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Variation in dispersal capacity and behaviour in the Natterjack toad ( Bufo calamita ). Joke Maes Herpetology 22 March 2012. Promotor: Erik Matthysen Co-promotor: Raoul Van Damme. Dispersal. Dispersal. Individual and among-population variation in dispersal capacity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Variation in dispersal capacity and behaviour in the Natterjack toad (Bufo calamita)
Joke MaesHerpetology 22 March 2012
Promotor: Erik Matthysen Co-promotor: Raoul Van Damme
Dispersal
Dispersal
Individual and among-population variation in dispersal capacity
Selection in favour or against dispersal
Local adaptation in dispersal capacity
Dispersal capacity
Distance between habitat patches > thorax
Hesperia comma
(Hill et al. 1999)
Fragmentation
Geographical variation in habitat persistence
Macroptere/brachyptera Prokelisia marginata
(Denno et al. 1996)
Dispersal capacityHabitat persistence
Turn over rate > proportion of high dispersal genotype
Caenorhabditis elegans(Friedenberg 2003)
Dispersal capacity
Selection for faster toads with longer legs and better endurance in Cane
toad (Bufo marinus) (Phillips et al. 2006; Llewelyn et al. 2010)
Bufo marinus
Connectivity through dispersal
Natterjack toad(Bufo calamita)
Protected Endemic European species
Mobile
Pioneer species
Temporary ponds
High extinction risk
→ Dispersal by juveniles (up to 2 km: Sinsch 1997)
Natterjack toad(Bufo calamita)
Research question
Research question
Local adaptation in dispersal capacity in the Natterjack toad?
Snout-vent length
Relative leg length
Body condition
Endurance
Sprint speed
Dispersal-related traits in frogs and toads
Material & methods
2008: eggs raised in a common environment (CE)2009: metamorphosed toadlets collected in their natural environment (NE)
Material & methods
Kalmthout ML1
Kikbeekbron ML2
Natterjack toad
Liereman SL1 LO MD1
Tielrode SH1
Den Diel SH2
83 cm
Material & methodsSnout-vent length Relative leg lengthBody conditionEnduranceSprint speed
Dispersal behaviour
(Dingemanse et al. 2003)Parus major
Gambusia affinis(Cote et al. 2010)
‘Behavioural syndrome’ (‘Personality’, ‘Temperament’)
Dispersal propensity
RepeatabilityBehavioural correlations
Lab studies on animal behaviour : shy/boldness, social behaviour, explorative behaviour, activity, aggression, …
Lacerta vivipara(Aragon et al. 2006)
Dispersal behaviour
(Dingemanse et al. 2003)Parus major
Gambusia affinis(Cote et al. 2010)
‘Behavioural syndrome’ (‘Personality’, ‘Temperament’)
Dispersal propensity
RepeatabilityBehavioural correlations
Lab studies on animal behaviour : shy/boldness, social behaviour, explorative behaviour, activity, aggression, …
Local adaptation in behavioural syndromes?
Lacerta vivipara(Aragon et al. 2006)
Dispersal behaviour
‘Behavioural syndrome’ in the Natterjack toad?
‘Bold’ ‘Shy’
Do natterjack toads have personality?
Research question
Local adaptation in dispersal capacity?
Behavioural syndrome in the Natterjack toad?
Behavioural syndrome linked to dispersal tendency?
Local adaptation in behaviour?
Repeatability? Correlation?
‘Open field test’ (lab)
Behavioural variables
Material & methods
Test 64 (0A0114-met geur)Liereman
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reeks1
Test 16 (0A0100-zonder geur)Liereman
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reeks1
Test 18 (0A0115-met geur)Oasis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reeks1
Test 69 (0A0149-zonder geur)Tielrode
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reeks1
Test 19 (0A0114-zonder geur)Liereman
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Reeks1
Shyness: latency Locomotor activity (Percentage of time active after the first movement) Explorative tendency (surface explored after the first movement) Corridor use Maximum speed Average speed
> Repeated after six weeks and after one year
Material & methods
‘Open field test’ (lab)
Behavioural variables Dispersal tendency
Material & methods
‘Corridor’‘Release patch’
‘Open field test’ (lab) Outdoor
Behavioural variables Dispersal tendency
Material & methods
‘Corridor’‘Release patch’
Results
Repeatability dispersal behaviour
Repeatability > individual variation ecological relevant
Behavioural syndrome in toads?
After statistical correction for morphometry
Vbetween/(Vbetween + Vwithin)
Common environment Natural environment
6 weeks 6 weeks 1 year
Latency 0.27 0.47 0.30
Activity 0.28 0.35 0.19
Explorative tendency 0 0.35 0.20
Corridor use 0.24 0.23 0.13-0.08
Maximum speed 0.21 0.47 0.36
Average speed 0.10 0.48 0.30
Results
Repeatability dispersal behaviour
Behavioural syndrome in toads?
After statistical correction for morphometry
Vbetween/(Vbetween + Vwithin)
Common environment Natural environment
6 weeks 6 weeks 1 year
Latency 0.27 0.47 0.30
Activity 0.28 0.35 0.19
Explorative tendency 0 0.35 0.20
Corridor use 0.24 0.23 0.13-0.08
Maximum speed 0.21 0.47 0.36
Average speed 0.10 0.48 0.30
Repeatability > individual variation ecological relevant Repeatability NE bigger than CE
NECE
Results
Behavioural correlations?
Behavioural syndrome in toads?
CE NE
ResultsBehavioural syndrome in toads?
ResultsBehavioural syndrome in toads?
ResultsBehavioural syndrome in toads?
No correlations between behaviour and capacity parameters
Results
Behavioural variables:
Repeatable?
Correlation?
Correlations with dispersal tendency?
Behavioural syndrome possibly linked to dispersal
Results Correlations between behavioural variables (2009) and dispersal tendency (2010)?
• Toadlets that reached the end of the corridor in the open field test had a higher dispersal tendency in the outdoor experiment (p = 0.034)• Time to reach the end of the outdoor corridor correlated with personality traits.
Correlation r = - 0.22 P = 0.035
Results Correlations between behavioural variables (2009) and dispersal tendency (2010)?
• Toadlets that reached the end of the corridor in the ourdoor experiment, were more social.
ResultsLocal adaptation in dispersal capacity and/or behaviour?
Dispersal capacitySnout-vent length, relative leg length and body condition
ResultsLocal adaptation in dispersal capacity and/or behaviour?
Dispersal capacitySnout-vent length, relative leg length and body conditionEndurance and sprint speed
ResultsLocal adaptation in dispersal capacity and/or behaviour?
Dispersal capacitySnout-vent length, relative leg length and body conditionEndurance and sprint speed
?
?
ResultsLocal adaptation in dispersal capacity and/or behaviour?
Dispersal capacitySnout-vent length, relative leg length and body conditionEndurance and sprint speed
?
?
ResultsLocal adaptation in dispersal capacity and/or behaviour?
Dispersal capacitySnout-vent length, relative leg length and body conditionEndurance and sprint speed
Dispersal behaviour
Personality in terms of individual variation in behaviour
Among-population variation in dispersal capacity
No indications on local adaptation in behavioural syndrome
Conclusion
‘Bold’ ‘Shy’