n=75),

(6) ttoeskin[verb]

amalloaux.prs.3nsg

Main Verb - Auxiliary Verb


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

ConsistenciesDemonstratives

Demonstratives are always pre-nominal (n = 25)

(7) GeThis

ttoenttoensmall story

Demonstrative - Noun


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Variation


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

VariationAdpositions

90% of all adpositions were postpositional (n=10)

(8) ll1gboy

kalsresmall

peyangwith

Noun Phrase - Postposition


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

VariationAdpositions

All prepositional examples involve the preposition “do”

(9) doto/until

W1rbunplace name

preposition - noun


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

VariationAdjectives

81% of adjectives were post-nominal (n = 16)

(10) ll1gboy

kalsresmall

Noun - Adjective


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

VariationAdjectives

Most cases of pre-nominal adjectives suggested borrowings

(11) Mergood

totoevening

Adjective - Noun


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

VariationSubjects, Objects, and Verbs

Constructions Considered:

• Transitive Verbs

• Overt Subjects and Objects


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


Constructions Considered:

• Transitive Verbs

• Overt Subjects and Objects


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


74% of all transitive sentences (n = 50) were SOV

(12) Bongoyou

llaman

deacc

papahit

dagaganaux.3sg



Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Atypical Word Orders

(13) Yabadsun

angdewhen

ikopsee

dagaganaux.3sg

kokmoon

bomacc

kollbafish

peyangwith




Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(14) Yabadsun

angdewhen

ikopsee

dagaganaux.3sg

kokmoon

bomacc

kollbafish

peyangwith


SubjectNEW - Verb - ObjectESTABLISHED


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


(15) Gethis

llaman

deacc

umllanginform

dagaganaux.3sg

mallawoman

danom



(16) Mallawife

deacc

llaman

danom

ekatell.rec

nantamenynanaux




Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Cross-linguistic Word Order Trends

Object-Verb Verb-Objectpostpositions prepositions

genitive - noun noun - genitivemanner adverb - verb verb - manner adverb

standard - marker marker - standardstandard - adjective adjective - standard

adpositional phrase - verb verb - adpositional phrasemain verb - auxiliary verb auxiliary verb - main verb

predicate - copula copula - predicateinitial question particle initial question particle

final complementizer initial complementizernoun - article article - noun

relative clause - noun noun - relative clausenoun - plural word plural word - noun

(Dryer,1991, 1992)


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


Object-Verb Verb-Objectpostpositions prepositions

genitive - noun noun - genitivemanner adverb - verb verb - manner adverb

standard - marker marker - standardstandard - adjective adjective - standard

adpositional phrase - verb verb - adpositional phrasemain verb - auxiliary verb auxiliary verb - main verb

predicate - copula copula - predicateinitial question particle initial question particle

final complementizer initial complementizernoun - article article - noun

relative clause - noun noun - relative clausenoun - plural word plural word - noun

(Dryer,1991, 1992)


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary


Object - Verb Verb - Object

Common

PostpositionsStandard - Adjective

Main Verb - Aux VerbPredicate - Copula

Article [Demonstrative] - Noun

ObservedPrepositionsAdjective-Standard

NotObserved

Noun - ArticleAux Verb - Main VerbCopula - Predicate

NotTested

Genitive - NounManner Adverb - Verb

Adpositional phrase - VerbFinal Question ParticleFinal Complementizer

Relative Clause - NounNoun - Plural Word

Noun - GenitiveVerb - Manner AdverbVerb - Adpositional PhraseInitial Question ParticleInitial ComplementizerNoun - Relative ClausePlural Word - Noun


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary



Common





NotObserved


NotTested






Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary



Common





NotObserved


NotTested






Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary



Common





NotObserved


NotTested






Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary



Common





NotObserved


NotTested






Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary



Common





NotObserved


NotTested






Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Summary

• Ende overall conforms with Dryer’s trends for anObject-Verb (OV) language.

• There remains a relatively high degree of variation

• Outlook• Other reasons of non-SOV orderings• Additional feature trends in Dryer’s proposal


Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Summary





Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Summary





Order

Megan M.Brown

The EndeLanguage


Consistencies

Variation

LargerImplications


Summary

Thank You!

Questions?

Contact:[email protected]

Slides available atmeganmbrown.com


Order

Megan M.Brown

Appendix

References

References I

Dryer, M. S. (1991)SVO languages and the OV:VO typology.Journal of Linguistics, 27:430-482.

Dryer, M. S. (1992)The Greenburgian word order correlations.Language 68:81-138.

Dryer, M. S. (1995)Word Order in DiscourseIn Noonan, M. and Downing, P., editors, pages 105-135.

Eberhard, D. M., Simons, G. F., and Fennig, C. D., editors(2019).Ethnologue: Languages of the World.SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 22nd edition.


Order

Megan M.Brown

Appendix

References

References II

Evans, N. et al., (2018).Languages of Southern New Guinea.In Palmer, B., editor, The Languages and Linguistics ofNew Guinea: A Comprehensive Guide.of Southern NewGuinea. De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, Boston.

Lindsey, K. L., (2015)Language corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi Riverlanguages.https://doi.org/10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde.

Lindsey, K. L., (2019)Ghost Elements in Ende PhonologyPhD thesis, Stanford University.


Order

Megan M.Brown

Appendix

References

Example Citations in the EndeCorpus (Lindsey, 2015)

1. SE SF039 # 40.1

2. SE PN006 # 18.1

3. SE PI041 # 32

4. SE PI041 # 32

5. SE SN004 # 3.1

6. RE EE001 # 143.1

7. SE SN004 # 2

8. SE PI035 # 95.2

9. SE SN024 # 15.2

10. SE PI035 # 95.2

11. SE PN023 # 5.1

12. SE SF039 # 40.1

13. SE PN006 # 18.1

14. SE PN006 # 18.1

15. SE PI041 # 32

16. SE PI041 # 32

Documents

Variation in Ende Word Order