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RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL COMPETITIVENESS PROJECT

Value Chain Analysis

Barley

Prepared by:

AGRI BUSINESS PROMOTION FACILITY

Value Chain Analysis - Barley i


Contents

Page

List of Tables iii

List of Figures iv

Executive Summary: Barley 1

Chapter 1- Introduction 5

1.1. Global Scenario 5

1.2. Indian Scenario 10

1.3. State Scenario: Production 14

1.4. District and cluster scenario: Production 14

1.5. Approach to Value Chain Analysis 17

Chapter 2- Pre Harvest Management 18

2.1. Major commercial varieties Grown in Rajasthan 18

2.2. New initiatives and Practices 22

2.3. Seasonality Pattern of Barley in Rajasthan visa-vis other parts of the world 22

2.4. Land Preparation 23

2.5. Sowing/Planting/Cultivation 23

2.6. Climatic and Soil Requirement 24

2.7. Nutrients Management 24

2.8. Water management 24

2.9. Weed Management 24

2.10. Pest & Disease Management 25

2.11. Recommended Good Agriculture Practices 28

2.12. Harvesting 28

2.13. Pre Harvest constraints of Farmers 29

Chapter-3: Post-Harvest Management 30

3.1. Post - Harvest Losses, Harvesting Care and Post – Harvest Equipment 30

3.2. Grade Specification & Grading at Producer level 30

3.3. Major storage Disease and Pest and their Control Measure 31

Chapter 4- Cost of production and Net value accruals to producers 35

Chapter 5- Supply Chain of commodity 36

Value Chain Analysis - Barley ii


5.1. Seasonal Availability and Price Pattern 36

5.2. Existing value chain Channels 38

5.3. Alternative Systems of Marketing 40

Chapter 6- Processing Infrastructure availability and utilization 43

6.1. Processing 43

6.2. Stakeholder’s Share in Consumer Rupee 46

6.3. Price build up & Marketing Efficiency Analysis 47

6.4. Consumer preference Analysis 47

Chapter 7- Existing Institutional support and Infrastructure facility 48

7.1. Support at cultivation stage 48

7.2. Support at post-harvest stage 53

Chapter 8- Gap & Constraint Analysis 56

8.1. As Perceived by Producers and Other Stakeholders 56

8.2. SWOT Analysis of the Value Chain of Barley 58

8.3. Key constraints in Barley crop: 59

8.4. PIESTEC Framework 60

8.5. Impact of GST over barley value chain: 62

Chapter 9- Proposed Intervention and Investments 63

9.1. Intervention areas for Value chain strengthening/restructuring 63

9.2. Envisaged Post-intervention value chain map of barley 67

9.3. Conclusion 72

References 73

Annexure 1: Stakeholders consulted over the study 75

Annexure 2: List out Central Warehousing Corporation (CWCs) in Rajasthan 77

Annexure 3: List of State Warehousing Corporation (SWCs) in Rajasthan 80

Annexure 4: Price variation of Barley in Rajasthan 82

Annexure 5: Rural Godowns in Rajasthan 86

Annexure-6: Product wise GST rates of Food Products 90

Value Chain Analysis – Barley iii

© Grant Thornton India LLP. All rights reserved.

List of Tables

Table 1: Top 10 Barley Production Countries in 2013 ................................................................................. 6 Table 2: Export of Barley in 2014 .................................................................................................................... 7 Table 3: Major Importing Countries in Barley in 2014-15 ........................................................................... 8 Table 4: The Top 5 Largest Beer Brewing Companies in the World ....................................................... 10 Table 5: Year wise production of Barley in India ........................................................................................ 10 Table 7: Growth rate of Rabi Crops at All India level during 1980s, 1990s and 2000s ........................ 11 Table 8: Barley Production state wise (‘000MT) .......................................................................................... 13 Table 9: State Wise percentage area coverage and production.................................................................. 14 Table 10: District-wise production (‘000 tonnes) of Barley in top 5 districts of Rajasthan ................. 14 Table 11: Consultations of stakeholders for Value chain Analysis (Details in Annexure – 1) ............. 17 Table 12: Varieties of Barley in Rajasthan .................................................................................................... 18 Table 13: Seasonal Availability Pattern ......................................................................................................... 22 Table 14: Spacing and Seed Rate .................................................................................................................... 23 Table 15: Nutrient management of Barley ................................................................................................... 24 Table 16: Weed management .......................................................................................................................... 24 Table 17: Diseases of barley at cultivation stage.......................................................................................... 25 Table 18: Pests of barley at cultivation stage ................................................................................................ 26 Table 19: Special characteristics of barley for grading under AGMARK ............................................... 31 Table 20:Cost of Production .......................................................................................................................... 35 Table 21: Arrivals of Barley in various markets of Rajasthan in 2016-17 ................................................ 36 Table 22: Modal price trend of Barley in Alwar mandi in last 3 years ..................................................... 37 Table 23: List of market fees .......................................................................................................................... 40 Table 23 Price spread table of Barley (Illustrative for sale of barley flour used for preparing mix flour0 .................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Table 24: Tax Structure ................................................................................................................................... 62 Table 26: Yield loss and interventions for Value chain of barley ............................................................. 69

Value Chain Analysis – Barley iv


List of Figures

Figure 1: Major Exporting Countries in Barley 2014 .................................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Major Importing Countries in Barley in 2014 ............................................................................... 8 Figure 3: World's top malt exporters, 2007 .................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4: World's top malt importers, 2007 ................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5: Production of barley in 1000 MT .................................................................................................. 11 Figure 6: Barley Production State Wise ......................................................................................................... 13 Figure 7: Price range of Barley in past 3 seasons ......................................................................................... 38 Figure 9:Consultation with MNCs and Value Chain Leaders ................................................................... 57 Figure 10: Indicative Post Intervention value chain map of Barley ......................................................... 68 Figure 11:FPC Development Approach ....................................................................................................... 70

Value Chain Analysis – Barley 1


Executive Summary: Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the most widely grown cereal crop over broad environmental

conditions and is the world’s fourth important cereal crop after wheat, maize and rice. Barley is

more tolerant to soil salinity than wheat, has a shorter growing season and is also relatively drought

tolerant and requires around 0ne fifth the water required for wheat. Barley consumption apparently

has a range of health benefits by way of regulation of blood sugar and reducing cholesterol levels in

the blood. Its appearance resembles wheat grains, although it is slightly lighter in color and is more

fibrous in nature. Food barley is principally cultivated for traditional foods and local beverages in

various parts of the world. De-hulled barley is used to prepare a number of food items like flour,

flakes etc. Barley is also a popular animal feed grain. Sprouted barley is naturally high in maltose, a

sugar that serves as the basis for both malt syrup sweetener. Fermented, barley is used as an

ingredient in beer and other alcoholic beverages. Malt barley, due to its limited usage and high-

quality requirements, is a unique niche product in international grain market representing about

1.5% of the total world grain production (USAID, 2014). It is particularly interesting in the context

of smallholder commercialization and food security since it has high value as both cash and food

crop. It is also the major raw material (about 90% of the total raw material cost) used in beer

production. Despite the available potentials and opportunities for malt barley production and high

market demand, farmer`s market orientation of malt barley in India and particularly in Rajasthan is

quite low. Market oriented production can allow farmers to increase their income by producing

output with higher return to land and labor in comparasion to wheat. Thus malt barley producers`

market orientation in production is important in order to identify the bottlenecks of malt barley

production; to meet the demand of breweries in the country, promote water use efficiency in

agriculture and to enhance agricultural transformation.

In the global context, around 144 million tonnes of barley is being produced annually, out of which

around 14% is being produced by the Russian Federation followed by France and Germany.

Australia, Ukraine and Canada are also important producers. India ranks 14th with production of

about 1.5 million tonnes with 1% share in global production. Global demand is significant for beer

production and value chain leaders include Soufflet (for malt production) and SABMiller (U.K.) and

Heineken (Netherlands) and Carlsberg (Denmark) for beer production. Alwar district in Rajasthan

has a significant place in the Indaian brewery industry with most of the significant players having

their malting/ brewing industry in the district.

In India, Barley is one of the most widely cultivated cereal crops. The major producing states are

Rajasthan, U.P., Haryana and Punjab. Rajasthan amounts for about 40-50% and U.P. for 25-30% of

total production. Malt Barley cultivation is currently popular in Punjab and Haryana. Mostly local

varieties are used in Rajasthan and UP for self-consumption.



Rajasthan ranks second in terms of acreage and tops in terms of production of Barley. The major

producing districts include Jaipur, Sriganganagar, Sikar, Ajmer, Alwar and Chittorgarh. It is also

emerging in Bundi, Baran, Tonk and Kota.

A range of Barley varieties are grown in Rajasthan. These include BL-2 “Rajkiran”, HYVs RD 2035

and RD 2552, Malt varieties like RD 2624 and RD 2660 are specially developed for adaptability in

rain-fed conditions. Pre-harvest constraints may be viewed in terms of necessary irrigation facility

(2-3 per crop) and a range of diseases and pests. Apart from these, awareness among farmers on

commercial varieties of barley is also a challenge. Inadequate access to appropriate storage facility,

grading and sorting and packaging are some critical constraints at the post-harvest stage.

Some important support institutions for Barley in Rajasthan are Department of Agriculture, Govt.

of Rajasthan who provides extensive support through their team of State/District/ Tehsil and

Panchayat level officials on; recommended package and practices for the crop, mini kits for crop

demonstration and subsidy support on certified seed distribution to farmers. Other support

structures of the Department of Agriculture are the Rajasthan State Seed and Organic Production

Certification Agency, The Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation Ltd, the State Institute of Agriculture

Management, Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation, Department of Agriculture Marketing and

Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board who contribute to the productivity, storage and market

linkage of the crop. Apart from this, there are various Krishi Vigyan Kendras around Jaipur, Alwar

and Kota attached through State Agriculture Universities/ ICAR also contribute in terms of seed

production, technology demonstration and post-harvest management of the crop. RARI, Durgapura

has also played a significant role in production of improved varieties of Barley contributing to both

production and productivity in the State. Other support institutions in Rajasthan include the ATCs

of the State Government who help in technology demonstration and scientific trial of various

varieties for recommending PoP for the various agro-climatic regions for the crop.

Sowing of Barley normally takes place in Nov-Dec. Harvesting starts from March- April. Major

markets in terms of arrival of barley in Rajasthan are Ganganagar, Jaipur, Sikar, and Hanumangarh.

The modal price of barley is in the range of Rs 1300- 1500 per quintal. Barley is covered under the

Minimum Support Price system of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare

of Govt. of India and the MSP has grown from Rs 550 in 2006-07 to Rs 1325 in 2017-181

Till a decade ago, the barley that farmers grew in semi-arid Haryana and Rajasthan due to water

scarcity would mostly be used as animal feed. Now, with international breweries keen to source

barley locally, these farmers are keen to increase their share in the value chain. In terms of marketing

arrangements and processing there is apparently scope for some amendments and enforcements in

the contract farming policy to encourage processor-producer linkages (in terms of mandi tax

exemption, stamp duty on contracts/individual farmer agreements etc.). Direct procurements by

processors from individual farmers or from storage/common facilities of FPCs is yet marginal.

Firms like Soufflet are presently sourcing (in case of this firm) around 20,000 tonnes per annum for

processing through APMCs as well as on the basis of MOUs with farmers. This is for Malt Barley.

However, as indicated, barley flour, flakes etc. are yet relatively untapped in the context of

processing and market options.

Considering processors in the value chain and production of about 30 quintals per acre, the gross

returns at Rs 1450 per quintal is about Rs 43500 per ha. The net accrual to farmers is about Rs

13750 per ha. The advantage in barley vis-à-vis wheat is that Barley requires only half (2-3 times)

irrigation. Many farmers presently earn Rs 300 more per quintal from cultivating wheat than barley.

1 http://fci.gov.in/procurements.php?view=89

http://fci.gov.in/procurements.php?view=89



In this regard, there is scope to leverage interest of large firms like Soufflet and other

malting/brewering companies who could support increase yield per acre of barley by over 50%

through transfer of best practices and hence often ensure adequate value accruals to producers. Such

options will incentivise cultivation.

Key strengths of barley value chain are: It is less water intensive and highly suitable for semi arid

condition of Rajasthan, Demand for malt variety is growing and hence increase in scope of earning

of farmer.

Key weakness of barley value chain are: Is less remunerative as compared to wheat, Non awareness

of farmers on malt barley varieties and difficulty of processors to link directly with farmers.

Key opportunities in barley value chain are: Option through RACP for crop diversification from

wheat to barley, growing demand for malt industry, good value addition opportunity for barley as a

food grain.

Key threats for barley value chian are: Most of the crops economic potential lies with procurement

linked with malt companies and farmers fear for getting associated with such companies due to fear

of rejection.

Pre and Indicative Post-Intervention Value Chain of Barley

Pre Intervention Value Chain: Barley

The present value chain of barley has 3 distinct activity marketing or production-distribution

channels. In all these channels, farmers/producers supply commodities to the APMC through

village level traders. APMC commission agents, in turn supply them to malt processors and

thereafter malt barley is supplied to domestic brewers and distillers (Channel 1) and larger

international brewers and distillers (channel 2). In channel 3 feed and barley is supplied through

APMC commission agents to processors and then onward to domestic and global retailers. The

critical constraints in many locations is that the price realization from barley cultivation is lower than

that of wheat due to cultivation of local varieties, posing a challenge in increasing cropped area.

Generally in case of Barley grain, the share of farmers in consumer rupee is 49% , that of APMC

trader is 1%, Grain wholeseller is 3%, Processor is 26%, wholeseller is 7% and retailer is 14% .

Indicative Post Intervention Value Chain: Barley

In the envisaged post-intervention value chain of Barley, FPCs/farmer associations could bypass the

APMC and commission agents and undertake the value chain activities like aggregation and operate

common facilities (FCSCs) undertaking drying, storage, packaging and transportation. Upon these

primary processing and storage activities, the commodity may be supplied to SME as well as large

processers like “Soufflet and other large breweries/malting companies. Best Agricultural Practices,

seeds etc. supplied by processors could enhance the yield and productivity per acre encouraging

crop diversification. Many global players including Soufflet, SAB Miller and Carlsberg as well as

smaller local breweries are in operation in the region.

The FPCs could undertake a gamut of activities ranging from input facilitation (seeds, pesticides,

fertilisers), custom hiring in addition to providing common facility storage and primary processing

facilities. These could help in increasing net value accruals to farmers by 15-30%.

As a matter of fact, apparently through Soufflet’s intervention of undertaking “contract farming”

(on the basis MOUs) with about 3,500 farmers, the average net value accruals to contracted



farmers/producers has increased by over 15-30%. In addition, individual enterprise start-ups could

be facilitated in secondary and tertiary processing of value-added barley products like oatmeal,

puffed and roasted barley etc.

The intervention plan of Barley may be broadly considered in the context of activities and

stakeholders in three stages- Production stage/ Cultivation by producers/farmers, post-harvest stage

and the processing stage. In the context of shift towards barley production to greater extent, the

production of apt food/malt barley production than feed barley is important. It should be

strengthened by adaption of best package of Agricultural Practices, capacity building of producers

and also to evolve local self-governance and market linkage institutions like FPCs. Undertaking

contract farming interventions are some of the interventions required to redress related constraints

at the production stage. At the post-harvest stage, major constraints are high content of immature

grains/dart and foreign materials in harvested barley, (largely) rain-fed irrigation and inadequate

storage facility are present. Well-designed FCSCs could help address these vices issues at the

farm/producer level. At the processing stage, gaps are most apparent, in terms of awareness

amongst processors and inadequate producer processor links etc. These may be reduced through

information dissemination and B2B initiatives matched with policy incentives (like mandi tax

exemption) to facilitate the same.

In the post intervention value chain, Gethe share of farmers in consumer rupee might still be at

49% , but the FPC may take the margin of additional 4% if it just bypasses the mandi and sells

directly to the processors. It is also estimated that, the farmers’ share might alos increase by another

10% of its existing share if the farmers sell to Malt processors through FPC.



Chapter 1- Introduction

Origin and Importance

Origin: The exact origin of barley is debatable, possibly originating in Egypt, Ethiopia, the Near East

or Tibet. However, it is fairly certain that barley was among the earliest cultivated grains, around the

same time as domestication of wheat2. Barley was grown in the Middle East prior to 10,000 BC (6,

12, 13), but barley's cultivation in China and India probably occurred later. Barley was grown on the

Korean Peninsula by 1500-850 BC along with millet and wheat.

Barley is a rich source of nutrients like protein, B vitamins, niacin, dietary minerals, and dietary fibre.

The grain is a particularly good source of manganese and phosphorus. Raw barley is 78%

carbohydrate, 10% protein, 10% water, and 1% fat. De-hulled barley is used to prepare a number of

food items like flour, flakes, grits, etc. Barley in these forms can be used to make porridge, gruel, and

a wide variety of other dishes in Central and Eastern Europe. In Saudi Arabia, people consume

barley soup during Ramadan. Several other recipes in the Middle East like the murri, kashk, and

kashkak use barley.

Research suggests that barley consumption is beneficial in several ways. It reduces cholesterol levels

in the blood, improves the regulation of blood sugar, and has other health benefits too. However,

since barley contains gluten, it is not recommended for people with gluten-related disorders. Barley

is also extensively used in beer and whiskey production. Non-alcoholic beverages like barley water

and barley roasted tea are also produced from barley. In the US, half of the barley produced is used

to feed livestock. Barley is also the principal feed grain in Canada, Europe, and the northern US.

Barley is also used as an algicide in England where barley straw is placed in mesh bags and floated in

fish ponds to curb algal growth in a natural manner. Other ornamental and cultural uses of barley

are also found. 3

1.1. Global Scenario

Barley producing countries

In 2014, 144 million tons of barley was produced of which 14% was produced by the Russian

Federation, the top producing country. France and Germany ranked second and third in barley

production in the same year. In 2016, The European Union holds first rank in production of

Barley (59,744 MT) with about 41% share of the total world production followed by Russian

2Young, B. 2001. Barley; The Versatile Crop. Southern Illinois University, College of Science, Ethnobotanical Leaflets.

(http://archive.gramene.org/species/hordeum/barley_intro.html) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

3 World atlas, The leading barley producing countries(http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-leading-barley-producing-

countries-in-the-world.html)(retrieved on April 9,2017)

http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/barley.htm

http://www.siu.edu/

http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/

http://archive.gramene.org/species/hordeum/barley_intro.html

http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-leading-barley-producing-countries-in-the-world.html




Federation (12%), Australia (7%), Ukraine (7%) and Canada (6%). India ranks fourteenth in the

production of barley (1,510 MT) with 1 % share. Barley is a widely adaptable crop. It has a short

growing season and is also relatively drought tolerant. It is currently popular in temperate areas

where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas where it is sown as a winter crop. Its

germination time is one to three days. Barley grows under cool conditions, but is not particularly

winter hardy. Barley is more tolerant of soil salinity than wheat, which might explain the increase of

barley cultivation in Mesopotamia from the second millennium BCE onwards. Barley is not as cold

tolerant as the winter wheats (Triticum aestivum) but may be sown as a winter crop in warmer areas

of Australia and Great Britain.

Russian Federation was the major producer of Barley in the year 2013 with an annual production of

1, 53, 88,704 MT which contributes to 10.56% of the total share. Germany is next to Russian

federation with an annual production of 1, 03, 43,600 MT. France, Canada, Spain and Turkey are

some of the major producers of barley in the world.

Table 1: Top 10 Barley Production Countries in 20134

S. No. Country Production ( In MT) Share(%)

1 Russian Federation 1,53,88,704 10.56

2 Germany 1,03,43,600 7.1

3 France 1,03,15,900 7.08

4 Canada 1,02,37,100 7.03

5 Spain 1,00,57,600 6.9

6 Turkey 79,00,000 5.42

7 Ukraine 75,61,650 5.19

8 Australia 74,71,592 5.13

9 United Kingdom 70,92,000 4.87

10 Argentina 47,05,160 3.23

Total 9,10,73,306 62.51

Source: USDA

Global Exports:

Australia was the major exporter of barley in 2014 along with France, Argentina, and Canada The

production is measured in MT and the value is measured in terms of ‘000 US $.

4 APEDA Agrixchange, International Production (http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in) retrieved on April 9,2017)

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/



Figure 1: Major Exporting Countries in Barley 2014

Table 2: Export of Barley in 20145

S No.

Country Quantity (MT) Value (‘000 US $)

1 Australia 42,94,602 12,39,406

2 France 38,05,421 9,84,292

3 Argentina 11,13,481 3,34,799

4 Canada 6,85,048 2,21,819

5 United Kingdom 8,71,077 2,07,504

6 Germany 8,03,877 2,07,026

7 Ukraine 7,92,307 2,01,268

8 Russian Federation 6,76,263 1,54,692

9 Romania 4,95,235 1,31,969

10 Denmark 2,81,867 86,687

Total 1,38,19,178 37,69,462

Source: USDA

Global Imports

China was the major importer of barley in 2014. It imports 54, 13,279 MT of barley which account

for whooping 15, 73,838 (‘000 US $), next to it was Belgium with an annual import of 17, 24, 020

MT.

5 APEDA AgriXchange , FAO, Major exporters, (http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in) retrieved on April 9, 2017)

-

500,000.00

1,000,000.00

1,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

2,500,000.00

3,000,000.00

3,500,000.00

4,000,000.00

4,500,000.00

5,000,000.00

QTY

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=AUS&cntyn=Australia

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=FRA&cntyn=France

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=ARG&cntyn=Argentina

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=CAN&cntyn=Canada

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=GBR&cntyn=United%20Kingdom

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=DEU&cntyn=Germany

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=UKR&cntyn=Ukraine

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=RUS&cntyn=Russian%20Federation

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=ROU&cntyn=Romania

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/imp_exp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=DNK&cntyn=Denmark




Figure 2: Major Importing Countries in Barley in 2014

Table 3: Major Importing Countries in Barley in 2014-15

Sr. No. Country Quantity (MT) Value(‘000 US $)

1 China 54,13,279 15,73,838

2 Belgium 17,24,020 4,42,891

3 Netherland 18,93,450 4,38,404

4 Jordan 9,38,313 2,55,996

5 Algeria 7,70,222 1,96,613

6 Turkey 6,75,994 1,64,189

7 Kuwait 5,70,751 1,45,181

8 Brazil 3,99,877 1,26,281

9 Spain 4,01,963 94,294

10 Israel 3,43,432 87,495

Total 1,31,31,301 35,25,182

6As per USDA, the total barley production in the world was 129.0 million tonnes in 2012-13 out of

which 14.3 per cent is traded. EU- is the biggest producer of barley accounting for 41.3 per cent

share. Other major producers of barley in the world in 2012-13 are Russia (10.1 per cent), Ukraine

(6.3 per cent), Canada (6.1 per cent) and Australia (6.1 per cent). Ukraine, France and Russia are the

major exporters. As per DGCI&S, India’s exports of barley were negligible from 2001-02 to 2006-

07, but increased to 0.35 million tonnes in 2007-08 and stood at 0.27 million tonnes in 2012-13.

India’s imports of barley are nil. Quantitative ceiling on export of barley was removed w.e.f. 5th

March, 2002, and since then export of barley continues to be free. Import of barley was made free

w.e.f. 14th November, 2002, and it continues to be under OGL at zero import duty. The domestic

wholesale prices of barley (Jaipur) and MSP of barley have been compared with the international

prices of Barley, Canadian Western No.1, Winnipeg, during the period from 2001-02 to 2012-13.

The domestic wholesale prices of barley have been generally higher than international prices of

barley during the period from 2001-02 (Q1) to 2012-13 (Q4). This indicates that Indian barley may

6 http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=40&KeyId=477

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1,000,000.00

2,000,000.00

3,000,000.00

4,000,000.00

5,000,000.00

6,000,000.00 Major Importing Countries

Quantity

http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/ProductSearch/exp_imp_countries_detail.aspx?&hscode=100300&hscode1=Barley&cntyc=KWT&cntyn=Kuwait

http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=40&KeyId=477



not be very competitive as an exportable commodity beyond its neighbors, given the freight costs

etc. But since India’s exports are mainly to countries like UAE, Oman, Bhutan and Nepal which are

nearer to India than the major barley exporting countries like Australia, EU-27 countries, Ukraine,

Russia, Argentina and Canada, the difference in freight charges explains why it is still possible for

India to export barley to nearby countries.

Malt barley

Global production

International maltsters are currently facing some challenges. Japanese malt demand has been

declining due to economic conditions and lower sales of full malt beer. Other malt markets such as

Brazil have been very competitive in recent years due to imports of lower quality and lower priced

winter barley from the EU. New malting capacity in the EU, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine

are also increasing competition in offshore malt markets. Most of the growth in demand for malting

barley and malt during the next five years will be in countries with rapidly expanding beer

production, e.g. China (18% growth), the Russian Federation and Eastern Europe (17% growth),

South America (17% growth) and Africa (21% growth).

Figure 3: World's top malt exporters, 2007

Figure 4: World's top malt importers, 2007

Top 5 Beer Producing Companies in the World

Data is on top 5 beer production units by brewery for the year 2013 and is in millions of hectolitres.

(1 hectolitre = 100 litres). Percent change is from the year 2012. Country is where the global head

offices are located. (Please note: The figure from SABMiller does not include the 57.4 million hl

from shareholding in China Resources Snow Breweries. Following list is the latest available data as

of November 26th, 2014.



Table 4: The Top 5 Largest Beer Brewing Companies in the World7

S.No Company Country

Production

Volume( In

hectolitre, hl)

% of World Beer

Production

% Change

from 2012

1 Anheuser-Busch InBev Belgium/Brazil 399.0 20.20% 13.00%

2 SABMiller U.K. 187.4 9.50% -1.30%

3 Heineken Netherlands 178.3 9.00% 3.80%

4 Carlsberg Denmark 119.7 6.10% -0.50%

5 China Resource Snow

Brewery Ltd. China 117.1 5.90% 10.20%

(Sources: Anonymous (Barth Reports 2000 - 2014.))

1.2. Indian Scenario

In India, barley is one of the most widely cultivated cereal grain crops. This is cultivated as a

summer crop in temperature regions and as a winter crop in tropical regions. Barley is a short

growing season crop and has good drought tolerant. Production of Barley India for the last ten years

is presented in the table below:

Table 5: Year wise production of Barley in India8

Market Year Production (In 1000 MT) Growth Rate

Y2006 1221 1.16%

Y2007 1328 8.76%

Y2008 1196 -9.94%

Y2009 1689 41.22%

Y2010 1355 -19.78%

Y2011 1663 22.73%

Y2012 1619 -2.65%

Y2013 1752 8.21%

Y2014 1831 4.51%

Y2015 1613 -11.91%

Y2016 1510 -6.39%

Source: USDA

The trend shows a mixed result with the production figures fluctuating around 1600 thousand MT

since 2009. The reason possibly being the direct competition of barley with Wheat and Mustard in

north India. Also good rainfall during 15-16 and 16-17 also boosted production of wheat and

mustard and hence overall production of barley is negative in last two years. The major producing

states of Barley in India are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and West

Bengal. Barley is grown for many purposes, but the majority of all barley is used for animal feed or

malting. High protein barleys are generally valued for food and feeding, and starchy barley for

malting. Barley is a good livestock feed and is a good source of protein. It can be rolled, ground,

flaked or pelleted, but by-products from malting and brewing are also used in feed production.

Barley is also used for pasture, green feed, hay, roughage and bedding.

7 Anonymous (http://www.barthhaasgroup.com) (retrieved on April 9,2017) 8 USDA(* Estimates),(Unit –Million Tonnes) (http://www.karvycommodities.com/Presentations/Commodity%20Module_Barley.pdf) (retrieved on

April 9, 2017)

http://www.barthhaasgroup.com/

http://www.karvycommodities.com/Presentations/Commodity%20Module_Barley.pdf



Table 6: Growth rate of Rabi Crops at All India level during 1980s, 1990s and 2000s

Crop 1980s 1990s 2000s

A P Y A P Y A P Y

Barley -5.4 0.6 5.9 -2.7 0.6 3.2 0.2 2.1 1.7

Note: A-Area, P-Production and Y – Yield per ha9

The above table shows, the area under barley has de-grown during 1980s and 1990s and has been

almost stagnant in decade 2000s. It can thus be inferred that the area under Barley has not grown

much since decades. The reason being the increase in area and productivity of wheat and other rabi

crops such as Mustard and pulses in north-central India which has around 80% of area for total

barley produced in India.

Figure 5: Production of barley in 1000 MT

9 http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=40&KeyId=477

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Production (In 1000 MT)

Production (In 1000 MT)

http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewReports.aspx?Input=2&PageId=40&KeyId=477



Selected state wise Area, Production and Productivity of Barley crop In India (2013-14, 2014-

15 and 15-16)

States/UT

Area Production Productivity

(In ' 000 Hectare) (In ' 000 MT) (In Kg./Hectare)

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

Bihar 10.2 12.1 10.7 14.3 13.4 13.9 1398 1109 1304

Chattisgarh 2.6 2.3 2.4 3.7 3.0 1.2 1423 1304 500

Delhi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 3000 3167 291

Gujarat - - 13.0 - - 17.0 - - 1308

Haryana 39.0 33.0 29.0 153.0 105.0 99.0 3923 3182 3414

Himachal Pradesh

17.3 21.7 19.2 28.2 37.8 34.3 1626 1739 1786

Jammu and Kashmir

12.5 6.7 6.7 7.1 4.0 4.1 567 602 622

Jharkhand - - - - - - - - -

Madhya Pradesh

86.7 83.0 97.0 150.0 104.3 176.2 1730 1257 1817

Maharashtra - - - - - - - - -

Nagaland 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1019 1019 1019

Punjab 12.0 11.0 9.0 46.0 39.4 33.3 3833 3582 3700

Rajasthan 309.

3 343.

3 256.

0 942.0 962.4 766.4 3046 2803 2993

Sikkim 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 1017 1020 1044

Uttar Pradesh

157.0

170.0

124.0

450.0 315.0 269.0 2866 1853 2169

Uttarakhand 23.3 21.3 18.9 31.5 24.5 18.5 1351 1149 983

West Bengal 2.4 2.0 2.5 3.6 3.0 3.5 1500 1500 1400

India 673.

5 707.

5 589.

4 1830.

7 1613.

0 1437.

5 2718 2280 2439

Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. (ON1394) & Past Issues.

Haryana and Punjab have reported highest productivity of Barley in India touching around 38 to 39

quintals per ha. The productivity of Rajasthan has been at around 30 quintals per ha.

Exports and Imports

Calendar Year Total Supply (In million tonnes) Total Demand (In million tonnes)

Imports Production Exports Consumption

2007-08 0 1.33 0.35 1

2008-09 0.003 1.22 0.17 1

2009-10 0 1.69 0.05 1.5

2010-11 0.002 1.35 0.03 1.35

2011-12 0 1.66 0.05 1.55

2012-13 0.04 1.62 0.27 1.53

2013-14 0.05 1.74 0.45 1.2

2014-15 0.05 1.7 0.1 1.5

Source: USDA (* Estimates), (Unit – Million Tonnes)

India’s annual production has been stable at 1.2-1.7 million tonnes in recent years although

production is low, the country is self-sufficient, besides exporting an average of 0.1-0.2 million

tonnes of barley annually. The imports are also not really significant as per the table above. The area



under cultivation has also remained stagnant at 0.7-0.8 lakh hectares, with a per-hectare yield of

around 2,000 kg.

Table 7: Barley Production state wise (‘000MT)

State 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Rajasthan 619.80 954.80 789.15 852.58

Uttar Pradesh 362.00 333.56 404.00 446.00

Haryana 137.00 129.00 153.00 167.00

Madhya Pradesh 110.00 103.00 138.30 144.92

Punjab 47.00 44.00 47.00 47.00

Himachal Pradesh 16.20 27.74 30.39 36.25

Uttarakhand 26.00 30.10 28.00 30.73

Bihar 12.90 25.10 16.69 15.23

Jammu & Kashmir 7.86 8.67 4.20 6.95

West Bengal 2.40 2.80 3.34 3.50

Others 13.50 4.10 4.58 2.29

All India 1354.66 1662.87 1618.65 1752.45

Source: Ministry of Agriculture

Figure 6: Barley Production State Wise

Overall India’s barley production has increased by about 35.05 per cent over the decade (2003-13).

During the above period the maximum growth in production was seen in Haryana (128.76 per

cent). The other top three barley growing states with significant growth in production are Rajasthan

(108.56 per cent), Madhya Pradesh (17.63 per cent) and Himachal Pradesh (16.94 per cent).10

10

Seasonal Commodity Insight, Commwatch commodity advisory services, March 7,2015 (http://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-reports/Seasonal%20Commodity%20Insight%20-%20Barley.pdf ) (retrieved on April 9, 2017)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

http://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-reports/Seasonal%20Commodity%20Insight%20-%20Barley.pdf



Table 8: State Wise percentage area coverage and production

States % share of Area Coverage % share of Production

Rajasthan 30 40

Uttar Pradesh 34 31

Madhya Pradesh 12 9

Others 24 20

In India, barley is largely grown in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, with

area contribution of 34%, 30% and 12%, respectively. Rajasthan ranks second in terms of acreage

and tops in terms of production. Rajasthan accounts for 40% of total production followed by Uttar

Pradesh (31%), Madhya Pradesh (9%) and Haryana (6%)

1.3. State Scenario: Production

Over half of the barley grown in the state is of two-row variety, which is processed into barley flour

and blended with wheat flour to make flat bread. The crop residue is used as animal feed by farmers.

Due to extensive usage of corn as food, very small quantity of barley is used in feed manufacturing

industry in India. A discussion on Two row Vs six row variety of barley is given chapter 2.

The spot prices for barley in the Jaipur market in India have increased by 33.41 per cent

over 2016-17 from that of 2015-16. The average price of barley in May 2016 was Rs 1131.6 per

quintal.11

1.4. District and cluster scenario: Production

The major producing districts of Barley in Rajasthan are Jaipur, Ganganagar, Sikar, Ajmer and

Hanumangarh. Jaipur is the top barley producing district in the state having (180,062 MT)

production. The top 5 Barley producing districts in Rajasthan are given below:

Table 9: District-wise production (‘000 tonnes) of Barley in top 5 districts of Rajasthan

Districts Production (In MT)

Jaipur 180,062

Ganga Nagar 124,436

11

Dr M. Ketharaj S. Jeyakumar, Barley Production on Rise, 2010 (http://www.efymag.com/admin/issuepdf/Barley_May10.pdf) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

30%

34%

12%

24%

% share of Area Coverage

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh Others

40%

31%

9%

20%

% share of Production

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh Others

http://www.efymag.com/admin/issuepdf/Barley_May10.pdf



Sikar 101,505

Ajmer 43,542

Hanumangarh 38,569

State 766,379

Source: As per Grant Thornton’s Analysis

In catchment area

Jaipur is the top barley producing district in the catchment area having (180,062 MT) production.

The production share of the catchment in the total state production of Barley is 61%.

Total Production in the catchment Area in MT (2014-15) 464,079

Total Production in Rajasthan in MT (2014-15) 766,379

Percentage share in the State Production 61%

Top Producing Districts in the catchment zone Jaipur, Ganganagar

The top 5 Barley producing districts in the catchment area are given below

Particulars Production (In MT)

Jaipur 180,062

Ganganagar 124,436

Ajmer 43,542

Alwar 30,698

Chittor 24,932

Barley is part of the value chain intervention crop in 1. Bansur, 2.Dooni, 3. Z Distributary and 4.

Mokhampura clusters under RACP project. The APP data for the state and clusters is given below

for an average of last ten years.

The percentage of cropped area in 6% in Bansur, 2.06% in Mokhampura, and 3.12% in Deoli-

dooni. SRR for Barley in these districts stands between 32 to 37% showing that around, 60% of

farmers use home seeds and balance 35-40% farmers purchase seed from the market.

Seed demand for the clusters could be therefore at 275800 kg considering total 2758 ha under

Barley and a seed rate of 100 kg per ha and 35% of this seed may be targeted to be replaced. The net

seed demand for the intervention clusters would therefore be around 96530 kg valuing Rs 19,30,600

at seed price of Rs 20 per kg.



Table-10.1:Area, Production and marketable surplus

Cluster Area (Ha) Production (MT)

Marketable surplus (MT) @

80%

Value of surplus (Rs lacs)

Bansur 368 1349 1079 151

Dooni 314 471 377 53

Z Distributory 1929 5854 4683 656

Mokhampura 160 453 362 51

Total 9306 17923 14338 2007

The total area under Barley crop in major value chain cluster areas is 9306 Ha and the total

estimated production in 16-17 was 17923 MT. Out of this, marketable surplus is calculated at 80%

of the total production and the value of marketable surplus is calculated to be around 2007 lacs in

the corresponding period.

Resource mapping – Barley clusters

Cluster Major mandi/s

around cluster

Distance from

major cities nearby

Warehouses/

Cold store with

Capacity

No of

FPCs

targeted

Bansur Alwar, Khairtal,

Khedli, Kothputli

55 kms from Alwar,

142 kms from

Gurgaon

Alwar - CWC-

3500 MT, SWC-

30,050 MT,

2

Dooni Tonk, Malpura,

Deoli, Niwai,

Uniyara

38 kms from Tonk,

68 kms from Niwai

NA 2

Z-

Distributary

Sri Ganganagar,

Hanumangarh,

Gajsinghpur, Jaitsar,

Padampur, Sri

Karanpur, Sri

Sadulshahar,

Abohar (Punjab)

48 kms from Abohar,

63 kms from

Hanumangarh, 70

kms from Suratgarh,

33 kms from Sadul

sahar

Sri Ganganagar –

CWC – 35,200 MT,

SWC – 6000 MT,

Rural godown –

23,300 MT

2

Mokhampura Jaipur, Bagru,

Chomu, kisangarh,

Dooni, Chaksu

45 kms from Jaipur,

91 kms from Ajmer

CWC – 23844 MT 1



1.5. Approach to Value Chain Analysis

In order to evaluate the value chain of Barley, consultations were held with major stakeholders in

the chain including farmers, Consumers, Processors, traders, supporting public and private service

providers and institutions etc. in various parts of the state. Major Barley producing clusters were

considered for survey within Rajasthan.

Table 10: Consultations of stakeholders for Value chain Analysis (Details in Annexure – 1)

Surveyed Markets for the Value Chain Analysis

Within and outside Rajasthan

35 farmers ( Five each from Bansur, Deoli, Manohar Thana, Bari, Baran, Sangod and Mokhampura cluster

Two processors

Seven traders

Seven Government officials from Department of Agriculture and KVKs

Three APMCs

Three NGOs



Chapter 2- Pre Harvest Management

2.1. Major commercial varieties Grown in Rajasthan

BL-2 and CCN resistant 'Rajkiran' along with recently developed high yielding varieties RD 2035,

RD 2552 have wide adaptability and are suitable for saline conditions, RD 2503 and RD 2668 (Two

rowed type) is used for the purpose of making Malt. Varieties RD 2624 and RD 2660 are specially

developed for adaptability in rainfed conditions. RD 2715 has great potential to produce grain as

well as green fodder. RD 2786 (IR-TS) and RD 2794 (Salinity tolerance) were identified having good

yield potential and rust resistant 12

Table 11: Varieties of Barley in Rajasthan

RD 2552, RD 2035, RD 2592, BH 902 Timely sown, irrigated

RD 2508 Late sown, irrigated

RD 2508, RD 2624, RD 2660, PL 419 Timely sown, Rainfed

RD 2552, NDB 1173 Salt affected soils

RD 2035, RD 2052 Nematode (Molya) affected soils

DWR 28, DWRUB 52, RD 2668 Malt Barley (Timely sown, irrigated)

DWRB 73, DWRUB 64 Malt Barley (Late sown, irrigated)

RD 2035, RD 2552, RD 2715 Dual Purpose Barley (Feed & Forage)

2.1.1. Barley varieties used across India and their targeted yield:

Traditionally grown barley varieties are tall and weak stemmed and generally lodge even under relatively low soil fertility conditions. Therefore, researches on varietal improvement have restructured the plant type to take full advantage of higher level of soil fertility and irrigation. Some of the newly evolved varieties and their characteristics are described below.

Ratna: Ratna variety was developed at IARI, New Delhi and released for rainfed areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It is highly tolerant to saline, alkaline soil conditions. It yields about 150 q/ha of green fodder after 65 days of sowing and

12

Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur (http://www.sknau.ac.in/en/constituents/institute/rajasthan-agricultural-research-institute-jaipur)

(retrieved on April 9, 2017)

http://www.sknau.ac.in/en/constituents/institute/rajasthan-agricultural-research-institute-jaipur



regeneration crop yielding 20 quintals of seed per hectare. If the green fodder is not taken, it yields about 25-30 quintals grain per hectare. It matures within 125-130 days and gives a fairly good yield even under unfavourable environmental conditions. Plants have good tillering ability. Ear size is 9.0-9.5cm.

Azad (K.125): Azad variety has been developed at C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. It is suitable for cultivation in areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It is highly responsive to improved management practices. It has a fair degree of resistance to yellow rust disease. It does well under irrigated conditions. It is good for dual purpose like fodder and grain. It yields about 150 quintals of green fodder per hectare after 65 days of sowing and regenerates to produce a yield of 20 quintals per hectare of grain. It matures in 115-120 days. It has yield potential, of 35-38 quintals of grain per hectare under irrigated conditions.

Vijaya: Vijaya variety has been developed at C.S.A University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur and released for rainfed areas of western Uttar Pradesh, I Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. It matures in 120-125 days. Plants of this variety are shorter in height as compared to other varieties. It does well in rainfed areas of Haryana and Punjab also. It has yield potential of 30-35 quintals of grains per hectare.

Amber: This variety has also been developed at C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. It matures in 130-133 days. Plants are 100-125cm in height. Ear size is 8.5-9.5 cm. It is suitable for growing in rainfed areas of eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is good for the production of malt for brewing. It has yield potential of 25-30 quintals of grains per hectare.

RS-6: The variety RS-6 was developed in Rajasthan. It is suitable for cultivation under both rainfed as well as irrigated conditions. It has been recommended for central and eastern Rajasthan. It matures in 130-135 days. It has yield potential of 35 to 40 quintals of grain per hectare. It is very good for production of malt for brewing.

Jyoti: Jyoti is a Six-row hulled variety. It has been developed at the C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. It is suitable for growing in irrigated areas of Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh. Delhi, north-western Rajasthan, Bihar and West Bengal. Plant height is short. It has yield potential of about 35-40 quintals of grains per hectare. It matures in 120-125 days, under irrigated conditions, yielding 20-25 quintals of grains per hectare.

Clipper: Clipper has been introduced from Australia. It is especially suitable for malt production and brewing. It matures in about 135-140 days. It is susceptible to yellow rust. It has yield potential of 28-30 quintals of grains per hectare under good management. However, this variety could not become popular among the farmers.

PL-56: PL-56 is a six-row variety with broad and relatively upright leaves and a colour less leaf sheath. It has compact ears with well spread, barbed awns. It is moderately resistant to yellow rust. It is recommended for cultivation under rainfed conditions of Punjab. It has yield potential of30 quintals of grains per hectare.

Ranjit (DL- 70): Ranjit variety of barley grows 75-85cm tall and is shorter by 15-20 cm than other varieties. It is six-row and heavy tillering variety, recommended for commercial cultivation in Punjab only. It is suitable for growing under irrigated conditions. It has yield potential of 30-35 quintals of grains per hectare. Due to its early maturity, it fits well in multiple crop rotations for late, I sowing after the harvest of crops such as potato, cotton or paddy.

Karan-201, 231 and 264: Varieties Karan 201, 231 and 264 have been evolved under the All India Coordinated Barley Improvement Project. These are high yielding varieties and



good for chappati making. All of them are huskless varieties. These varieties fit in well in the multiple and relay cropping systems. These can be grown in problem soils too, like dry lands, alkaline and saline soils, etc. They can also be grown on lands lying fallow after a paddy crop has been taken. These are suitable for cultivation in the eastern and Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gurgaon and Mohindergarh district of Haryana. The average yield of Karan 201, 231 and 264 are 38, 42.5 and 46 quintals per hectare, respectively.

C- l64: Variety C-164 is a tall, six-row variety with compact ears and long awns. Its grain is bold, bright and amber. It is resistant to yellow rust. It has stiff straw and is, therefore, more suitable for cultivation under irrigated conditions. It has yield potential of 30-32 quintals of grain per hectare.

Kailash: Variety Kailash is a six-row hulled variety suitable for growing in rainfed areas of medium to low elevation of Himachal Pradesh hills. It matures in 145-150 days. It is resistant to yellow rust. It has yield potential of about 40 quintals of grain per hectare.

Dolma:The variety Dolma is suitable for growing in rainfed areas of medium to high elevation of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh hills. It matures in about 140-150 days. It is fairly resistant to yellow rust. It has yield potential of 35-40 quintals per hectare.

Himani: Himani variety was developed at Simla. It is suitable for growing in the medium to lower hill-valley of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. It matures about one week earlier than Kailash. It has yield potential of 32-36 quintals of grains per hectare.

LSB-2: LSB is a six-row naked type barley variety suitable for growing at higher altitude of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh hills. It matures in 145-150 days. It has yield potential of 25-30 quintals of grain per hectare.

RDB-1: RDB-1 has been developed by mutation. It is suitable for growing under irrigated conditions in Rajasthan. It is susceptible to yellow rust and is suitable for rust free areas of Rajasthan. It has yield potential of 30-35 quintals of grain per hectare.

BG-25: This variety has been developed at Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar. It is suitable for normal sowing conditions in Haryana. It is resistant to yellow rust. It matures in about 120-130 days. It has yield potential of about 30 quintals of grain per hectare.

BG-108: This variety has been developed at Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar for commercial cultivation under late sown conditions. It takes about 120-125 days to mature. It is fairly resistant to yellow rust. It has yield potential of 20-25 quintals per hectare under late sown conditions.

Kedar: This high yielding variety of barley has been evolved by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. It is suitable for late sown conditions. Kedar is a dwarf variety with profuse tillering and resistant against yellow rust and insects.

Neelam: This variety yields up to 50 quintals per hectare. Its grains are hulled and amber in colour. This variety has been evolved by Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi,and is recommended for cultivation in both irrigated and rainfed conditions of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. This variety has higher contents of protein and lysine.

2.1.2. Differentiation of two row and six row varieties of barley:

Most of the rest of the world uses six-row barley only for livestock feed, not for beer. it turns out to

be a naturally-occurring result of a pair of mutations, one dominant and one recessive. Both two-



row and six-row barley have been around for a long, long time. Breeding efforts of the last half-

century have reduced and perhaps functionally eliminated most of the differences between the two

types of barley. Economies of scale at big breweries make many of their differences moot. There are

still distinctions between kernel size, extract, protein and enzymes. Two-row barley kernels tend to

be symmetrical and of an even size, so they tend to absorb water at about the same rate, and

germinate and dry about the same; they’re also easier to grind in two-roller mills. Six-row barley has

a symmetrical center, but the two lateral rows of kernels are a little shorter, thinner, and

twisted slightly. Maltsters often separate each lot of six-row barley into several kernel size fractions

since they differ in water uptake and germination speed.

Six-Row Pros:

It has more protein, less starch, and a thicker husk than two-row.

Higher protein levels may help speed conversion to fermentable sugars. This is important to

homebrewers using high mash-in temps; more conversion would take place than otherwise.

Six-row has higher enzyme content for converting starch into fermentable sugars.

More enzymes means it can convert adjunct starches (which lack or are deficient in

enzymes) during mashing. Offset this with more (less expensive) adjunct grain use, and you

know why so many large breweries use six-row.

Six-row is less expensive per pound, and allows further cost cutting through the higher use

of inexpensive adjuncts to offset the high protein levels.

Supplementing two-row malt with some six-row malt might increase extraction, conversion

time, and fermentability, particularly if you have a high percentage of adjuncts.

Six-row yields more per acre.

Those thicker husks improve the filter bed for lautering.

Enzyme and protein levels are high enough that a brewer probably doesn’t want to use six-

row barley exclusively in a recipe. (Adjunct grains are cheaper.) Unmalted cereals (corn and

rice) are often mixed in with malt to compensate for the higher protein levels in six-row

barley—up to 40 percent of six-row grist can be adjunct. New malt strains mean adding

adjuncts is no longer necessary, but it’s economical and, in the case of some large breweries’

beers, traditional.

Six-Row Cons:

Six row is more susceptible to the formation of dimethyl sulfide, a process begun through

protein breakdown in malting. Some DMS is acceptable in some beer styles, but too much

may contribute to a cooked or sweet corn flavor.

Higher protein content can result in more break material during wort boiling and cooling,

which can cause protein haze. Pay attention to this extra hot break for coagulation and

removal.

Six-row husks are high in polyphenols (tannins), which can contribute to protein-

polyphenol haze, and can impart an astringent taste.

Higher protein content often indicates less starch for conversion in malting. Six-row

malting barley contains from 12-13.5 percent protein, whereas two-row has 11-13 percent.

Malting doesn’t change the protein levels much.

High protein levels can lengthen steeping time in the malting process, which causes erratic

germination, particularly if low- and high-protein barleys are mixed to meet protein limits

for malt. (And I was worried about controlling what went into my malt extract…)

High proteins can lead to other beer quality issues like color control.



Syrup adjuncts and six-row: Syrups are prepared by enzymatically hydrolyzing corn starch

into fermentable sugars. It’s added to wort in fermentable form, which can take the wort

over acceptable enzyme and soluble protein levels if you’re using six-row barley cultivars.

Two-Row Pros:

Greater drought tolerance

You can make more beer from two-row than from six-row malt; its lower enzyme content,

lower protein, greater starch content, and thinner husk make it better suited to higher

extract. This is less obvious at the homebrew scale and more a concern for large breweries.

Arguably gives beer a mellower flavor than six-row.

Two-Row Cons:

The lower diastatic (enzymatic) power of two-row becomes an issue when a large

proportion of unmalted adjunct grain is used.

Two-row tends to be more expensive per pound.

Big breweries generally use far more adjunct grain than they strictly need; large amounts of

adjuncts tend to have little body and less maltiness.

2.2. New initiatives and Practices

Rajasthan has seen an increasing use of farm machinery. The use of machines is high in the major

crop producing areas of southern and eastern districts of the state. However, there is a need to push

mechanization around the barley productivity clusters under the project There are opportunities in

production and sales of machinery for land preparation, moisture retention, seed fertilizer drills,

plant protection, harvesting implements and packaging.

2.3. Seasonality Pattern of Barley in Rajasthan visa-vis other parts of the world

Barley is sown in the period of October till December in Rajasthan. The harvesting time for barley

in India is from March to May ending. The growth period is from January to March ending.

Table 12: Seasonal Availability Pattern

Crop Calendar

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

EU-27

Russia (Spring)

Australia

India Rabi

Rajasthan

Note: Yellow highlight shows sowing and green shows harvesting season



2.4. Land Preparation13

Land should be prepared to fine tilth stage and weed free by giving 2 – 3 ploughing with cultivator

followed by planking. Field should be well levelled and completely free from weeds. In case of

summer pulse, sowing is generally delayed till harvesting of main crop.

2.5. Sowing/Planting/Cultivation14

A. Seed Sources

Higher grade seed (to produce certified seed, foundation seed is to be obtained) should be obtained

from source approved by the concerned state seed certification agency/ Raj Seeds.

B. Treatment

Seed treatment is advisable in barley cultivation to prevent Smut disease and termites. Treat seed

with Vitavax or Bavistin @ 2 gm per Kg seed or for the covered Smut treatment with 1:1 ratio

mixture of Thiram + Bavistin or Vitavax @ 2.5 gm per Kg seed. To avoid crop loss due to termite,

seed treatment with 150 ml of Chloropyriphos (20 EC) or 250 ml Formathion (25 EC) in 5 litre of

water for 100 Kg seed is recommended.

Table 13: Spacing and Seed Rate

Production Condition Seed rate (kg./Ha.) Time of Sowing Spacing (cm)

Irrigated Timely sown 100 10-25 November 23

Irrigated Late sown 125 26 Nov.-31 Dec. 18

Rainfed Plains 100 25 Oct.-10 Nov. 23

Rainfed Hilly Region 100 20 Oct.-7 Nov. 23

The best method of sowing in barley cultivation is with a seed drill or dropping seeds with a chonga

attached to a desi plough.

Planting time15

Barley is very versatile in its planting time as it has a slightly lower frost tolerance (1°C) than wheat

and can be planted earlier in the season. It is also a better option than wheat for late planting,

especially if feed grain prices are good. Preferred planting times are from late October to early

December but this will vary for each region depending on frosts and seasonal effects. Early planting

will generally produce higher yields, larger grain size and lower protein levels making it more likely

to achieve malt quality. Late plantings will often mature in hot dry weather which can reduce grain

size, yield and malting quality.

Plant populations

While barley can produce a large number of tillers, best yields will be achieved with an established

plant stand of 800,000 to 1.2 million plants/ha (80-120 plants/square metre). While barley can

tolerate quite high plant populations without significant yield reductions, if plant populations fall

below 80 plants per square metre, yield can be reduced. Lower plant populations can also encourage

excess or late tillering resulting in a less even crop and delayed harvest. Late tillers often have smaller

seed which also affects the quality of the crop.

13 Barley Cultivation Information Guide (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/) (retrieved on April 9,2017) 14

Seasonal Commodity Insight, Commwatch commodity advisory services, March 7,2015 (http://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-reports/Seasonal%20Commodity%20Insight%20-%20Barley.pdf ) (retrieved on April 9, 2017) 15 Queensland Government, Barley planting, nutrition and harvesting (https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops-and-pastures/broadacre-field-crops/barley/planting-nutrition-harvesting) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/



https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops-and-pastures/broadacre-field-crops/barley/planting-nutrition-harvesting




Seed rate

For seed varieties of Feed, Seed rate goes from 15-20 kg per acre. However, for Malt Variety as per

Soufflet seed rate is 50-55 kg per acre.

2.6. Climatic and Soil Requirement16

Barley can be grown as summer crop as well as winter crop. This crop is mainly cultivated as Rabi

season crop in India. This crop requires temperature of 12°C to 16°C at growing stage and about

30°C to 32°C at maturity. This crop is very sensitive to frost at any stage of its growth. This crop

yield is highly impacted by incidence of frost at flowering stage. Barley has very good tolerance to

drought conditions.

Barley crop can be grown on wide range of soil including saline, sodic & lighter soils. However, this

crop thrives best in sandy to moderately heavy soils having neutral to saline reaction and medium

fertility. Acidic soils are not suitable for barley cultivation.

2.7. Nutrients Management17

The following is the fertilizer application in barley cultivation.

Table 14: Nutrient management of Barley

Sowing condition Nitrogen (kg/ha) Phosphorous (kg/ha)

Irrigated Timely sown 60 30

Irrigated Late sown 60 30

Rainfed Hilly Region 40 20

Rainfed Plains 30 20

In case of irrigated crop, 1/2 of the Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorous should be applied as

basal application and remaining 1/2 of the Nitrogen should be top dressed after 1st irrigation or 1

month after sowing the crop

2.8. Water management18

2 to 3 irrigations are enough in barley cultivation for optimum yield. First irrigation should be given

at crown root initiation, 25 – 30 days after sowing. Second irrigation should be given at panicle

emergence, 60 – 65 days after sowing

2.9. Weed Management19

Broad leaf and Narrow leaf are the main weeds found in barley cultivation. Appropriate weedicides

should be used to control these. Broad leaf => 625 grams of 2, 4-D (Na-salt 80%) and 625 grams of

2,4-D (Easter 38%) should be mixed in 250 litres of water separately and applied per hectare after a

month of sowing. Narrow leaf=>1250 grams of Isoproturan 75% WP should be mixed with in 250

litres of water and applied in 1 ha land after a month of sowing.

Table 15: Weed management

Type of Weeds Weedicides Dose/ ha. Method of Application

Broad Leaf

Chenopodiun album (Bathua)

Convolvulus arvensis (Hirankhuri)

Anagalis arvensis (Krishna Neel)

2,4-D (Na-Salt 80%)

2,4-D (Easter 38%)

625 gm

625 gm

30-35 day after sowing in

250 liters of water

16

Barley Cultivation Information Guide, April 8,2017 (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/) retrieved on April 9.2017) 17 Barley Cultivation Information Guide, April 8,2017 (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/) retrieved on April 9.2017) 18

Barley Cultivation Information Guide, April 8,2017 (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/) (retrieved on April 9.2017) 19 Barley Cultivation Information Guide, April 8,2017 (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/)( retrieved on April 9,2017)






Cronopus didyrmus (Wild Carrot)

Narrow Leaf

Avena fatua (Wild Oat)

Phalaris minor (Kanki)

Isoproturan 75 % WP or

Pendimethillin (Stomp)

30% EC

1250 gm

3.75 litres


250 liters of water

Both (Broad & Narrow Leaf) Isoproturan 75% WP

2,4-D (Easter 38%)

Isogard Plus

1.00 Kg

0.75 Kg

1.25 Kg


250 liters of water

2.10. Pest & Disease Management20

Covered smut, loose smut, Leaf rust, Stem rust, Stripe rust, Powdery mildew, Net blotch, Spot

blotch, Stripe, Root rot and foot rot, mosaic and sclerotial disease are the diseases and pests found

in barley cultivation. Some of them can be prevented from occurring in seeds by seed treatment.

Disease of Barley

Table 16: Diseases of barley at cultivation stage

S No Name of the disease Causal

organism Symptoms Control measures

1 Covered smut Ustilago

hordei

Smutted heads; grains

replaced by black

agglutinized spore

masses, covered by

persistent white, papery

membrane

Treat seeds with Ceresan or

Agrosan GN before sowing

@ 2-2.5 g/kg of seed; grow

resistant varieties ; rogue out

the smutted plants

2 Loose smut Ustilago

nuda

Smutted heads; grains

replaced by a black

powdery mass of spores;

finally only the naked

rachis remaining behind

Solar-heat or hot-water

treatment of seed; grow

resistant varieties; rogue out

the smutted plants; dry seed

treatment with

Carboxin(0.25)%

3 Leaf rust Puccinia

hordei

Small, round light-

yellowish- brown

pustules on leaves later

the pustules turn black,

covered by the

epidermis

Grow resistant varieties seed

treatment with Benzjmidazole

4 Stem rust (black rust)

Puccinia

graminis

tritici

Reddish-brown to dark-

brown, oblong, pustules

on culms and leaf

sheaths; later, the

pustules turn black

grains become shrivelled

Spray the crop with Zineb @

1.70 kg in 1,025 litres of

water per hectare at

fortnightly intervals ; seed

treatment with Plantvax

(0.25%) for seedling

infection; grow resistant

varieties

5 Stripe rust (yellow

rust)

Puccinia

striiformis

Small, yellow, elliptical

pustules on leaves,

forming stripes which

later turn black;

sometimes the pustules

appear on the leaf

sheaths and glumes

Spray the crop with Zineb

@1.70 kg per hectare at

fortnightly intervals ; seed

treatment with Oxycarboxin

(0.25%) for seedling

infection; grow resistant

varieties

20 Barley Cultivation, Insect Pest and Diseases (http://dwd.dacnet.nic.in/barley_prod/barley_prod_tech.htm) ( retrieved on April 9,2017)



S No Name of the disease Causal

organism Symptoms Control measures

6 Powdery mildew Erysiphe

graminis

White to dark powdery

masses appear on all

aerial parts of the plant

Dust with finely powdered

sulphur @ 15-20 kg per

hectare ; grow resistant

varieties; soil treatment with

Benomyl ( 600-1000g/100kg)

7 Net blotch Pyrenophora

teres

Scattered, oblong, dark-

brown, reticulate (net-

like) blotches on leaves

unlike those in the ease

of the stripe disease, the

lesions do not extend to

the leaf-sheaths, lesions

also on floral bracts



@ 2-2.5 g/kg of seed; grow

resistant varieties ; rogue out

the smutted plants; rogue out

badly affected plants

8 Spot blotch Pyrenophora

sativum

Dark-brown to black

lesions usually occur first

on the coleoptiles and

progress up wards

individual lesions on

leaves round to oblong

with de margins; spots

coalesce to form

blotches, heavily

Infected leaves urn lure

early or dry up

Seed treatment with organo-

mercurials; grow resistant

varieties

9 Stripe Pyrenophora

graminea

Long, dark-brown, linear

stripes on leaves

affected leaves turn

brown, twist and dry up;

no grain formation


Agrosan GN before sowing;

grow resistant varieties rogue

out diseased plants

10 Root rot and foot rot Ophiobolus

sativus

Roots and collar show

browning; later,

elongated brown spots

appear on leaves,

glumes and spikelets;

ears are poorly filled;

grains are shrivelled

Treat seed with Ceresan or


grow resistant varieties

practice crop rotation and

sanitation

11 Sclerotial disease Pellicularia

rolfsii

A white weft of mycelium

is formed near the base

of the plant on which

white to reddish-tan

spherical sclerotia

appear

Practice crop rotation and

sterilize the soil

12 Stripe mosaic Virus

Mosaic mottling of

leaves sometimes

associated with flecking;

also infects oats and

wheat

Use virus free seed ; grow

resistant varieties like Rojo’,

‘Hansen ‘CL-320S-4’

Pests of Barley

Table 17: Pests of barley at cultivation stage

S No Name of the Pest Description and damage Control measures

1 Termites Social insects that live Mix thoroughly 5% Aldrin or



S No Name of the Pest Description and damage Control measures

underground in colonies ; attack

young seedlings as well as grown

up plants; the attacked plants

wither and ultimately die

Chlordane dust with the soil just at

the time of sowing or during

preparation of the land for Bowing

2 Stem-borer

Moths are straw-coloured, lay

eggs in clusters inside the leaf-

sheaths; pinkish-brown caterpillars

bore into stems and kill central

shoots; causing dead-hearts

In the initial stage, pull out and

destroy dead-hearts; dust 5% BHC

or spray 0.05% Endosulfan

3 Weevil,

Adults are earthern-grey weevils;

grubs feed on roots, whereas the

adults out growing- points or

nibble at margins of loaves;

severer at the seedling stage

Plough the fields in summer to

expose and kill the pupae; mix

thoroughly Aldrin or Heptachlor with

the 12 deep layer of soil; for adults,

dust 5% BHC

4 Cutworms

Caterpillars are general feeders;

out seedlings at the soil level;

resowing may be necessary, when

the attack is severe

Dust 10% BHC on the soil around

the plants

5 Armyworm

Caterpillars march from field to

dield and voraciously feed on

foliage; appear after heavy rains

or early floods

Trap caterpillars in grass heaps or

plough up infested fields; dust 10%

BHC or spray 0.05% Endosulfan;

early –stage caterpillars are easy to

control

6 Thrips,

Nymphs and adults lacerate

tender leaves, causing

characteristic whitish streaks;

temperature favourable to rapid

multiplication

Dust 5% BHC or spray 0.02% low

Phosphamidon or 0.03%

Dimethoate or Diazinon

7 Aphids

Nymphs and adults suck sap from

leaves, tender shoots and

immature rain; extremely fast,

forming large colonies

Dust 5% BHC or spray 0.02% low

Phosphamidon or 0.03%

Dimethoate or Diazinon

8 Surface grasshopper

Adults stout, mud-like in

colour; polyphagous, feeding on

foliage and tender shoots

Dust 5-10% BHC

9 Shoot fly

The fly has assumed the status of

a pest recently; maggots attack

seedlings and kill the central

shoots, causing dead-hearts

Apply Phorate (10%) or Disulfoton

(5%) to the soil at the time of

sowing; spray seedlings with 0.03%

Dimethoate, Phosphamidon or

Methyl-demeton

Disease Management

Cercospora Leaf Spot

Affected plants show small round spots, violet red in colour. Spray with Bavistin at the rate of 500

g/ha at 30 and 45 days after sowing for effective control of this disease.

Dry Root Rot and Stem Rot



It is caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina. Affected plants show rotting of roots and stems of the

plant after a month of sowing. Seed treatment with 0.25% Brassical before sowing may be helpful

in controlling the disease.

Mosaic Mottle

The virus causing this disease is transmitted mechanically or by seeds or by aphids. Affected plants

shows green patches, leaves become deformed and reduced in size and their margin show upward

rolling. Growing of disease free seeds, resistant varieties and repeated spray of insecticide to control

aphids may be helpful in controlling the disease.

2.11. Recommended Good Agriculture Practices

Advanced varieties and their characteristics: The first dwarf mutant variety RDB-1 in the

country was released from Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute here and provided the genetic

background for the development of dwarf varieties, a very important feature for barley crop. Other

land marks have been the salinity tolerant BL-2 and CCN resistant 'Rajkiran' along with recently

developed high yielding varieties RD 2035, RD 2552 having wide adaptability and suitability for

saline conditions, RD 2503 and RD 2668 (Two rowed type) for malting purpose. Varieties RD 2624

and RD 2660 developed for rainfed conditions are fabulous contributions of this institute. There is

also development of country's first dual purpose barley variety RD 2715 having good potential to

produce grain as well as green fodder. RD 2786 (IR-TS) and RD 2794 (Salinity tolerance) were

identified having good yield potential and rust resistant.

Land Preparation and Treatment: Barley crop can be grown on wide range of soils including

saline, sodic & lighter soils. However, this crop thrives best in sandy to moderately heavy loam soils

having neutral to saline reaction and medium fertility. Acidic soils are not suitable for Barley

cultivation. Land should be prepared to fine stage and weed free by giving 2 to 3 ploughing with

cultivator followed by planking.

Seed Treatment–Seed treatment is advisable in barley cultivation to prevent smut diseases and

termites. Treat seeds with Bavistin @ 2 gm per Kg seed for the treatment of Loose Smut disease.

For covered Smut disease, seeds should be treated with Vitavax @ 2.5 gm per Kg. Seeds should be

treated with 250 ml Formathion(25 EC) in 5 liter of water for 100 Kg seed to prevent termite

infestation.

Seed rate and sowing - The best method of sowing in Barley cultivation is with a seed drill or

dropping seeds with a Chonga attached to a desi plough. Lines owing with seed drill is more

effective. The followings how seed rate and spacing in Barley cultivation.

Integrated Nutrient Management - The following is the recommended fertilizer application in

Barley Cultivation. In case of irrigated crop, half of the nitrogen &full dose of phosphorus should

be applied as Basal application & remaining half of the ‘N’ should be top dressed after first irrigation

or 1month after sowing the crop.

Irrigation: Two to three irrigations are enough in Barley cultivation for optimum yield. First

irrigation should be given at crown root initiation, 25 to 30 days after sowing. Second irrigation

should be given at panicle emergence, 65-75 days after sowing

2.12. Harvesting

Barley crop gets ready for harvest by the end of March to first fortnight of April. Since barley has

shattering character, it should be harvested before over ripening to avoid breaking of spikes due to

dryness. Barley grain absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and should be stored at an appropriate



dry place to avoid storage pest losses. Machine harvesting is preferred in barley farming. Yield of the

crop depends on the cultivator/variety, farm management practices and weather conditions. An

average yield of 18 to 20 quintals/acre can be expected

2.13. Pre Harvest constraints of Farmers

Availability of variety: At present farmers are growing feed barley which is not suitable for

malt processing.

Traceability: There is no mechanism as such for tracing the produce to their producers.

Malt, being a high value product, needs traceability to ensure the quality.



Chapter-3: Post-Harvest Management

3.1. Post - Harvest Losses, Harvesting Care and Post – Harvest Equipment

After physiological maturity, 10 or 15 days are required to harvest barley with combine or manually

using sickle in temperate dry lands. If this duration is exceeded, crop will get too dry and then cause

shattering at harvest. Delayed harvest can thus lead to yield losses. Barley physiologically matures

upon kernel moisture content drops to about 40 %. Harlan (1920) found that translocation to the

kernels ceased at a moisture content of 42%. It can be harvested without loss of yield or quality after

reaching about 35% kernel moisture but the grain can not be safely stored until the moisture content

decreased to 14%, (Baldridge et al.).

Depending on social economic situations such as plot size (acreage) various harvesting methods are

used. Generally, for small and marginal farmers, manual harvesting using sickle works best as this

reduces wastage due to shattering, and results in more fodder production. Fodder production is

limited when mechanical harvesters are used.

The means of transportation of barley grains to market or to the granaries depend upon farm size,

physical and geographical conditions, availability of transportation facilities. Small size farmers

prefer to sell their crop in village

Harvested barley should be packed in gunny bags or HDPE bags to avoid pilferage and to protect it

from post-harvest pests.

Packaging materials:

Jute bags: Gunny bags made up of jute are widely used by farmers and traders. As per

NAFED, packing of barley should be made in New B Twill (Jute) gunny bags in 100 kg net.

HDPE/pp bags: These bags are also used for packaging barley.

3.2. Grade Specification & Grading at Producer level

In Barley, the quality parameters such as moisture content, foreign matter, other food-grains,

admixture of other varieties, damaged grains, immature grains, and weevilled and shrivelled grains

are considered while grading. The buyers offer the price on the basis of visual inspection of the lot

or available sample considering above mentioned quality factors

Specifications under AGMARK

Under the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act 1937, the national standards for Barley

are notified, considering the quality factors like: a) moisture, b) foreign matter, c) other food-grains,

d) admixture of different varieties, e) damaged grains, f) immature grains, and g) weevilled and

shrivelled grains.



General characteristics Barley shall:

Be the dried mature grains of Barley vulgar peers raised in the Rabi season;

Be sweet, hard, clean, wholesome, uniform in size, shape, colour and in sound merchantable

condition

Be free from added colouring matter, moulds, weevils, obnoxious substances, discoloration,

poisonous seeds and all other impurities except to the extent indicated in the schedule;

Uric acid and aflatoxin shall not exceed 100 mg and 30 micrograms per kilogram

respectively;

Be free from rodent hair and excreta;

Comply with the restrictions in regard to pesticides/insecticides residue (Rule 65),

poisonous metals (Rule 57), naturally occurring toxic substances (Rule 57-B) and other

provisions prescribed under the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955 and as

amended from time to time.

Special characteristics

Table 18: Special characteristics of barley for grading under AGMARK

Grain

Designation

Maximum limits of tolerance (% by weight)

Moisture Foreign matter Other

Edible

Grains

Damaged

Grains

Immature

and

Shrivelled

Grains

Weevilled

Grains

Organic Inorganic

Grade I 12.0 .10 Nil 1.0 1.0 2.0 .5

Grade II 12.0 .25 .10 1.5 2.0 4.0 1.0

Source: DMI

3.3. Major storage Disease and Pest and their Control Measure

In India, post-harvest losses caused by unscientific storage, insects, rodents, microorganisms etc.,

account for about 10 per cent of total food grains. The major economic loss caused by grain

infesting insects is not always the actual material they consume, but also the amount contaminated

by them and their excreta which make food unfit for human consumption. About 500 species of

insects have been associated with stored grain products. Nearly 100 species of insect pests of stored

products cause economic losses.

1. Rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae (Curculionidae: Coleoptera):

Both the adults and the grubs cause damage. The developing larva lives and feeds inside the grain

causing irregular holes of 1.5 mm diameter on grains of rice, sorghum, wheat, barley, maize before

harvest and in storage. The weevils destroy more than what they eat.

2. Lesser grain borer: Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrychidae: Coleoptera):

Both the adults and the grubs cause damage. The adults and grubs bore into the grains feed and

reduce them to mere shells with many irregular holes. The adults are powerful fliers and migrate

from one godown to another, causing fresh infestation. Adults produce a considerable amount of

frass, spoiling more than what they eat.

3. Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera):



Only the larvae cause damage by feeding on the grain kernels before harvest and also in store. The

larva bores into grain and feeds on its contents. Exit holes of 1 mm diameter with or without a trap

door, are seen on the affected cereal grains. As it grows, it extends the hole which partly gets filled

with pellets of excreta. It imparts unhealthy appearance and smell. In a heap of grain, the upper

layers are most severely affected.

Integrated Management of Stored Produce Pests

The control methods of stored produce pests can be categorized into preventive and curative

measures

Preventive measures

Brush the cracks, crevices and corners to remove all debris in the godown.

Clean and maintain the threshing floor/yard free from insect infection and away from the

vicinity of villages.

Clean the machines like harvester and thresher before their use.

Make the trucks, trolleys or bullock carts free from infestation

Clean the godowns/ storage structures before storing the newly harvested crop to eliminate

various lifecycle stages of pest hiding

Provide a metal sheet upto a height of 25 cm at the bottom of the wood in doors to arrest

the entry of rats

Fix up wire meshes to windows, ventilators, gutters, drains etc., to prevent entry of rats,

birds and squirrels

Remove and destroy dirt, rubbish, sweepings and webbings etc from the stores

Close all the rat burrows found in godown with a mixture of broken glass pieces and mud

plastered with mud/ cement.

Plaster the cracks, crevices, and holes found on walls, and floors with mud or cement and

white wash the stores before storing of grains.

Provide dunnage leaving gangway or alleyway of 0.75 to 1 m all around to maintain good

storage condition.

Store the food grains in rat and moisture proof storage structures.

Disinfest the storage structures receptacles by spraying malathion 50 EC @ 3 lit 100 m

before their use.

Curative measures

i) Ecological methods

a. Manipulate the ecological factors like temperature, moisture content and oxygen

through design and construction of storage structures/ godown and storage to

create ecological conditions unfavourable for attack by insects

b. Temperature above 420 C and below 150 C retards reproduction and development

of insect while prolonged temperature above 450 C and below 100 C may kill the

insects.

c. Dry the produce to have moisture content below 10% to prevent the build-up of

pests.

d. Kill the pests bio stages harboured in the storage bags, bins etc., by drying in the

sun light.

e. Store the grains at around 10 % moisture content to escape from the insects attack.



f. Manipulate and reduce oxygen level by 1% to increase the CO2 level automatically,

which will be lethal to all the stages of insects.

ii) Physical methods

a. Provide a super heating system by infrared heaters in the flour mills and food

processing plants to obtain effective control of pests since mostly the stored

produce insects die at 55 –600 C in 10 – 20 minutes.

b. Modify the storage atmosphere to generate low oxygen (2.4% and to develop high

carbon di oxide (9.0 – 9.5) by adding CO2 to control the insects.

c. Seed purpose: Mix 1 kg of activated kaolin (or) lindane 1.3 D (or) malathion 5 D

for every 100 kg of seed and store/pack in gunny or polythene lined bags.

d. Grain purpose: Mix 1 kg activated kaolin for every 100 kg of grain and store. To

protect the pulse grains, mix activated kaolin at the above dosage or any one of the

edible oils at 1 kg for every 100 kg of grain or mix 1 kg of neem seed kernel for

every 100 kg of cereal / pulse and store.

e. Do not mix synthetic insecticides with grains meant for consumption.

iii) Cultural methods

a. Store the grains in sealed bags to prevent the infestation by insects

iv) Mechanical methods

a. Sieve and remove all broken grains to eliminate the condition which favour storage

pests.

b. Stitch all torn out bags before filling the grains.

v) Chemical methods

a. Treat the walls, dunnage materials and ceilings of empty godown with malathion 50

EC 10 ml/L (or) DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml/L1 at 3 Ll spray solution/10 sq.m.

b. Treat the alleyways and gangways with malathion 50 EC 10 ml/L or DDVP 76

WSC 7 ml/ L (1 L of spray fluid/270 m3 ).

c. Spray malathion 50 EC 10 ml/ L with @ 3 L of spray fluid / 100 m2 over the bags.

d. Do not spray the insecticides directly on food grains. • Use knock down chemicals

like lindane smoke generator or fumigant strips pyrethrum spray to kill the flying

insects and insects on surfaces, cracks and crevices

e. Use seed protectants like pyrethrum dust, carbaryl dust to mix with grains meant

for seed purposes only.

f. Decide the need for shed fumigation based on the intensity of infestation.

g. Check the black polythene sheets or rubberized aluminium covers for holes and get

them ready for fumigation.

h. Use EDB ampoules (available in different sizes 3 ml, 6 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml and 30 ml)

at 3 ml/quintal for wheat and pulses and 5 ml/ quintal for rice and paddy (Do not

recommend EDB for fumigation of flour oil seeds and moist grains)

i. Use EDCT (available in tin containers of 500 ml, 1 liter and 5 litres) at 30 – 40

litres/ 100 cubic meter in large scale storage and 55 ml/quintal in small scale

storage.

Fumigation

Use fumigants like ethylene dibromide (EDB), ethylene dichloride carbon tetra chloride (EDCT),

aluminium phosphide (ALP) to control stored produce pests effectively. Apply aluminum

phosphide (available in 0.6 g and 3 gram tablets) @ 3 tablets (3 gram each) per tonne of food grains



lot with help of an applicator. Choose the fumigant and work out the requirement based on the

following guidelines.

3 tablets of aluminium phosphide 3 g each per tonne of grain.

21 tablets of aluminium phosphide 3 g each for 28 cubic meters

Period of fumigation is 5 days

Mix clay or red earth with water and make it into a paste form and keep it ready for plastering all-

round the fumigation cover or keep ready sand snakes. Place the required number of aluminium

phosphide tablets in between the bags in different layer. Cover the bags immediately with

fumigation cover. Plaster the edges of cover all round with wet red earth or clay plaster or weigh

down with sand snakes to make leaf proof. Keep the bags for a period of 5-7 days under fumigation

based on fumigant chosen. Remove the mud plaster after specified fumigation periods and lift cover

in the corner to allow the residual gas to escape. Lift the cover after few hours to allow aeration.



Chapter 4- Cost of production and Net value

accruals to producers

This is a sample case of typical farmer with about 1.6 ha of land holding. About 1.4 ha is deployed

to Barley. The gross yield is 30 quintals per ha. The market rate of the sale is about Rs. 1450 per

quintal or Rs. 43500 per ha. The cost of cultivation is about Rs.29750 per ha. Net realization is

about Rs. 13750 per ha. Out of total cost of cultivation per ha, about Rs. 10000 is cost of land

preparation, seed cost is about Rs. 2000, fertilizer and pesticide cost is about Rs. 7750, weeding

related (labour cost) is about Rs. 4500 and harvesting cost is about Rs. 3000 and threshing cost is

about Rs. 2500. Packing cost is about Rs. 750 per ha. Transportation cost to mandi is about Rs. 250

per ha- all totalling around Rs. 29750 per ha. The fluctuation in prices of Barley is between Rs. 1300-

Rs. 1500 in a year per quintal. The range of yield is 20 quintal to 30 quintal per ha in a year. Cost of

production per quintal is Rs 991 and profit per quintal is Rs 459.

Table 19:Cost of Production

Sr. No. Particular Amount (in Rs. Per ha)

A. Income (30 qtls/ha @ Rs 1450/ qtl 43500

B. Cost of Production

1 Land Preparation Cost 10000

2 Seed Cost 2000

3 Input Cost 7750

4 Weeding Cost 3500

5 Harvesting Cost 3000

6 Thrashing cost 2500

7 Packing and Transportation Cost 1000

8 Total Cost of Production 29750

B Net Profit per ha 13750

C Fodder yield (30 qtl) 9000

D Gross income including fodder 22750



Chapter 5- Supply Chain of commodity

5.1. Seasonal Availability and Price Pattern

5.1.1. Seasonal Availability

In India, barley is mostly cultivated as a Rabi crop. Sowing normally takes place between October

and December. Harvesting starts from end-March until mid-April in the northern states, whereas in

the central and southern states, harvesting takes place from February to May. The market arrivals

start from March onwards. In Rajasthan and India as whole typically the crop duration of barley is

120-150 days.

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept

Sowing Growth Period Harvesting Peak Period Lean Period

5.1.2. Market Arrivals & Prices in Major Markets of Rajasthan

Barley is sold shortly after threshing in Rajasthan. Major markets where barley arrived in bulk

quantity are Ganganagar, Jaipur, Sikar etc. Arrival of Barley in major markets of Rajasthan is

presented in the table below. Ganganagar, Jaipur, Alwar, Ajmer, Bundi, Tonk and Kota are major

barley producing areas in RACP districts.

Table 20: Arrivals of Barley in various markets of Rajasthan in 2016-17

Sr. No

District name

No of APMC

centers APMC name

Arrival Quantity (in MT)

1 Ganganagar 13

Anoopgarh, Gajsinghpur, Gharsana, Jaitsar, Kesarisinghpur, Lalgarh Jatan, Padampur, Raisingh Nagar, Rawla, Sadulshahar, Sri Karanpur, Sri Vijayanagar, Sriganganagar

47890.10

2 Jaipur 10

Bagru, Chaksu, Chomu, Jaipur (Grain), Jaipur(Grain)(Chandpole), Kishan Renwal(Fulera), Kishan Renwal(Sambhar), Kishangarh Renwal, Kotputli, Kotputli(Pawla)

47580.19

3 Sikar 4 Fatehpur, Neem Ka Thana, Sikar, Sri Madhopur, Surajgarh

26843.40

4 Hanumangarh

11 Bhadara, Goluwala, Hanumangarh, Hanumangarh Town, Hanumangarh(Urlivas), Nohar, Pilli Banga, Rawatsar, Sangriya, Suratgarh

19916.10

5 Alwar 5 Alwar, Khairthal, Khedh(Bodaramev), Khedli(laxmangarh), Kherli

9821.80

6 Jhunjunu 3 Chirwa, Jhunjhunu, Nawalgarh 4348.10

7 Chittorgarh 4 Begu, Fatehnagar, Kapasan, Nimbahera 4221.80



8 Dausa 8 Bandikui, Bandikui(Geejgarh), Dausa, Lalsot,Lalsot(Mandabari), Mahua Mandabar(Mahua), Mahuwa, Mandawar

3102.30

9 Bikaner 4 Bikaner(Grain), Khajuwala, Lunkaransar, Sridungargarh

2287.72

10 Bhilwara 3 Bhilwara, Bijolia, Mandalgarh 1252.50

11 Udaipur 1 Udaipur 1032.40

12 Ajmer 5 Ajmer (Grain), Beawar, Kekri, Madanganj Kishangarh, Vijay Nagar(Gulabpura)

997.20

13 Bundi 3 Bundi, DEI(Bundi), Keshoraipatan 796.60

14 Tonk 6 Deoli, Malpura, Malpura(Todaraisingh), Niwai, Tonk, Uniyara

785.95

15 Kota 4 Itawa, Kota,Ramaganj Mandi 419.80

16 Churu 4 Churu, Sardar Shahar, Sujangarh(Churu) 367.90

17 Nagaur 2 Deedwana, Kuchaman City 265.60

18 Rajasamand 1 Rajasamand 189.40

19 Jodhpur 2 Jodhpur (Grain)(Mandor), Jodhpur(Grain)(Bhagat Ki Kothi)

104.40

20 Pali 2 Rani, Sumerpur 92.20

21 Bharatpur 6 Bayana, Bharatpur, Bharatpur(Kumer), Deeg, Kama, Nagar

54.00

22 Swai Madhopur

3 Gangapur City, Gangapurcity(Old Lal mandi), Sawai Madhopur

26.04

23 Baran 2 Atru(Kawai Salpura), Baran 15.90

24 Karauli 1 Hindoun 4.90

Grand Total 172,416.30

Source: Agmarknet

Table 21: Modal price trend of Barley in Alwar mandi in last 3 years

Month Price (Rs./Qtl) Month Price (Rs./Qtl)

Sep-15 1,122 jun-16 1,570

Oct-15 1,193 Jul-16 1,553

Nov-15 1,250 Sep-16 1,489

Dec-15 1,342 Oct-16 1,363

Jan-16 1,333 Nov-16 1,443

Feb-16 1,322 Dec-16 1,475

Mar-16 1,315 Jan-17 1,575

Apr-16 1,426 Feb-17 1,450

May-16 1,488

Barley crop is gaining price season over season considering the growth in demand of millet crops

because of their increasing use in malting industry. Price range of Barley in past 3 seasons was from

Rs. 1100 to Rs. 1600.



Figure 7: Price range of Barley in past 3 seasons

5.2. Existing value chain Channels

There are 3 important production-distribution/marketing channels. In all these channels,

farmers/producers supply commodities to the APMC through village level traders. APMC

commission agents in turn supply them to malt processors and thereafter malt barley is supplied to

domestic brewers and distillers (channel 1) and larger international brewers and distillers (channel 2).

In channel 3 feed and barley is supplied through APMC commission agents to processors and then

onward to domestic and global retailers. The critical constraints in many locations is that the price

yield from barley cultivation is lower than that of wheat in some seasons affecting crop

diversification into this less water intensive crop. There is apparently scope for diversification into

high yielding barley than feed barley in many clusters to cater to the many local processors in the

region.

0100200300400500600700800900

1,0001,1001,2001,3001,4001,5001,6001,700

Price (Rs./Qtl)



Figure-8: Existing pre-intervention chain Barley



Marketing Cost

Marketing costs are the actual expenses incurred in bringing goods and services from the producer

to the consumers. The marketing costs normally include:

Handling charges at local points

Assembling charges

Transport and storage charges

Handling charges by wholesaler and retailer

Market fees, commission charges and taxes on Bajra in Rajasthan are described in table below.

Table 22: List of market fees

S. No Particulars Charges (%)

1 Mandi tax 1.6%

2 Commission charge 2%

3 Tax ---

4

Miscellaneous charges (Handling, weighing,

loading, unloading, cleaning etc)

It varies from market to market.

In Jaipur anaj mandi Rs 10-15 is the loading

and unloading charges per quintal

5 Overall addition to purchase price from farmer 6%

Marketing margin

Total marketing margin is cost involved in moving the barley from producer to consumer and profit

of various market functionaries. Absolute value of the total marketing margin varies from market to

market, channel to channel and time to time. Generally, traders from mandi undertake onward

supply adding 2% margin to bulk handlers and animal feed units.

5.3. Alternative Systems of Marketing

5.3.1. Direct Marketing

This concept involves marketing of produce i.e. Barley by the farmer directly to the

consumers/millers without any middlemen. Direct marketing enables producers and millers and

other bulk buyers to economize on transportation cost and improve price realization. It also

provides incentive to large scale marketing companies i.e. millers and exporters to purchase directly

from producing areas.

Procurement of Barley by government through FCI, NAFED at MSP and by spot trading through

NCDEX is example of direct marketing. NAFED is a government authorized agency. It procures

Barley directly from farmers at MSP for government. In 2012 to 13, NAFED purchased 366895.77

MTs of various food grains like Bajra, Barley, Wheat, Paddy, Rice and Maize at Rs. 504.88 crore in

its outright account. The total Barley procured by NAFED during this period is 2154.57 MTs worth

Rs 240.78 lakhs. There is limited private market that purchases Barley directly from farmers in

Rajasthan. Recently, Soufflet has shown interest in direct procurement of Barley from farmers in

Rajasthan from Hadoti region.

5.3.2. Contract Farming



Contract farming is yet to develop in Barley, mainly because of the current rules and regulations in

contract farming state in the state. This is despite the fact that many global players in the value chain

including Carlsberg and SAB Miller as well as Soufflet are into processing or sourcing activities in

the state. Many firms like Soufflet are already into “Contract farming” to a limited extent (and have

submitted representation regarding limitations in the policy through GT). They have also been

transferring Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) to farmers. The limitations as suggested by the

industry is mentioned below:

SN Rule No Rule Challenges/ Suggestions

1 5 The agreement shall be written

on stamp paper of the value of

Rs.100.

Its time consuming and costly.

Non practical – since many farmers

don’t plan sowing in advance. And

when they plan, its already 15-30 days

left for sowing. Managing MoU signing

operations for 10-15000 farmers within

this short time is not feasible.

2 9 Separate registration form

shall be filled for each

agreement

Separate registration form at the APMC

can be replaced with a list of farmers,

sample agreement copy and company

confirmation/undertaking

3 15 The contracting price shall be

higher than the minimum

support or the model price,

whichever is higher, for the

contracted agricultural

produce during the previous

harvest season, in the market

committee concerned

MSP is ok however previous years

modal price is not practical.

4 17 If buyer fails or refuses to

purchase the agreed quantity

of the agriculture produce

from the contract farming

producer, he shall pay the

amount of the difference

between the agreed price and

the actual sale price of the

contracted produce in the

market committee concerned

to the producer.

The buyer should be able to refuse, in

case of bad quality.

5 Special

license

Minimum quantity of 20,000

mts restriction for barley.

This is practically too tough, if the

processor considers buying from FCSC.

6 Out of Purchase at MSP mandatory The same is not applied for purchases



mandi

procurement

from within the Mandi

7 Payment for

purchase out

of mandi

premises

Payment has to be made in

cash the same day for

purchases out of Mandi

premises

This is not practical specially seeing

cash transactions above Rs 20,000 per

day per customer is not allowed.

5.3.3. Private market yard

There are no private market yards in different clusters where barley is significantly produced such as

Bansur, Deoli, Pisangan and Sangod. However two major companies from Rajasthan like Star Agri

Warehousing Ltd. and CGR Collateral Management Ltd. have taken licenses to operate their

warehouses as Private market Yard. CGR is also a signatory of MoU with State Government of

Rajasthan during GRAM, Kota and is keen to work with project farmers for offering their

warehouses as Private market yard near to production centers from where farmers can store and sell

their produce without going to Mandi. They are also offering 75% loan against warehouse receipt of

barley to farmers.



Chapter 6- Processing Infrastructure

availability and utilization

6.1. Processing

There are a large number of processors in the region including United Spirits and Carlsberg India in

Alwar. Soufflet also has a processing unit in Alwar.

The Value Added Products for Barley include:

1. Barley flour

2. Barley malt

3. Barley flakes

The typical manufacturing process is summarily presented ahead.



Barley Flour21:

21

Anonymous (https://www.google.co.in/search?q=processing+flow+of+barley+flour&client=firefox-b-

ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiexqaC2f3SAhWJrVQKHRafAA0Q_AUICCgB&biw=1525&bih=734#imgrc=mLyT_MtlH2beQM:)(retrieved on April 9,2017)

Barley

Tempering

Decortication

Decorticated Barley

Tempering (10 min)

Popping

Popped Barley

Pulverization and Stirring

Flour

Additional Water 5%

Additional Water 7%

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=processing+flow+of+barley+flour&client=firefox-b-ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiexqaC2f3SAhWJrVQKHRafAA0Q_AUICCgB&biw=1525&bih=734#imgrc=mLyT_MtlH2beQM:)(retrieved





Barley Malt: The typical production process in the case of Malt is presented below

Barley

Grading and Steeping

Germination

Preliminary Cleaning

Kilning

Barley Malt



Barley Flakes: The typical production in case of Barley flakes is as follows:

6.2. Stakeholder’s Share in Consumer Rupee

The price spread along with margin at every stage of value chain starting from the farmer till retailer

is presented in the table given below.

Table 23 Price spread table of Barley (Illustrative for sale of barley flour used for preparing mix flour0

Activity Value per Quintal (Rs.) Stakeholder share in

consumer rupee

Consumer Pays 100%

Retailing: Sale by retailer to

consumer

About Rs. 2980 per quintal which makes

a margin of 15% (Includes local logistics

and storage)

14%

Wholesaling: Sale by wholesalers

to retailers

Rs. 2550 per quintal (Includes a margin of

5% and local logistics and handling)

7%

Secondary processing: Sale after

grinding and packaging

Rs 2350 per quintal (Gross value on sale

after transportation, grinding, packaging

and 10% margin)

26%

Barley

Preliminary Cleaning

Conditioning/Tempering

DE hulling and Aspiration

Polishing and Pre-damping

Steam cooking and Flaking

Hot Air Drying

Barley Flakes



The existence of a long chain of middle men including the APMC and related commission agents,

producers share in consumers’ rupee is adversely affected. This mirrors the need for promotion of

contract farming options eliminating/minimising the role of the APMC. However, the limitations in

contract farming policy & statutes merits correction.

6.3. Price build up & Marketing Efficiency Analysis

The price spread and values accrued to stakeholders across the chain reflects the profit margins of

the accrued to different stakeholders. Much of the value accruals are accrued to processors and

retailers. Producers’ incomes are apparently dependent on yield as well as whether they are

dependent on feed or malt barley.

Generally in case of sale of barley grain, farmers share in consumer rupee is 49%, trader – 4%,

processor-26%, wholesaler – 7% and Retailer 14%.

In case of malt as a product, the farmers share would reduce to around 30% of the consumer price

and the share of the processer increase to around 30% in the consumer price while the margins of

trader and retailer remains almost similar.

6.4. Consumer preference Analysis

Malt barley after being processed into malt is value added into their beer and other alcoholic drinks

and also into health products and infant or child foods like health drinks (bournvita, boost etc.)

Brand equity is important in the market segment. Malt barley is used in Cereals, Baked foods,

Biscuits and chocolate based foods etc.

Feed barley has application in terms of cattle feed and brand equity is not critical factor. Typically,

malt barley products have higher price realisation than feed barley.

Wholesaler: Primary Processing:

Sale after sorting/grading to

processors

Rs. 1576 per quintal (Gross value on sale

with gross profit margin of 6% after

sorting grading )

3%

APMC: Sale upon trading at the

mandi through auction

Rs. 1487 per quintal (1.6% mandi tax, 2%

aadat, loading, unloading)

1%

Production: Cost of production is

Rs. 991 per quintal (without fodder)

Rs. 1450 per quintal (Gross value on

procurement at Rs. 459; net value accrual

to producers after cultivation costs is Rs.

991/quintal

49%



Chapter 7- Existing Institutional support and

Infrastructure facility

7.1. Support at cultivation stage

A range of support institutions support value chain activities as described below.

7.1.1. Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Rajasthan:

The department has various verticals through which it supports production, productivity and market

linkage in the state. It has a well established structure and network of State/District and panchayat

level officials to provide extension services to farmers. The department issues licenses to various

agri-input marketing companies including seeds, fertilizers and insecticides and ensures quality

assurance to farmers through regular reporting from suppliers and random quality checks of agri

inputs. The licenses are issued first at the State level by registering input/service providers. The

registered companies can only supply inputs to district and regional level distributors who in turn

make availability of the products at the retailors. All handlers of agri inputs and produce have to take

license from competent authority either at district or state level. Similarly, thee department also

issues mandi licenses for traders at different APMCs for trading in specific commodities. The same

are described below.

A. Extension vertical:

Extension support: The extension wing recommends good agricultural practices for various

crops as per various agro-economic zones, Promotes seed replacement through distribution

of Minikits containing improved variety of seeds. It also provides grant support of upto 50

percent of the price of notified varieties of barley of less than 10 years or Rs 1500 per quin

whichever is less. For hybrid varieties subsidy is - 50% of the price of seeds notified for less

than 10 years or Rs 5000 per quin whichever is less. The department also provides upto 50%

subsidy on micro-nutrient (50% of total cost or upto Rs 500/ha) and bio-fertilizer

application (50% of total cost or Rs 300/ha) under various schemes viz. National Agriculture

Development Scheme/ National Composite Safety Mission/ National Food Security

Mission. The application can be submitted to the office of Agriculture Supervisor-Asst.

Agriculture Officer/ Asst. Director (Extn.)/ Dy. Director (Extension) by eligible farmers at

Panchayat/Sub-district and District level respectively. Under the head “Subsidy on Crop

Demonstrations”, subsidy upto Rs 5000/ha is available for barley cultivation through

flagship programs like State Plan/NFSM.

District level farmer help desk: Under this head, farmer help line are established at district

level with nomitated district level officials from the office of Dy. Director, Agriculture



Extension to support farmers on various farming related problems. Apart from this, a state

level help desk is also maintained whose telephone no is 0141-5102578

Agriculture information dissemination: At the state level, , technical dissemination is

being done through the daily newspapers, agricultural papers, monthly publication of "Kheti

Ri Bataan" bulletin is also being done. Apart from this, information about advanced

agricultural methods of major crops during crop season, publishing posters, agricultural

guides on various topics, and Rabi / Kharif package of practice books at the block level and

farmers, people's representatives and farmers by producing farmer friendly literature. Is

being distributed to the institutions related to. From day-to-day basis to all the radio stations

of the state, from 7.45 to 8.15, share the information related to farming and phone in these

programs is being broadcast on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The program is being

sponsored by the Department of Agriculture on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday for three

days a week. "Farming" program on Doordarshan- produced by the Agriculture Department,

is broadcast from Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur on every Thursday from 7.30 am to 8.00 pm.

In this program, information about departmental schemes / programs being executed by the

Agriculture Department, discussions with experts, problem-solving, confusion-solving,

fortnightly work, message, success stories, innovation, short films, eclipse etc. The tax

program is made simple, interesting and farm-making. The technical information on

agriculture and related subjects to the farmers has been done by the Indian government to

provide "Kisan Call Center" in the state through telephone. Farmers can get any kind of

information related to farming by making free calls to phone number 1800 180 1551/1551,

from basic / mobile telephone to 6.00 pm to 10.00 pm.

Water use efficiency promotion: Under the Farm Pond Program, rain water harvesting is

promoted with the provisioning of 50% subsidy or maximum amount of Rs 52,000/- on raw

farm pond and Rs 75,000/- on farm pond with plastic lining whichever is less. This scheme

is available under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

For Dighi construction (under National Agriculture Development Scheme/RKVY), 50% of

the unit cost or 350 / - per cubic meter filling capacity and 50% of the cost of the unit cost,

on the construction of plastic lining (raw) diggings, by constructing a minimum of 4.00 lakh

liters of Filler capacity and more than 50% of the unit cost. The amount of rupees 100 / -

per cubic meter will be filled up or maximum Rs 2.00 lakh, whichever is less the grant will be

payable.

For Water Houze construction under the national Agriculture Development Scheme,

support is provided for areas where deep water is used for irrigation. For constructing a

minimum of one lakh liters of Fill Capacity water shed Houz for all categories of farmers, 50

percent of the unit cost or Rs. 350 / - per cubic meter fill capacity or maximum Rs. 75000 /

- whichever is less is the subsidy element.

Under the irrigation pipeline head (of National Agricultural Development Plan, National

Food Security Mission, NMOP) water use efficiency is promoted for irrigation water. Under

this scheme, PVC / HDPE of prescribed size for carrying water from source to farm on

irrigation pipeline is supported. On the purchase of pipes, the farmers of all categories are

given 50 percent of the cost or maximum amount Rs. 50 / - per meter on HDPE pipes or

Rs. 35 / - per meter on PVC pipe or Rs. The maximum amount of Rs.15000 / - on the 20 /

- per meter HDPE laminated le-flat tub pipe will be payable, whichever is less proportionate.



Under the Fountain Irrigation program through National Food Security Mission; Pulses and

Wheat - Under the Fountain Irrigation Program, subsidy is 50% or the amount is Rs. 10000

/ - per ha, whichever is less.

Under the Mobile Raingun support program, for irrigation of grains and pulses crops,

subsidy of 50 percent of the cost under the Mobile Renganization program or Rs.15000 / -

per unit whichever is less, grant is payable. This subsidy is available under the NFSM scheme

Agricultural equipment grant distribution program: Grants upto 40 to 50 per cent are

given as per the category of farmers on the purchase of approved agricultural machinery viz.

Seed cum Fertilizer Drill, Plow, Threser etc.

Gypsum distribution program: 50% Subsidy is given to farmers on districtwise rate of

Gypsum for maximum area of 2 hectare. This support is for soil reclamation of alkali soils.

Plant protection inputs: Segment, viz. Plant Protection Chemicals / Bio Agents / Bio

Pesticides / Pheromone Trap / Liyos Distribution, including weeds in crops; 50% of the

price or Rs. 500 any less per hectare is payable as subsidy.

Plan Protection equipments segment: Human transport * (napsek, foot sprayer, duster

etc.) are given 40-50 percent of the cost or maximum 600-800 / - Per device as subsidy.

Under Power Drivesegment * (Nepasek Power Sprayer) are given 50-60 percent of the price

or maximum 3000-3800 / - Per device. For tractor mounted sprayers, 50% of the price or Rs

10,000 per device is subsidized. These schemes are as per targets allotted for respective

districts.

Assistance for area specific integrated farming systems like livestock based, horticulture

based and tree based farming systems: Assistance is provided for farmers of selected

village/cluster having land from 0.25 to 2 ha area per farmer. It is implemented on cluster

basis with 100 ha of land. Subsidy applicable is: 50% of cost or 52500/-for farm pond, 50%

of cost or 468/-per SQM for green house, 50% of cost or 30/- per SQM for low tunnel,

40% of cost or 800/-per colony for bee keeping, 50% of cost or 15000/-for diesel pump,

50% of cost or 50000/-for vermicompost unit Pucca @ 125/ per cubic ft, 50% of cost or

8000/-for HDPE vermi bed

Organic production: Organic Barley also has a great potential. For support under the head,

Promotion of Organic Farming, subsidies are available for heads like Conversion of land

Cropping systems and organic seeds, traditional organic input production unit, botanical

extracts production unit, use of phosphate rich organic manure, construction of

vermicompost pit, use of liquid bio fertilizer and support for packing labelling and branding

material support are subsidized for consecutive two years at a rate specified in the manual.

Prime-minister Crop insurance scheme: Farmer have to pay 2% of insured amount in

Kharif, 1.5% of insured amount in Rabi and 5% of insured amount in horticulture &

commercial crops, subject to maximum of 7 hectare per farmer. Rest of the premium

amount will be borne by central and state government in equal ratio. Beyond 7 hectare,

farmer has to pay whole premium amount, i.e. without any subsidy.

Soil health card: Under this, component, district level soil and water testing labs support

farmers on soil testing and providing soil health card for integrated nutrient management.

B. Rajasthan State Seed Production and Certification agency helps in ensuring production of

certified seeds for farmers. The department is mandated to; Recognize varieties eligible for Seed



Certification and annually publish lists indicating the names of such varieties, Maintain a list of

sources of Breeder & Foundation seeds approved by the Central Seed Certification Board,

Outline the procedure for submission of application for growing, harvesting, processing,

labelling and tagging of seeds intended for certification, Undertake inspection of seed fields,

seed processing plants and lots in accordance with the procedures outlined by the Central Seed

Certification Board in accordance with Indian minimum seed certification standard (IMSCS),

Regulate the processing of seeds at seed processing units and Ensure that the seeds certified by

it conforms to the standards prescribed by the Central Seed Certification Board. Thus the

department ensures availability of quality seeds for growers.

C. Rajasthan State Seeds Corporation helps availability of quality seeds at affordable prices

through the cooperative network and private distributorship channel under the trade name “Raj

Seeds”. During Rabi and Kharif seasons Rajseeds are made available at the door steps of the

farmers through Beej raths operating at almost every panchayat samitee of the state. The

department sold around 6520 quintals of barley seeds in rabi 2016-17.

D. Rajasthan Kisan aayog (Rajasthan State farmer Commission): It is mandated to

Investigate and review of agriculture and allied sectors, keeping in mind the economic ecology

and environment for sustainable development of agriculture and To inform the State

Government for taking necessary measures to solve timely problems of agriculture, animal

husbandry and fisheries, so that farmers can be protected against difficult situations, Talk to

different farming organizations / associations to make the government aware of their demands

and suggestions and To bring the difference in demand and supply to the attention of the State

Government, so that its adverse effects are not on the peasantry.

E. State Agricultural Management institute (SIAM), Durgapura Jaipur: The institute is

mandated to organize training programmes on functional areas of Agriculture and its allied

sector namely; Induction courses on fresh recruitees, Refresher courses for in service officials ,

Crop production technologies, Management of Technology and Input, Irrigation Management,

Dry land Farming, Crop Economics, Extension technique, Communication skills, National

Workshop / Seminars etc.

F. Agricultural Conservation Testing Centers (ATCs): The department of Agriculture has ten

ATCs who are mandated to find out the usefulness of the research recommendations received

from the agricultural research centers under the agricultural universities of the state in various

agricultural and regional conditions and local conditions and to amend the tests in the research

recommendations according to local conditions. On the basis of the tests, preparations of

agricultural climatic package of practice and amendment of the advanced agricultural methods

are amended. Apart from this, the agri-certified testing centres also solve the technical problems

in the day-to-day work of the extension workers.

7.1.2. ICAR and allied institutions:

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under the

Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers

Welfare, Government of India. The Council is the apex body for co-ordinating, guiding and

managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences

in the entire country. With 101 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities spread across the

country this is one of the largest national agricultural systems in the world. The ICAR has played a

pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent developments in agriculture in India

through its research and technology development that has enabled the country to increase the



production of food grains by 5 times, horticultural crops by 9.5 times, fish by 12.5 times , milk 7.8

times and eggs 39 times since 1951 to 2014, thus making a visible impact on the national food and

nutritional security. It has played a major role in promoting excellence in higher education in

agriculture. It is engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development and its

scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.

State Agriculture Universities (SAUs):

The state four major Agriculture Universities namely; 1. Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural

University, Bikaner, 2. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 3. Sri

Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, 4. Agriculture University, Kota and affiliated

colleges who contribute to research, education, training and knowledge dissemination on agriculture

technology. The Agriculture Universities also provide research and extension support through

attached Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Agriculture Research Stations.

Following are the varieties of Barley developed by various Agriculture Universities in Rajasthan.

Name of university Variety of seeds developed No of seed

varieties

developed

SKRAU Bikaner RD 2552, RD 2503, RD 2508, RD 2035, RD 2052, RD 2592, RD 2624, RD

2660, RD 2668, RD 2715

10

SKNAU, Jobnear

(Through ARS,

Durgapura Jaipur)

First dwarf mutant variety RDB-1 in the country, salinity tolerant BL-2

and CCN resistant 'Rajkiran' along with recently developed high yielding

varieties RD 2035, RD 2552 having wide adaptability and suitability for

saline conditions, RD 2503 and RD 2668 (Two rowed type) for malting

purpose. Varieties RD 2624 and RD 2660 developed for rainfed

conditions are fabulous contributions of this institute. Recently, an

excellent contribution of the institute is the development of country's

first dual purpose barley variety RD 2715 having good potential to

produce grain as well as green fodder. In August, 2012, RD 2786 (IR-TS)

and RD 2794 (Salinity tolerance) were identified having good yield

potential and rust resistant

28

Krishi Vigyan Kendras;

The State has 42 Krishi Vigyan Kendras affiliated through ICAR. The mandate of the KVKs is to: 1.

Organize Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) to establish production potential of various crops and

enterprises on farmers field (Facilitete technology dissemination from Lab to field) 2. To conduct on

farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural techniques under various farming

systems, 3. Organize need based training to farmers on agri and allied activities, 4. Production and

supply of good quality seeds and planting materials and various farming products to the farming

community and 5. Work as resource center of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of

private, public and voluntary sector for improving agricultural economy of the district. The KVKs

also offer soil testing facilities to farmers.

Agriculture Research Stations: Apart from the above, there are several agriculture research

stations and sub-stations attached to the universities to undertake research/trial and demonstration

of agriculture technologies.



22Indian Institute of wheat and barley research, Karnal:

The institute has thirty one funded centres, located in different SAUs, support multidisciplinary

research on wheat and barley 1 2 Indian Council of Agricultural Research under the coordinated

project. Besides the funded centres, more than hundred voluntary centres in SAUs are actively

engaged in evaluation of genotypes. In addition, some testing sites are also provided by State

Agriculture Departments and a few NGOs. These locations have been identified in such a way that

distinct agro-climatic zones of the country (six mega zones under wheat cultivation are represented.

The barley component of AICW&BIP functions at seven funded centres with voluntary

participation by some ICAR institutes and SAUs. So far, 92 varieties have been released for

commercial cultivation and 15 genetic stocks registered with the NBPGR. The priority areas of

research include development of barley for malt, feed and dual purpose. Traditionally, tall plant

types were common in barley. The barley network programme successfully developed semi-dwarf,

management responsive, lodging resistant cultivars with erect leaves, compact plant having thick

stem and stiff straw. Varieties like BH 902, DWRUB 52, RD 2668, RD 2592, NDB 1173 and

DWRB 73 are some examples for such plant type in malt and feed barley. Stripe rust and leaf blight

are the major diseases of barley, although yellow and brown rust in NWPZ and brown rust and leaf

spot are of importance in NEPZ. New high yielding varieties have resistance to such diseases.

Resistance to CCN has been incorporated in some new cultivars. Varieties having good malting/

brewing qualities comparable to European malt barley cultivars have been developed. The recently

released varieties DWRUB 52 and DWRB 73 (developed through hybridization of 2 row x 6 row

types) hold promise as industrial barley with better yield, resistance and maturity duration as

compared to earlier releases. Six row malt barley variety DWR UB 64 was the first one released for

malt purpose.

7.1.3. Credit facilities: Agricultural credit facilities in the state has both formal and informal

sources. Under the formal sources, various banks are extending credit facility at subsidized interest

rates under KCC schemes for farmers having land title. The Gram Seva Sahakari Samitis run by

Cooperative Department also extends crop loans to farmers. However, as many farmers live in

hindu-undivided families, i.e. land title is still with father and sons undertake farming in their share

of land as mutually agreed in the village panchayat. In such cases, getting a formal source of crop

loan is difficult. Hence many farmers resort to informal sources of loans from village level money

lenders at exorbitant rates and exploit them later by forcing to supply the produce also through the

money lenders.

7.1.5. Agri input availability: A number of input service providers (in seeds, fertilisers and

pesticides) operate in the important barley producing clusters of Pisangan, Bansur, Deoli and

Sangod. They are registered through the office of Dy. Director, Agriculture Extn. Of respective

districts.

7.2. Support at post-harvest stage

Following are the major support institutions for post-harvest handling of agriculture produce in the

state.

A. Department of Agriculture marketing (DAM): The department offers upto 50% subsidy on

various sorting/grading machines as specified in the circular dated 19/07/2017.

B. Post-harvest storage: Department of Agriculture provides subsidy for metal storage bins to

farmers. Apart from this, following storage infrastructure is available in the state.

22

http://www.icar.org.in/Vision%202050%20IIWBR%20Karnal.pdf



Rural Godowns: There are 139 rural godowns in Rajasthan which stores mustard, gram,

wheat, Bajra, gaur, soybean, groundnut etc. The list of godowns in Rajasthan that store barley

is attached in Annexure-5

Central Warehousing Corporation23:

The Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) is the largest public sector warehouse operator

with their godowns established in almost all the states of the country. At present, CWC have

already established and operating more than 450 warehouses with a capacity of 93.25 lakh

tonnes (as on 29/02/2004). These are scientifically constructed warehouses which facilitate the

farmers to store their produce safely and to derive the benefit of pledge finance during the

period of glut situation in the markets. (Annexure - 2 List out CWCs in Rajasthan)

State Warehousing Corporation

State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs) were established in different states under the purview

of concerned state governments and constructed godowns at distant places. The total share

capital of SWCs is contributed equally by CWC and concerned state governments and SWCs

under dual control. The SWCs also provide storage facilities for green gram. (Annexure – 3

Lists of SWCs in Rajasthan).

C. Market information through Agmarknet:

The Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI), an attached Office of the Department of

Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare,

was set up in the year 1935 to implement the agricultural marketing policies and programmes for the

integrated development of marketing of agricultural and other allied produce in the country with a

view to safeguard the interests of farmers as well as the consumers. It maintains a close liaison

between the Central and the State Governments.

The Directorate is headed by Agriculture Marketing Adviser to Government of India and has its

Head Office at Faridabad (Haryana), Branch Head Office at Nagpur (Maharashtra) and 11 Regional

Offices at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Lucknow, Bhopal,

Kochi and Guwahati and the Central Agmark Laboratory at Nagpur24

D. Support on agri produce marketing through APMCs:

The state has 136 Krishi upaz mandi samitis (KUMS) and 310 market sub yards for trade of

agriculture commodities. Among them, grain mandis in Jaipur, Ganganagar, Kota, Bikaner,

Hanumangarh, Alwar and Sikar are major grain mandis in the state as far as Barley is concerned.

These APMCs are intended to be responsible for:

Ensuring transparency in pricing system and transactions taking place in market area;

Providing market-led extension services to farmers;

Ensuring payment for agricultural produce sold by farmers on the same day;

Promoting agricultural processing including activities for value addition in agricultural produce;

Publicizing data on arrivals and rates of agricultural produce brought into the market area for sale; and setup and promote public private partnership in the management of agricultural markets

23

Farmers’ portal, CWC Link (http://farmer.gov.in/CWC_Link.aspx) (retrieved on April 9,2017) 24

Agmarknet (http://agmarknet.gov.in/) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

http://farmer.gov.in/CWC_Link.aspx

http://agmarknet.gov.in/



E. Support on post-harvest value addition: The Farm Gate Agro processing and Agri-

marketing scheme of Govt. of Rajasthan has provisioning for subsidy upto Rs 20 lakh for a

sorting/grading/ value addition project of Rs 50 lakh. Ministry of Food Processing, Govt. of India

also has a scheme in the name of Kisan Sampada (Backward & forward linkage scheme) through

which there is a provisioning of 35% subsidy for Farmers/Farmer Groups for establishing value

addition facility for agri produce.



Chapter 8- Gap & Constraint Analysis

8.1. As Perceived by Producers and Other Stakeholders

Producer case illustration

Phool Chand Meena is a farmer in Samlopur (Pratapgarh) with about 1.6 ha of land holding. About

1.4 ha is deployed to Barley. The variety opted is Oswal. The gross yield is 40 quintals per ha. The

market rate of the sale is about Rs. 1200 per quintal or Rs. 48,000 per ha. The cost of cultivation is

about Rs.33500 per ha. Net realization is about Rs. 14250 per ha. Out of total cost of cultivation per

ha, about Rs. 10000 is cost of land preparation, seed cost is about Rs. 4500, fertilizer and pesticide

cost is about Rs. 7750, weeding related (labour cost) is about Rs. 4500 and harvesting cost is about

Rs. 3000 and threshing cost is about Rs. 2500. Packing cost is about Rs. 1000per ha. Transportation

cost to mandi is about Rs. 250 per ha- all totalling around Rs. 33500 per ha. The fluctuation in prices

of Barley is between Rs. 1100- Rs. 1300 in a year per quintal. The range of yield is 20 quintal to 50

quintal per ha in a year.



Processor case illustration

The Harodi region comprising 4 district had traditionally been a barley producing region. However,

over the years many farmers have shifted to wheat cultivation as apparently given present levels of

barley yield per acre, the farmers earn 300 – 400 rupees come per acre of wheat than from barley.

The relatively lower net surplus from barley cultivation is because farmers largely use seeds to

produce feed stock barley even for supply to distilleries and yield is barely 1.5 – 2 T per acre. There

are basically 3 different varieties of barley that may be cultivated. These include feed, food and malt

varieties respectively. There is need to diversify to higher yield yielding malt varieties. This

diversification into barley and higher yield yielding malt varieties could apparently increase

production from average of barely 1.5 T per acre to even 2.5 T per acre.

Large firms like Soufflet can contribute in this regard. Soufflet is into global sourcing of barley

(threshed and cleansed) from different areas of the world. The firm has a processing plant in Alwar

Modern Industrial Area. It has a large warehouse in the Kota region. The firm sources some 2.2

MMT per annum of Barley from across the world. It sources from India where the harvesting

period is February and March while it also sources from Argentina (harvesting time being January)

and from other countries like France and Kazakhstan where February is sowing time. Soufflet is

sourcing 20, 000 MT barley from India per annum. This is targeted to be increased to at least

100,000 tonnes per annum. Barley requires watering of up to 2-3 times unlike wheat 6 – 7 times

before harvesting hence it is less water intensive. The firm is also encouraging cultivation in

countries like Ethiopia (whose population also consumes barley as food).

Figure 8:Consultation with MNCs and Value Chain Leaders



8.2. SWOT Analysis of the Value Chain of Barley

Strength Weakness

Demand of malting varieties of barley growing

steadily due to presence of multinational malting

and brewing industries around Rajasthan

Barley has a variety of usage including barley

flour and various snacks used using its flour and

for making porridge.

Barley ranks as the major crop world wide

Barley is largely for animal feed and it is as food

crop growing demand

USA is the leading producing country followed

by Argentina, Brazil, and Ukraine

A.P, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, and

Rajasthan are important producers

Rajasthan is one of the leading producers of

Barley in India.

Less water intensive crop

It has a high fodder value like wheat

Barley is not a major cereal crop as compared to

wheat

Most of the barley production in Rajasthan is

using local varieties for animal feed and hence

productivity is less.

The local varieties are not suitable for malting

and hence have lesser economic significance.

Farmers do not follow recommended package

and practices

Farmers are not organized for barley production

and marketing

Improper post-harvest management resulting in

high content of damaged/un-matured grains and

presence of foreign materials

No alternate marketing channel developed for

Barley to facilitate crop diversification.

Inadequate links with farmers for direct

procurement.

Inadequate capacity building programs on

Market led extension services.

Cumbersome norms for contract farming

keeping large buyers away from direct reach of

farmers

Opportunities Threat

Option for crop diversification in rain-fed areas.

Growing demand for malt barley and presence

of processing players in the state itself.

Good processing opportunities for Barley-

Barley Feed, Barley Biscuits, Barley Flour.

Development of alternate marketing channel for

barley procurement is possible.

Scope for tie up of FPCs through FCSC with

firms like Soufflet

Scope for facilitation of start-ups from amongst

FPCs or individual entrepreneurs, in secondary

processing of value added products of barley

like flour, snacks, animal feed, roasted barley,

etc.

Most of the crop economic potential lies with

procurement linked to malting/brewing industry

Farmers fear of quality rejection by industry

Natural calamity may impact production and

hence productivity and profitability.

Farmers’ dependence might increase on

external source of seed suppliers in case of malt

barley and hence increase in cost of cultivation

Fluctuation (delay) in sowing due to climate

change

Cloudy weather, rainfall at the time of flowering and seed formation (Adverse weather conditions)

Infestation of insect-pest & other disease

Taxation related policies (for example –

proposed 5% GST on branded goods), etc.

affects the price levels and buying patterns of

consumers.

Adulteration Malpractices by competitors to get

price advantage



8.3. Key constraints in Barley crop:

The constraints observed under barley are divided under from different categories, viz Production related constraints, Post-Harvest related constraints and Processing and market infrastructure related constraints.

8.3.1. Production related constraints: Barley occupies comparatively less area under cultivation

with respect to Wheat. It is constantly grown in the area and production as well as productivity also

due to irrigation facility. It is generally cultivated as feed Barley in the cluster.

8.3.2. Post-Harvest related constraints:

Barley is mostly cultivated six rows as feed Barley whose seed size is small. .There is lack of Primary

processing facility except sun drying in Barley at farm level.

8.3.3. Processing and market infrastructure related constraints:

Processing of barley involves high end technology and hence is out of reach of farmers/farmer

institutions. However, with the direct involvement of companies like Soufflet, Farmers can sell their

produce directly to Soufflet with a higher margin after primary sorting grading. Currently there is

lack of primary sorting and grading infrastructure at community level forcing farmers to sell semi-

graded produce to traders who later on sell it at a higher margin after doing sorting, grading and

cleaning.

Lack of market intelligence services: Farmers do not receive information on market prices. Some

farmers sell crops through village level traders, because due to which they are not realising fair price.

Lack of primary processing infrastructure:

i. There is a non-availability of facilities for primary processing: cleaning, grading & sorting at

the farm level.

ii. There is no practice and provision of producer level storage.

iii. There is acute lack of awareness among farmers regarding FAQ (Fair Average Quality)

standards.

iv. Farmers do not practice the usage of basic equipment like moisture meter and weighing

machine.

Distant markets: Due to the distance of APMC from farmers field, they resort to sell the produce

to traders at non-competitive prices.

Seasonal price variations: Generally during harvesting period, prices are on lower side and reach

highest after 5-6 months of harvesting. However, farmers do not have any option but sell

immediately at lower prices as they need cash to meet out their expenses. They could realize higher

price if they can hold the stock for 2-3 months.

Malpractices in markets: Many malpractices prevail in the markets of Barley i.e. excess

weighment, delay in payment, high commission charges, delay in weighing and auction, different

kinds of arbitrary deductions for religious and charitable purposes etc.

Infrastructure facilities: Due to inadequate infrastructural facilities available with the producers,

traders, millers and at market level, the marketing efficiency is affected adversely.

Agribusiness policy related constraints:



Contract farming: Rajasthan has adopted a model APMC Act, 2007. In Rajasthan Contract

farming of desired variety and quantity as per buyer’s/processor’s need, has been allowed.

Buyer/processors may supply inputs and technical know-how and farmers may produce the crop

for sale to buyers at an agreed price. However, this price shall not be lower than minimum support

price and title of land shall remain with farmer. Produce will be purchased at buyer/processor’s

business/factory place. But processors found less interested in registering under contract farming.

Team ABPF discussed contract farming issues with some of the processors and related challenges

are given below:

i. Rule 5 – Each agreement shall be written on stamp paper of the value of Rs.100. This increases

cost of procurement and procurement time.

ii. Rule 9 – Separate registration form shall be filled for each agreement. Large amount of paper

work can be reduced by group registrations or procurement directly from FPCs.

iii. Rule 17-In case the contract farming buyer fails or refuses to purchase the agreed quantity of the

agriculture produce from the contract farming producer, he is to pay the amount of the

difference between the agreed price and the actual sale price of the contracted produce in the

market committee concerned to the producer. Mutual termination of contract should be allowed.

iv. Rule 19 – The contract farming buyer need furnish an undertaking equal to 20% of the value of

the contracted amount. This amount can be reduced and this will motivate big players to

participate in contract farming.

8.4. PIESTEC Framework

Barley can be summarily considered within the adapted PIESTEC framework as follows:

8.4.1. Political circumstance

Due to land ceiling norms, typically farmers in Rajasthan have barely 2-3 acres of holdings each. The

small and marginal farmers can hardly be expected to invest in better farming technologies, nor

aggregate adequate volumes of commodities as to develop alternate marketing channels away from

typical APMC or multiple-trader led channel in vogue. There is, therefore, need for aggregation of

such farmers into FPOs / FPCs. Typically, such FPOs / FPCs may have a combined holding of

1000-1500 acres.

8.4.2. Institutional context

The globally preferred high income yielding variety of barley is malt barley. Given the fluctuations in

prices as well as need for technology transfer for high yielding varieties, there is apparently need for

contact farming agreements with processors.

However, there are some limitations in the Contract Farming Act and mechanism in Rajasthan.

The limitations are discussed in 5.3.2.

These limitations need to be corrected to encourage and up-scale contract farming practices.

8.4.3. Economics

There is sound economics in malt barley production with contract farming agreements. At present,

farmers are growing feed barley which is not suitable for malt processing. There is presently no

mechanism as such for tracing produce to their producers, but for a few exceptions. Malt being a

high value product, needs traceability to ensure quality. In the case of barley presently, the gross

yield per acre is 16 quintals. The market rate of sale is about Rs. 1200 per quintal. This implies a



gross yield of about Rs. 19,200 per acre per harvest. Assuming the cost of cultivation at Rs. 13,100

per acre, the net yield or income is pegged at Rs. 6,100 per acre. Firms like Soufflet supplies seeds

and transfers GAP which could enable increase in yield to even 25 quintals per acre or increasing

gross yield income to even Rs. 30, 000 per acre. In comparison, in the case of wheat cultivation, the

yield is presently 18 quintals which is sold @ of even Rs. 1400 per quintal yielding a gross income of

Rs. 25,000 per acre. Basically, crop diversification into high yielding malt varieties could apparently

increase production from an average of barely 15-16 quintals per acre to even 25-26 quintals per

acre and hence call for intensifying cultivation of such variety as a less water intensive and higher

farmer income yielding crop. In fact, the Soufflet intervention with about 3,500 farmers in the

region has already demonstrated increase in net value accruals to contacted farmers/producers by

over 15-30%.

8.4.4. Social

Typically, the small and marginal farmers in Rajasthan go in for wheat than barley. Barley

consumption has apparently a range of health benefits by way of regulation of blood sugar and

reducing cholesterol levels in blood. Barley is more tolerant of soil salinity than Wheat, has a short

growing season and is also relatively drought tolerant. Malt barley can be cultivated as a Rabi season

crop with maize as the kharif season crop. The fluctuations in market prices and relatively higher

prices for wheat have discouraged intensification of cultivation of barley. However, there is scope

for this crop which is less water intensive to be propagated.

8.3.5. Technology

Other than seeds, GAP plays an important role in enhancing farm productivity in the farming of

barley. These practices are typically transferred by large processors to farmers across the globe in the

case of barley. Quality high yielding seeds as well as GAP could together enhance productivity and

yield as to increase yield per acre from 1.5 -1.6 Tonnes to even 2.5 – 2.6 Tonnes.

8.3.6. Environment

The scope for promoting barley as an alternative crop to wheat is an environmental friendly option.

This is because the water-use irrigation footprint is far lower. Barley requires 2-3 waterings over

cultivation while wheat requires 6-7 waterings. Sowing normally takes place in North India as a Rabi

crop with sowing between October and December. Harvesting is from March to April.

8.3.7. Competition

Malt barley after being processed into malt is value added into beer and other alcoholic drinks and

also into health products and infant or child foods like health drinks. Malt barley is also used in

cereals, baked foods, biscuits etc. Typically malt barley products have higher price realisation than

feed barley. There are also a range of value added products that can be made from barley. These

include barley flour, barley flakes other than malt barley. In Rajasthan, typically competition to

barley is from wheat in that price yield from traditional barley cultivation is lower than that of wheat

affecting crop diversification into this less water intensive crop.

The large beer producing companies are major buyers of malt barley varieties. These include SAB

miller, Heineken, and Carlsberg. Soufflet produces malt. These players have processing facilities in

Rajasthan. Barley’s advantage is that it is a low input crop and can be grown in marginal lands and

barley can be grown for use as animal feed, human consumption or for malting.

India has comparative advantage in barley production particularly due to global production season

related variation. In India the harvesting period is February- March to even April while in Argentina



harvesting time is in January. In France and Kazakhstan February is sowing time. That is why

companies like Soufflet are into global sowing of inputs to optimize their own procurement costs

and ensure yearlong capacity utilization. Out of Soufflet’s global procurement of about 2.2 million

tonnes about 100,000 is to be sowed out of India and particularly Rajasthan.

Depending on seasonality, barley is procured from different locations across the world by value

chain leaders. India and Rajasthan in particular, has comparative advantage in barley production

during the Rabi season.

8.5. Impact of GST over barley value chain:

The Goods and Services Tax is one indirect tax for the whole nation. GST is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. It will be levied at every stage of the product distribution chain by giving the benefit of Input Tax Credit (ITC) of the tax remitted in the previous stages. Therefore, the final consumer will bear only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all previous stages. GST will replace all Central level taxes such as excise, service tax, custom duty as well as state level taxes like VAT, CST, entertainment tax among others. Table 24: Tax Structure

Transaction New Regime Old Regime Remarks

Sale within the state CGST+SGST VAT+ Central Excise/Service tax

Revenue will be shared equally between the Centre and the State

Sale to another state IGST Central Sales Tax + Excise/Service Tax

There will only be one type of tax (central) in case of inter-state sales. The Center will then share the IGST revenue based on the destination of goods.

The impact on the Food Processing Businesses:

With the latest information suggesting that the minimum GST rates will be 18% on all

products.

Implementation of the GST is said to increase the prices of agricultural goods. However,

the products will be able to reach the consumer faster due to state-level taxes such as Octroi

and entry taxes which will significantly reduce the time and hassle of transporting goods

across state borders.

GST will also favour the National Agricultural Market on merging all the different taxation

on agricultural goods will improve the marketing and virtual market growth.

Because GST is a consumption tax, it will be levied only when food products are sold by

the manufacturer and not when they are manufactured.

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has also in its representation called for a zero

rate tax on products which have a rate of up to Rs. 10/- and Rs. 20/-. It also demanded that

all packaged material used as inputs by the food processing industry should have a zero-

percent rate.

Impact on Restaurants and Food Joints: Service tax liability with the credit of input VAT on goods consumed will get submerged into GST and irrespective of goods and services, the credit of input will be available for adjustment against the output liability. This will further optimize the working capital of these restaurants and consumers can expect the superior quality of goods and services. Please refer to Annexure 6 for product wise GST rates of Food Products.



Chapter 9- Proposed Intervention and

Investments

9.1. Intervention areas for Value chain strengthening/restructuring


stakeholders as follows.

Stakeholder wise roles, responsibilities, pre-intervention constraints and post intervention

actions:

S.No Stake

holder

Roles and

responsibilities

Pre-intervention

constraints

Post intervention

action Action By

1

Farmer

Land

Preparation

Cultivation of

crops

Harvesting of

crops

Sell the raw

produce

Around 65% farmers

use local variety of

seeds from last

season from their

field resulting in low

yield

Farmers do not

follow recommended

PoP

Awareness

campaigns for

motivating farmers

to use

recommended PoP

on soil testing, land

preparation, line

sowing, INM, IPM

and seed rate

Crop

demonstrations for

use of seeds

suitable for malting

RACP in

partnership

with ATC

and local

NGO

High cost of

insecticides

Non availablity of

nutrient

management

solutions at right

time/ High cost of

transportation as

farmer takes in loose

quantity

Facilitating

formation of FPC

Pooled purchase of

agri inputs through

FPC at bulk price

and onward sale to

member farmers at

wholesale price

keeping minimum

operating margins

Tieup of FPC with

ATC for

multiplication of

foundation seed

produced by

research

institutions through

RACP,

ABPF,

NGO for

FPC

formation

and

further

operation.

RACP to

tieup with

ATC for

supporting

technolog

y transfer

of seed

multiplicati

on through



S.No Stake

holder

Roles and

responsibilities

Pre-intervention

constraints

Post intervention

action Action By

member farmers of

FPC and onward

sale of improved

variety seed at a

lower cost

FPC

members

High moisture

content of harvested

crop

Chances of fungal

infection during sun

drying on open field

Chances of

contamination with

foreign materials viz.

dust, other seeds

Subsidized

distribution of

tarpaulin sheets

Promotion of good

harvesting

practices

RACP to

provision for

the same

and facilitate

distribution

to FPC

members

with support

from local

NGO

High dirt content

/foreign material in

harvested grain

(Usually resulting in

10% lower income

arrival to farmer)

Ensure availability of

community cleaning

& Grading facility to

farmers through

FCSC established

and maintained by

FPC

RACP, SPs

with input

from ABPF

team

Lack of market

information related to

price

Price discovery

through NCDEX,

eNAM.

ABPF, FPC

Farmers resort to

immediate sale due to

immediate

requirement of cash

Pledge financing

through FPC/FCSC,

Spot/future trading

through e-platforms

ABPF, FPC

During bumper

harvest, prices

collapse and hence

storage option could

help and distress sale.

Storage facility for

farmers as part of

FCSC

RACP, SPs

with input

from ABPF

team

2

Processors Process the

raw produce

Value

addition

Packaging of

value added

product

Limited adoption of

direct procurement

and contract farming

Limited processed

product available in

the market which limits

the marketing potential

of the commodity

Many existing

processors and

budding entrepreneurs

are not aware of

schemes of the GoI

Including CLCSS,

cluster Development

scheme or “Sampada”

for technology

upgrading.

Setting up alternate

channel to sell

directly from PC to

processor or large

retail shops.

Large

Processor/

Buyer and

ABPF,

RACP, FPC,

RSAMB

Awareness seminars

for processors

ABPF,

RACP, FPC

Policy conference,

investors meet ABPF

3 NGOs Extension

services to

Lack of skilled

personnel

Training of NGO

field staff on

RACP/

ABPF



S.No Stake

holder

Roles and

responsibilities

Pre-intervention

constraints

Post intervention

action Action By

farmers

Disseminate

RACP

Schemes to

the farm level

Distribution of

seeds and

farm kits as

per various

schemes

Hand holding

support to the

farmers

regarding

Poor field-farm level

coordination

Outdated extension

activities

Lower level of

interaction and

adoption of

RACP/govt.

schemes

market led

extension services

Business planning

training

Monthly/Fortnightly

review meetings

with RACP

Feedback of

farmers from

service area

Exposure visits of

NGO staff to

successful FPCs

4

RACP Establish the

feasibility of

sustainably

increasing

agricultural

productivity

and farmer

income

Integrate

agriculture

water

management

and

agricultural

technology,

Establish

farmer

organizations

(FPCs) and

market

innovations in

selected

locations

Lack of clarity on

the form of FPO-

Cooperative or FPC

among field staff

Selections of

capable leaders for

the proposed FPO

Low level of

awareness among

the PMU staff and

farmers regarding

the concept of FPC

Poor or no Market

linkages of the

value chain crops in

clusters

Lack of active NGO

staff deployed in the

cluster

Create basic

understanding

among the RACP

PMU staff about

concepts of FPC

Clear

understanding on

fundamental

differences

between FPC &

Cooperative

Create market

linkages by

bringing more big

players and

processors to the

cluster

Conduct training of

the potential

farmer leaders

about FPC and its

functioning

Capacity building

training of the

NGO staff

regarding the

extension services

to be provided to

the farmers

ABPF

RACP

PMU Line

staff

NGO

Following would be the roles and responsibility of various stake holders in the value chain. In the

production stage, RACP will facilitate partnership with nearby ATC for technology demonstrations,

seed propagation, training of farmers on improved PoP and technology transfer for multiplication

of foundation seeds through FPC members. RACP would facilitate financing for FPC formation,

ABPF to facilitate with policy and process guidelines for FPC formation and establishing FCSC,

local NGO to mobilize farmer members and facilitate collection of member equity and help in initial

running of FPC. In terms of intervention on the production front, productivity is low which is also

partly because of inadequate availability of high yielding malt varieties. There is, therefore, scope for

intervention by the way of introduction of new high yielding malt varieties in the region. Line



departments under RACP and NGO service-provider may support the initiatives in terms of

dissemination of benefit of going in for new high yielding varieties. Apt amendments in the contract

farming Act could further facilitate this initiative. Traditional package of practices results in lower

yield as against potential. There is therefore need to train farmers on the best package of practices.

This could also be undertaken by stakeholders like large processors. In this context, a seed

production programme needs to be launched availing the services of local or nearby ATC. FPC

would take up bulk purchase of agri inputs at distributor price and sell member farmers at wholesale

price.

At the post-harvest stage constraints in terms of high moisture content, non-availability of sufficient

storage facility, high level of dirt and impurities in harvested grain which may be addressed in two

phases. At farm gate, RACP may facilitate demonstration cum subsidized availability of community

defying platforms/ tarpaulin sheets. As a next step, FPC may facilitate custom use of

sorting/grading facility in FCSC to member farmers.

Many farmers resort to immediate sale after harvesting due to requirement of cash. FPC can offer

farmers pledge financing facility through which they can get 70-80% payment immediately and

leverage future market price.

The FPCs formed would need mentoring, hand holding and business planning support. This would

be provided by ABPF with support from local NGO and RACP from time to time. ABPF would

organize various campaigns like buyer seller meets and FPC/FCSC members training to achieve this

objective. ABPF would also provide establishment guidance for FCSC as per guidelines issued by

RACP.

Many procuring agencies would like to purchase directly from FPC if they become confident of

quality and quantity of produce. ABPF would identify such agencies and facilitate an interface with

the FPCs and help establish initial procedures.

There have been limited efforts in capacity building of farmer leaders (entrepreneurs) and BODs at

the field- level. In this regard, it may be appropriate for ABPF to enable formation of FPOs to meet

minimum scale requirements for upgrading as well as developing alternate market channels. Also,

bank linkages under KCC scheme etc. may be explored. The RACP and line departments need also

work in coordination with the NGO/service providers and the KVK etc. on high content of foreign

materials in harvested gram, harvesting of immature grains and inadequate post-harvest

infrastructure facilities for storage. The storage facility may be established as an FCSC with

assistance under the project.

There is also need for awareness seminars and b2b meets amongst processors and producers on the

options for Special Licence and to source directly from producers (effectively aggregated into

FPOs/ FPCs). Scope for re-orientation of Agri- marketing policy with reduced mandi taxes on

direct procurement; and related capacity building interventions for farmers is a necessity that may be

facilitated by the ABPF. The roles and responsibilities of the FPC has been discussed in 9.2.2.



9.2. Envisaged Post-intervention value chain map of barley

9.2.1. Post Intervention Value Chain: Barley

In the envisaged post-intervention value chain of Barley, FPCs/farmer associations could bypass the

APMC and commission agents and undertake the value chain activities like aggregation and operate

common facilities (FCSCs) undertaking drying, storage, packaging and transportation. Upon these

primary processing and storage activities, the commodity may be supplied to SME as well as large

processers like “Soufflet and other large breweries/malting companies. Best Agricultural Practices,

seeds etc. supplied by processors could enhance the yield and productivity per acre encouraging

crop diversification. Many global players including Soufflet, SAB Miller and Carlsberg as well as

smaller local breweries are in operation in the region.

The FPCs could undertake a host of activities ranging from input facilitation (seeds, pesticides,

fertilisers), custom hiring in addition to providing common facility storage and primary processing

facilities. These could help in increasing net value accruals to farmers by 15-30%.

As a matter of fact, apparently through Soufflet’s intervention of undertaking “contract farming”

(on the basis MOUs) with about 3,500 farmers, the average net value accruals to contracted

farmers/producers has increased by over 15-30%. In addition, individual enterprise start-ups could

be facilitated in secondary and tertiary processing of value-added barley products like oatmeal,

puffed and roasted barley etc.


stakeholders in three stages- Production stage/ Cultivation by producers/farmers, post-harvest stage

and the processing stage. In the context of shift towards barley production to greater extent, the

production of apt food/malt barley production than feed barley is important. It should be

strengthened by adaption of best package of Agricultural Practices, capacity building of producers

and also to evolve local self governance and market linkage institutions like FPCs. Undertaking

contract farming interventions are some of the interventions required to redress related constraints

at the production stage. At the post-harvest stage, major constraints are high content of immature

grains/dart and foreign materials in harvested barley, (largely) rain-fed irrigation and inadequate

storage facility are present. Well-designed FCSCs could help address these vices at the

farm/producer level. At the processing stage, gaps are most apparent, in terms of awareness

amongst processors in the inadequate producer processor links etc. These may be reduced through

information dissemination and B2B initiatives matched with policy incentives (like mandi tax

exemption) to facilitate the same.

Wastage would reduce by around 2-5% because of intervention from FPC and direct trading with

bulk processors.



Figure 9: Indicative Post Intervention value chain map of Barley


Post-harvest losses and measures to be taken:

Table 25: Yield loss and interventions for Value chain of barley

Stage of value chain

Yield loss (in %)

Reason Intervention

Pre-harvest stage during crop maturity

2-3 Bird invasion

Rodents

Use of T Guards

Use of rodent control measures

Post-harvest handling at farm gate

3-5 Lack of mechanized harvesting

Broken, immature, shrivelled grains

Contamination during drying

Lack of appropriate storage structure on farm

Training on good harvesting practices including mechanized harvesting, drying of crop using tarpaulin sheets or clean floor

Loss during local transportation to Mandi and handling

1 Pilferage

Local handling

Sampling

Proper packaging of harvested material

Purchase by Trader/ Processor

2-3 Poor storage structure and inefficient handling of harvested produce

Loss during transportation due to loose packaging and poor handling

Centralized aggregation from farmers at CFC of FPC

Packaging unit under CFC

Processing 3-5 Use low end and obsolete technologies

Mismatch of capacities of various machine lines

Set up primary processing units for FPC

Support and guide agri-entrepreneurs for setting up modern and high end machines

Distribution to wholesalers/retailers

1-2 Poor handling of value added product

Inefficient packaging of product

Improper storage facility

Lower shelf life of product

Support in storage facility through govt. warehouses

Efficient packaging of produce to prevent leakage and improve shelf life

Overall estimated loss

14-18

9.2.2. Interventions through FPC in the barley value chain crop:

Introduction to FPC Model

Aggregation is the proposed solution of the constraints farmers are facing at present. It is proposed

to form Farmers Producers’ Company by bringing farmers together in the form of voluntary groups

of about 15 to 20 active farmers and federating 20 to 25 such groups into a Producer Company.

These Producer Companies will be functioning on behalf of member farmers and will strive to

undertake a range of activities which will result in added value accruals to farmers and value to

farmers produce. To form a producer company, producer groups will be mobilized (in some cases,

this initiative may have already been completed by NGO’s).

It is envisaged that an elected committee of members of Producers Groups will form a management

committee and oversee the performance of an incentivized manager/CEO. The manager will be

trained in technical issues of post-harvest management, marketing and in operating a transparent

accounting system. The ABPF will support the operation of the Producer Company, and accelerate

the cross learning of best practices.

FPC Development Approach


The FPC development approach may be viewed as depicted below:

Figure 10:FPC Development Approach

Following are the steps to be followed for formation of the FPC:

PRI of the MTG: The MTGs will be made aware on the FPC model through PRI and individual farmers will be motivated to join the FPC as shareholder through respective MTGs.

Initial discussions with MTG leaders: After PRI is done, initial discussion will be done with the MTG leaders for further orientation on FPC concept.

Identification of MTG leaders: MTG leaders who show inclination to the concept will be selected in the executive committee for FPC formation.

Resource mobilization and FPC planning: The executive committee will meet 2-3 times to plan further activities of FPC viz. crops, strategy for business etc.

Election of BoD and Share collection: 10-12 BoD will be identified along with 2-3 expert directors one each from Agri, Horti, AH and WS dept. The BoD will decide on share value and initiate collection of share through MTG leaders.

FPC registration: Following identification of FPC BoD, registration will be done. This may take 1-2 months as DIN no of BoD has to be generated first. Care should be take that all elected BoD should have PAN no so that there is no delay in paper formalities for registrations.

FPC business: Following registration of FPC, ABPF will prepare business plan for the FPC and facilitate market linkage for input and output.

Setup of processing/ financing – ABPF will further facilitate establishment of processing unit setup along with feasibility studies and planning business linkage with market players.


Policy and Management

A FPC will function within the overall policy and regulatory framework as per the Producer Company Act. The management of a FPC will vest with the elected Board from amongst the members. The provision about constitution of managing committee will be made in the byelaws. The management of FPCs will be by an elected Board of Directors. Therefore, the representatives of farmers will actually oversee and manage the affairs of a FPC.

The selection criteria for membership of FPC may be viewed as follows:

1. A member will express his willingness to become a member of MTG.

2. A member will actively participate in all functions and activities of MTG

3. A member will contribute his equity to the FPC

4. A member will bring all or part of his produce to the FPC for sale.

5. A member will purchase all or part of his farm inputs through the FPC.

6. A member will produce and prepare his produce for marketing as per directions of FPC.

7. A member will contribute his share to the Producer Association as upfront payment for the business development plan of a FPC as needed.

8. A member will contribute his share to the Producer Company towards the reserves of FPC as needed.

Illustrative list of components of a common facility of a Producer Company (Food Grain)

Godown for storage, drying platforms

2-3 MT per hour grain cleaning, grading, and packing machinery with shed

Additional need based Agricultural Equipment

Computer with internet connectivity for market information

Display Board with Accessories

Auction Hall

Input Suppliers Shops

Toilets

Drinking water & Electricity

Note: Though the illustrative infrastructure proposed is shown in the above tables, the actual infrastructure to be developed will be need based and on participative consultation process.

Typically, start-up may be involved in secondary and tertiary processing activities while FPO’s may be involved in post-harvest and primary processing activity. In many cases, start-up may emerge firm within FPO members.

The evaluation of success should be evaluated on the parameters as under:

I. PCs operating without financial support by the end of 36 months.

II. The PC operates with a reserve fund to cover short term cash flow deficit and with potential for reinvestment in various activities

III. The PC has an effective governing structure.

IV. The PC has a transparent accounting system.


V. The PC can function as a working example for other farmer organizations to observe and learn from.

VI. Contribution towards increasing farmers’/members incomes.

9.3. Conclusion

Barley has been a major crop of economic significance for farmers in semi-arid areas of Rajasthan due to low water requirement, production of grain and fodder both. The productivity in RACP clusters has already been above the state and average. However, some major constraints in production stage are in-consistent weather pattern, high cost of seeds and farmers not following PoP. It is also envisaged that, the crop productivity can be increased from 30 qtl / ha to 40 qtls per ha just by using improved malt variety of seeds thereby directly enhancing the earning of the farmer by 255 due to increase in yield. The crop suffers around 15-18% post-harvest loss due to handling at various stages in the value chain. There is currently scope of further reducing the cost of cultivation through reducing the cost of seeds and improved productivity through good agriculture practices. The post-harvest losses also need to be reduced through proper education of farmers and other handlers in the value chain. Currently, the farmers’ share in the consumer rupee is on lower side and much of the share earned by the traders can be reaped back to farmers by direct procurement through FPC and supplying to large companies like Soufflet. FPC of farmers would be an ideal intervention for evolving the role of farmers from being chain actors to chain partners by doing both backward and forward integration of activities related to barley value chain. At the back end, the FPC would help in reducing cost of cultivation by undertaking bulk purchase of agri input at wholesale price and selling farmers at a price equal to or lower than the retail price. Similarly, in the front end of the value chain, the FPC would undertake direct collection of barley from the farmers and thereby reduce both the wastage and cost of visit to mandi for farmers. The FPC can further undertake primary processing of the grain and supply directly to large processors and other value chain actors.

For this, a strong base has to be facilitated for the FPC by motivating farmers to contribute in terms of equity and business participation with the FPC. The Board and FPC staff has also to be handholded for a period of 2-3 years to train them on all processes of FPC management and business processes.

All stake holders including RACP, NGO, ABPF, Bankers and other support institutions therefore need to work cohesively towards the common goal of facilitating a strong community organization which can run in a sustainable manner after the project period.

Expected outcomes:

• 4% direct benefit on price through FPC and 2% benefit due to high price received directly

• 1% saving on cost of transportation to APMC and associated charges

• Increased competition in input and output market resulting in higher earning potential for

farmer

• Increased bargaining power of farmers

• Sustainable operations through community institution and assets through FPC and FCSC

• More water available for other crop or for increase in area


References

Young, B. 2001. Barley; The Versatile Crop. Southern Illinois University, College of

Science, Ethnobotanical Leaflets.

(http://archive.gramene.org/species/hordeum/barley_intro.html) (retrieved on April

9,2017)

World atlas, The leading barley producing

countries(http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-leading-barley-producing-countries-in-

the-world.html)(retrieved on April 9,2017)

APEDA Agrixchange, International Production (http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in)

retrieved on April 9,2017)

APEDA AgriXchange , FAO, Major exporters, (http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in)

retrieved on April 9, 2017)

Anonymous (http://www.barthhaasgroup.com) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

USDA(* Estimates),(Unit –Million Tonnes)

(http://www.karvycommodities.com/Presentations/Commodity%20Module_Barley.pdf)


Seasonal Commodity Insight, Commwatch commodity advisory services, March 7,2015

(http://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-

reports/Seasonal%20Commodity%20Insight%20-%20Barley.pdf ) (retrieved on April 9,

2017)

Dr M. Ketharaj S. Jeyakumar, Barley Production on Rise, 2010

(http://www.efymag.com/admin/issuepdf/Barley_May10.pdf) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur

(http://www.sknau.ac.in/en/constituents/institute/rajasthan-agricultural-research-institute-

jaipur) (retrieved on April 9, 2017)

Barley Cultivation Information Guide (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-cultivation/)

(retrieved on April 9,2017)

Seasonal Commodity Insight, Commwatch commodity advisory services, March 7,2015

(http://www.nbhcindia.com/docs/research-

reports/Seasonal%20Commodity%20Insight%20-%20Barley.pdf ) (retrieved on April 9,

2017)

http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/barley.htm

http://www.siu.edu/

http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/

http://archive.gramene.org/species/hordeum/barley_intro.html





http://www.barthhaasgroup.com/

http://www.karvycommodities.com/Presentations/Commodity%20Module_Barley.pdf



http://www.efymag.com/admin/issuepdf/Barley_May10.pdf







Queensland Government, Barley planting, nutrition and harvesting

(https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops-and-pastures/broadacre-field-

crops/barley/planting-nutrition-harvesting) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

Barley Cultivation Information Guide, April 8,2017 (http://www.agrifarming.in/barley-

cultivation/) retrieved on April 9.2017)

Rajasthan Agriculture Research Institute

(http://www.sknau.ac.in/en/constituents/institute/rajasthan-agricultural-research-institute-

jaipur) (retrieved on April 9, 2017)

1Farmer Advisory services, Chambal fertilisers and chemical ltd

(https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/farmer-advisory-services-6952486433.html)


Livelihood Initiation For Empowerment (LIFE), TUESDAY, April 19, 2011,

(http://liferajasthan.blogspot.in/2011/04/know-kissan-call-center-1800-180-1551.html)

(retrieved on April 9,2017)

Farmers’ portal (http://farmer.gov.in) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

Anonymous

(https://www.google.co.in/search?q=processing+flow+of+barley+flour&client=firefox-b-

ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiexqaC2f3SAhWJrVQKHRafAA0Q_

AUICCgB&biw=1525&bih=734#imgrc=mLyT_MtlH2beQM:)(retrieved on April 9,2017)

Farmers’ portal, CWC Link (http://farmer.gov.in/CWC_Link.aspx) (retrieved on April

9,2017)

Agmarknet (http://agmarknet.gov.in/) (retrieved on April 9,2017)

APMC,Indian Economic Service, Arthapedia (http://www.arthapedia.in) (Retrieved On

April 9,2017)

Acknowledging inputs from RACP officials, related producers, processors, industry

associations, NGOs, ATMA, Dept of Agriculture







https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/farmer-advisory-services-6952486433.html




http://farmer.gov.in/CWC_Link.aspx

http://agmarknet.gov.in/

http://www.arthapedia.in/


Annexure 1: Stakeholders consulted over the

study

Producers 1. 5 Farmers in Bansur cluster

2. 5 Farmers in Deoli Cluster

3. 5 Famer in Bari cluster

4. 5 Farmers in Manoharthana cluster

5. 5 Farmers in Baran cluster

6. 5 Farmers in Sangod cluster

7. 5 Farmers in Mokhampura cluster

Processors

1. Soufflet, Mr. Sachin Thorat, Kota, 7023903009

2. Barley agro Foods Pvt. Ltd., Vasu Gupta, Delhi, 9560083234

3. Gupta Flour Andoil Industries, Bhunnesh Jain, Alwar, 9414018596

4. BRG Ceramine, Amit Gupta, Beawar, 9414009194

5. Agro Seeds Corporation, Sono Sharma, Jaipur, 9428498302

6. Akshay Enterprises, G.N Agrawal , Chadple , 9214009700

7. Agrasen Trading Company, Chetan Agrawal, Bikaner, 9414579409

Traders 1. Mahindra Karan , Anaj Mandi , Kota, 9414187882

2. Kamlesah Dhamani, Kota, 9636012539

3. Shyam Sundar, Kota, 9352779769

4. Sheetal (APMC), Kota, 9785169735

5. Kobra Traders, Madhusudan Kabra, Bundi, 9414393494

Government agencies 1. K. C. Meena (DPM), Dep. of Agriculture, Jahlawar, 9571569638

2. Jitendra Jahangir (DCA), Dep. of Agriculture , Jhalawad , 7014812577

3. Nitin Shinde (DC), Dep. of Agriculture, Jhalawad , 9946229354

4. Harimohan Berwa (Secretary), APMC, Patan, 9461788564

5. N.N. Jinadal (President), DIC, Chittorgarh, 9414734834

6. Sitaram Meena (Director), Dep. of Horticulture, Palathya , 9928491095

7. Mahendra singh (PC), APMC , Kota, 7442326726

Others 1. Nural Hasan (CMS), NGO, Palathya, 9667082929

2. Mr. R. K. Sinha (PD), ATMA, Kota, 9414448968

3. Mr. Laxman Yadav (T.L), NGO, Sangod

4. Mr. Sachin Panchal (SMS), NGO, Sangod, 9116889892


5. Dr. G.L Keshwa (Director ), Agriculture University, Kota, 7442321204

6. Dr. D. K.Singh (PC), KVK, Baran, 9414662038

7. Mr. Madan Lal, IWC, Kota, 9414188722

8. Mr. SohiL Khan (T.L), NGO, Palathya, 9214363655


Annexure 2: List out Central Warehousing

Corporation (CWCs) in Rajasthan

Warehouse Project Description Manager Phone Capacity

MT

BHIWADI

C/o Jaquar & Company Pvt.

Ltd., SP-496, RIICO Inld Area,

Bhiwadi – 301019

A. C.

Yadav 01493 297825 4356

ALWAR A-315, NSC, Oppt. ED,

Paryware Pvt. Ltd. Co. Alwar

R. N.

Meena 0144 23721 3574

BARAN Spl. No. 01 ,RIICO Indl Area,

Baran Road, Baran

V. K.

Jaiswal 9460079493 5000

BHARATPUR

Plot No. G-162 to 165 & F-166

to 171, Brij Ind. Area, Behind

Nafed Plant, Phase-II, Hathni

Road, Bharatpur

Devendra

Prakash

05644-

228654 9674

BIKANER Behind Sabzi Mandi, Pugal

Road, Unit-I, Bikaner Prit Pal 0151 2212399 25400

BIKANER-II

Opposite Govt. Engineering

College, Karni Indutrial Area,

Ph.II Bikaner-334004

R. D. Punia 0151 211003 5000

SRIGANGANGR-I Near Power House

Sriganganaga-335001 S.S. Brar 0154 2440107 25200

SRIGANGANGR-II Udyog Vihar Plot No. E-194

to202 Sriganganaga-335001

N.K.

Chabra 0154 2494403 10000

KESARISINGHPUR

C/o ARDC Godown,Mizewali

Road,Kesrisinghpur

Distt.Srigangar

Dhanwat

Singh

01501-

233710 10176

HANUMANGARH

TOWN

C/o FCI, Opp. Railway Station,

Hanumangarh Town

K. D.

Dhiman,

FCI

13262

HANUMANGARH-I

Sector - 8, New Mandi,

Hanumangarh Junction,

Hanumangarh

J. R.

Sharma 01552 260602 21200

HANUMANGARH-II

RICCO Phase-II , Opposite

RICCO, Water Works,

Hanumangarh

Bhart

Bhushan 01552 211794 15000



MT

TIBBI

10, GGR, Hanumangarh

Road, Tibbi, Distt.

Hanumangarh

Anupam

Kumar 01539 224111 1000

SITAPURA-I

Plot No.SPL-1296,EPIP

Sitapura, Ind. Area, Jaipur-

302002

S.K.

Sharma

0141 2771710

, 2770227 14870

SITAPURA-II Plot No.SP-1,RIICO Industrial

Area,Sitapura, Jaipur Y.K. Dubey 0141 2770223 11729

KOTPUTLI

Near Cement Factory,Vill.-

Ramsinghpura Gopalpura

Road,Kotputll, Distt. Jaipur.

Desh Raj 01421 215112

97 5000

JHUNJHUNU Plot No. SP-287 RICCO

Industrial Area,

Raghunath

Singh 01592 250138 5000

SURAJGARH Bhuana Road, Surajgarh-

333029

Rampal

Singh

01596

2238349 2868

KOTA I Ind. Area DCM Road, Nr New

Grain Market Kota-324007

S N Meena

0744

2363638

36830

KOTA II

lndraprasth md. Area,

Road,No. 1, Near Daknia

Railway Station Kota-324005

S.S.Meena 0744 2438019 49300

KOTA III Plot No. SP-1, Kuber Ind.

Area, Ranpur, Kota III

S N

Panchal 25000

RAMGANJ MANDI Khairabad Road, Ramganj

Mandil Distt.-Kota OP Mudgil 07459 22264 9893

NAGAUR Nr. All India Radio Basni

Road, Nagaur- 341001

R.S.

Mathur 01582 241002 7401

PARABATSAR

C/o ARDC Godown, Near Old

Rly. Station.Parbatsar, Distt.

Nagaur

Ram

Behari 9460462881 28093

SIKAR Jagmalpura, Via-Katrathal,

Post-Bhadwasi ,Sikar-33200 1

Nand Lal

Verma 01572 272013 5000

SRIMADHOPUR Hanspur Road, Srimadhopur-

332715

Kishore

Prasad 01575 251699 20600

DEOLI

C/o Juptier Metal Pvt. Ltd.,

NH—12, Deoli Distt : Tonk

01434 239249

Kailash

Narayan

01434-

239249 5000

FATEHNAGAR

MOR Mills Product, Plot No.

H-49 Road No.2, RICCO Indl

Area, Fatehnagar-313205

V. P. Singh 02955-

220411 3106

Central Warehouse

Opposite Krishna Dharma

Kanta, Udaipur By Pass.

Beawar, Distt. Ajmer

Raj Raj

Kumar

Sharma

14849

Central Warehouse

Katori Wala Tibara, Near

Water Works, Tizara Road,

Alwar

Rajendra

Prasad 1442731026 8133

Central Warehouse Village MOR, Kushalgarh D.C. singh 2965274517 3400



MT

Distt.Banswara.

Central Warehouse

Plot No.G-162 to 165,F-166 to

171, Behind NAFED Plant,

Phase-II, Brij Industrial Area,

Hahteni Road, Bharatpur-

321301

N. S.

Meena 5644228654 9674


Annexure 3: List of State Warehousing

Corporation (SWCs) in Rajasthan

Sr.

No

District Name of

Warehouse

Warehousing Capacity Utilization

including

Reservation

Percentage

Utilization

Own

Constt.

Other

than

own

Constt.

Total

1 Ajmer 1. Ajmer 13350 0 13350 13733 103

2. Beawar 6300 0 6300 5086 81

3. Kekri 3500 0 3500 3704 106

4. Kishangarh 5400 0 5400 4141 77

2 Alwar 5. Alwar 22650 0 22650 18967 84

6. Khairthal 7400 0 7400 3265 44

3 Banswara 7. Banswara 12200 0 12200 7608 62

4 Baran 8. Baran 27520 0 27520 15344 56

9. Antah 9200 0 9200 7472 81

10. Atru 5400 0 5400 1767 33

11. Chhabra 11550 0 11550 2079 18

12. Siswali 6750 0 6750 5304 79

5 Barmer 13. Barmer 6840 0 6840 7533 110

14. Balotra 3600 0 3600 2463 68

6 Bharatpur 15. Bharatpur 22000 0 22000 19499 89

16. Bayana 4700 0 4700 3995 85

17. Nadbai 6950 0 6950 4722 68

7 Bhilwara 18. Bhilwara 6750 8950 15700 16366 104

19. Gulabpura 7550 2000 9550 9505 100

20.

Mandalgarh

3600 0 3600 1497 42

8 Bikaner 21. Khajuwala 10800 0 10800 8694 81

22. Kolayat 4050 0 4050 0 0

23. Nokha 2700 8900 11600 12460 107

24.

Loonkarasar

5400 0 5400 1510 28


9 Bundi 25. Bundi 24620 0 24620 18536 75

26. Kapren 6750 0 6750 6523 97

27.

Keshoraipatan

6000 0 6000 1161 19

10 Chittorgarh 28. Chittorgarh 17250 0 17250 17656 102

29. Nimbahera 13500 0 13500 13095 97

11 Churu 0 0 0 0 0

12 Dausa 30. Dausa 12900 0 12900 2521 20

31. Bandikui 13680 0 13680 6031 44

32. Lalsot 1260 1620 2880 1218 42


Annexure 4: Price variation of Barley in

Rajasthan

Date Wise Prices for Specified Commodity on January, 2016

Commodity : Barley (Jau), State : Rajasthan

Market Arrival Date Arrival

s

(Tonne

)

Varie

ty

Minimum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Maximum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Modal

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Alwar 5/1/2016 23 Other 1275 1350 1325

14/01/2016 47 Other 1300 1375 1340

Bagru 2/1/2016 0.5 Other 1400 1500 1450

3/1/2016 1.5 Other 1400 1500 1450

7/1/2016 0.5 Other 1500 1550 1525

21/01/2016 0.2 Other 1500 1500 1500

Bandikui 4/1/2016 0.1 Other 1580 1580 1580

6/1/2016 0.1 Other 1320 1320 1320

11/1/2016 0.1 Other 1515 1515 1515

13/01/2016 0.2 Other 1400 1400 1400

23/01/2016 0.1 NR NR NR

Baran 5/1/2016 0.5 NR NR NR

Begu 7/1/2016 668 Other 1450 1570 1500

Bharatpur 5/1/2016 0.5 NR NR NR

Bhilwara 9/1/2016 1 Other 1424 1500 1462

Bijay

Nagar

1/1/2016 0.7 Other 1365 1365 1365

12/1/2016 0.5 Other 1382 1382 1382

26/01/2016 0.1 Other 1461 1461 1461

28/01/2016 0.4 Other 1491 1491 1491

Chaksu 2/1/2016 2 Other 1322 1322 1322

4/1/2016 0.6 NR NR NR

6/1/2016 0.8 Other 1415 1415 1415

28/01/2016 0.1 NR NR NR

29/01/2016 0.3 NR NR NR

Chomu 7/1/2016 0.2 Other 1200 1200 1200

20/01/2016 1.2 Other 1400 1400 1400

Dausa 5/1/2016 0.9 Other 1200 1200 1200

9/1/2016 0.2 Other 1200 1200 1200

Deoli 4/1/2016 0.5 Other 1385 1390 1388





s

(Tonne

)

Varie

ty

Minimum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Maximum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Modal

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

7/1/2016 2 Other 1380 1419 1400

13/01/2016 2.2 Other 1300 1392 1346

28/01/2016 0.7 Other 1440 1445 1443

Gharsana 13/01/2016 49.8 Other 3101 3160 3136

Itawa 4/1/2016 0.5 Other 1601 1601 1601

Jaipur

(Grain)

1/1/2016 1 Deshi 1300 1400 1350

19/01/2016 4 NR NR NR

Jaipur(Grai

)(Chandpol

e)

1/1/2016 5 Other 1300 1400 1350

19/01/2016 0.5 Other 1350 1450 1400

Jodhpur

(Grain)(Ma

ndor)

11/1/2016 1 NR NR NR

Kekri 18/01/2016 1.6 Other 1250 1365 1280

Khairthal 7/1/2016 5 NR NR NR

Kishan

Renwal(Sa

mbhar)

10/1/2016 0.7 Other 1300 1300 1300

Kota 2/1/2016 4 NR NR NR

4/1/2016 1.5 Other 1360 1360 1360

8/1/2016 2 Other 1472 1472 1472

11/1/2016 4 Other 1331 1341 1335

13/01/2016 3 Other 1475 1475 1475

21/01/2016 2.5 NR NR NR

22/01/2016 3 Other 1100 1361 1300

23/01/2016 0.5 Other 1300 1300 1300

27/01/2016 2.5 Other 1301 1301 1301

30/01/2016 5 Other 1322 1322 1322

Kotputli 11/1/2016 0.4 NR NR NR

18/01/2016 0.3 NR NR NR

Kuchaman

City

19/01/2016 1 Other 1390 1390 1390

Lalsot 7/1/2016 0.8 Other 1200 1200 1200

26/01/2016 0.4 NR NR NR

Madanganj

Kishangan

j

2/1/2016 0.2 Other 1400 1450 1425

4/1/2016 2 Other 1380 1420 1400

5/1/2016 1.9 Other 1400 1440 1420

6/1/2016 0.1 NR NR NR

13/01/2016 0.8 Other 1400 1480 1440

Mandalgar

h

22/01/2016 50 NR NR NR

25/01/2016 40 NR NR NR

30/01/2016 22 NR NR NR





s

(Tonne

)

Varie

ty

Minimum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Maximum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Modal

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Nimbahera 1/1/2016 30 Other 1300 1411 1400

2/1/2016 50 Other 1300 1430 1400

4/1/2016 40 Other 1300 1400 1350

5/1/2016 50 Other 1300 1425 1400

6/1/2016 50 Other 1300 1476 1400

7/1/2016 100 NR NR NR

8/1/2016 30 Other 1300 1450 1400

9/1/2016 20 Other 1300 1400 1350

11/1/2016 50 Other 1300 1450 1400

12/1/2016 50 Other 1300 1420 1350

13/01/2016 30 Other 1400 1484 1450

14/01/2016 30 Other 1350 1420 1400

15/01/2016 10 Other 1400 1450 1420

16/01/2016 10 Other 1400 1500 1450

18/01/2016 10 NR NR NR

20/01/2016 20 Other 1400 1500 1450

21/01/2016 20 Other 1471 1514 1500

22/01/2016 20 NR NR NR

23/01/2016 20 NR NR NR

25/01/2016 20 NR NR NR

27/01/2016 50 Other 1450 1547 1500

28/01/2016 30 Other 1536 1545 1540

29/01/2016 30 Other 1200 1524 1450

Raisingh

Nagar

5/1/2016 0.4 Other 1160 1160 1160

14/01/2016 1.5 Other 1225 1225 1225

22/01/2016 0.2 Other 1225 1225 1225

Rajasaman

d

7/1/2016 1.1 Other 1500 1550 1525

8/1/2016 1.8 Other 1500 1550 1525

10/1/2016 2.5 Other 1500 1550 1525

18/01/2016 5.9 Other 1500 1550 1525

20/01/2016 2.9 Other 1500 1550 1525

21/01/2016 1.9 Other 1500 1550 1525

29/01/2016 2.2 Other 1600 1650 1625

31/01/2016 2.4 Other 1600 1650 1625

Ramaganj

Mandi

11/1/2016 0.1 Other 1200 1200 1200

Rani 5/1/2016 8 Other 4900 4920 4906

Rawla 4/1/2016 0.5 Other 1125 1125 1125

Sawai

Madhopur

7/1/2016 0.3 Other 1400 1400 1400

Sri

Madhopur

4/1/2016 0.4 Other 1325 1325 1325

6/1/2016 1 Other 1260 1260 1260





s

(Tonne

)

Varie

ty

Minimum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Maximum

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Modal

Price(Rs./Qu

intal)

Srigangan

agar

5/1/2016 0.5 Other 1260 1260 1260

6/1/2016 0.5 Other 1269 1269 1269

Tonk 11/1/2016 1.1 Deshi 1250 1342 1315

12/1/2016 1.5 Deshi 1215 1315 1300

23/01/2016 0.9 Deshi 1290 1498 1435

27/01/2016 0.8 Deshi 1290 1430 1400

Udaipur 1/1/2016 26.6 Other 1375 1450 1415

4/1/2016 26.8 Other 1385 1460 1425

5/1/2016 3 Other 1385 1460 1425

7/1/2016 0.4 NR NR NR

8/1/2016 26.6 Other 1385 1425 1400

11/1/2016 42.3 Other 1385 1425 1400

25/01/2016 59.1 Other 1500 1550 1550


Annexure 5: Rural Godowns in Rajasthan

Sr.

No.

Name & add. of rural godown Capacity in

MT

Ownership Commodity stored

1. M/s Atal W/H, Nagour Road,

tehsil-Nokha, Bikaner.

1000 Private Guar, Gram,

Mustard,

2. M/s Shree Ram

warehousing,vill- Sogawas,

tehsil- Mereta city, Nagour.-

Unit-1


Mustard

3. M/s Shree Ram

Warehousing,vill- Sogawas,

tehsil-Mereta city,Nagour.-Unit-

2


Mustard

6. M/s Permanand Paretha

warehouse, vill- Harnawada,

the,- Chhipa-barod, Baran.

990 Private Soybean, Spices,

Urad, Moong

7. M/s Pawan warehouse, vill-

Govind Nagar road, tehsil-

Nokha, Bikaner.

990 Private Guar,gram, mustard

8. M/s Agrawal warehouse,vill-

Sogawas, tehsil- Mereta city,

Nagour

2000 Private Guar,gram, mustard

17 M/s Shree Shyam

warehouse,vill-Bikasar, Bikaner

road,tehsil-Nokha, Bikaner.

975 Private Gram,guar,

wheat,mustard

39 M/s S.M Food products( Smt.

Madhu Bafna), plot

no10,RIICO,Ind. Area, Bigod

Mandalgarh, Bhilwara

990 Private Guar, wheat, gram

40 M/s Sohan Food Products( Sri

Saransh Bafna),plot no.9,

RIICO, Ind Area, Bigod, tehsil-

Mandalgarh, Bhilwara.

990 Private Guar, wheat, gram

63 RG of Shri Laloo Ram, vill-

Sudasar, Shri Dunagarh,

Bikaner

100 Private Bajra, Guar, Gram

64 RG of Smt Bhanwari Devi,vill-

Sanwatsar, SriDunagarh,

Bikaner



Sr.

No.


MT


65 RG of Smt. Keva Devi,vill-

Sanwatsar, Sri Dungargarh,

Bikaner


66 RG of Shri Jeevan Ram, vill-

Likhamsar- Utrada, Sri

Dungargarh, Bikaner


67 M/s Nokha Cold Stores,E-5A,

Industrial Area, Nokha, Bikaner.


84 M/s Sri Ram Warehouse,vill-

Bikasar, Bikaner road, Bikaner

1800 Private Gram, Guar

85 M/s Shri Bala jee

Warehouse,vill- Bikasar, Nokha,

Bikaner

1800 Private Gram, Guar

86 RG of Shri Sita Ram, vill-Bana,

tehsil-Dungargarh, Bikaner

100 Private Gram Guar, Ground

Nut ,etc.

87 RG of Shri Shiv Lal,vill- Bana,

tehsil-Shri Dungargarh, Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

88 RG of Shri Ram Swaroop NH-

89,vill-deshnoke, Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

89 RG of Shri Mangi Lal,vill-

Berasar,tehsil- Dungargarh,

Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

90 RG of Smt Kesar Devi and

Ganesh Ram vill- bana ,tehsil-

Dungargarh, Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

91 RG of Sri Uda Ram,vill-

Barjangsar, tehsil –Dungargarh,

Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

92 RG of Shri Madan lal vill-

Barjangsar, tehsil- Dunagharh,

Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

93 RG of Shri Rupa Ram,vill-

Jakasar, tehsil – Dfungargarh,

Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

94 RG of Shri Kishore Daswani, Kh.

No.251/241, vill-

Punpalsar,tehsil- Dungargarh,

Bikaner


Nut ,etc.

102 RG of Shri Brij Lal and Smt

Dhapu Devi, vill- Dhaneru, tehsil

–Dungarpur, Bikaner

100 Private Gram, Guar,

Ground Nut ,etc.

103 RG of Shri Shankar Lal Bishnoi,

vill- Salundia, tehsil- Nokha,

Bikaner


Ground Nut


Sr.

No.


MT


104 RG of Shri Rameshwar Lal and

Ram Swaroop, vill- Sindhu,

tehsil –Nokha, Bikaner


Ground Nut

105 RG of Shri Hari Ram, Vill.-

Akhisar, Tehsil-Nokha, Bikaner.


Ground Nut ,etc.

106 RG of Shri Ishar Ram, vill-

Akhisar, tehsil- Nokha, Bikaner


Ground Nut ,etc.

107 RG of Shri Surja Ram, Vill-

Ankhisar, Tehsil- Nokha,

Bikaner.


Ground Nut ,etc.

108 RG of Shri Badri Ram, Vill-

Ankhasar, tehsil- Nokha,

Bikaner.


Ground Nut ,etc.

109 RG of Shri Madan lal, vill-

Ankhisar, tehsil- Nokha, Bikaner


Ground Nut ,etc.

110 RG of Shri Prhalad, vill-



Ground Nut ,etc.

111 RG of Smt. Shanti Devi, vill-



Ground Nut ,etc.

112 M./s Rekha Goyal and Sarika

Goyal, near Narendra Bhawan,,

Gandhinagar, Bikaner,


Ground Nut ,etc.

118 RG of Shri Dayal Ram, vill-

Sanwalias, tehsil- Meretacity,

Nagour.

836 Private Mustard, Guar,

Gram etc.

120 M/s Shri Shyam warehouse, vill-

Bikasar, tehsil- Nokha, Bikaner.


Ground Nut ,etc.

122 M/s Hanumant Warehouse,vill-

Sogawas, tehsil- Meretacity,

Nagour


Gram etc.

123 RG of Shri Roopa Ram, vill-

Tinwari, tehsil- Osian, Jodhpur.

100 Private Mustard , Ground

Nut, Gram , Guar .

124 RG of Shri Ghasi Ram, vill-

Balarwa, tehsil- Osianm

Jodhpur.


Nut, Gram , Guar .

125 RG of Shri Jaswant Singh and

Mrs. Tubi Devi, vill- Tinwari,

tehsil- Osian, Jodhpur.


Nut, Gram , Guar .

126 RG of Shri Bhanwar Lal ,vill-

Chirwai, post- Gagri, tehsil-

Osian, Jodhpur.


Nut, Gram , Guar .

127 M/s Manfool ram Bhadoo, vill-

Govindnagar, tehsil- Nokha,

Bikaner


Ground Nut ,etc.

128 RG of Shri Bhanwar Lal ,vill- 100 Private Mustard , Ground


Sr.

No.


MT


Chirwai, post- Gagri, tehsil-

Osian, Jodhpur.

Nut, Gram , Guar .

129 M/s Manfool ram Bhadoo, vill-

Govindnagar, tehsil- Nokha,

Bikaner


Ground Nut ,etc.

132 RG of Shri Satyavrat Bansal,vill-

Kherlirail,tehsil- Kathukumar,

Alwar.

4000 Private Mustard, Wheat,

Jwar, Bajara , etc.

134 M/s Prabhu Dayal. Vill- Chidwai,

tehsil- Shergarh, Jodhpur.

100 Private Mustard, Ground

Nut, Gram , Guar .

136 RG of Shri Narayan Lal, vill-

Pithaputa, Reodar, Sirohi

50 Private Bajara, Mustard

137 RG of Shri. Vijay Poonia,

Khasara No. 301 -302 , Village-

Dhamnia , Tehsil- Merta City,

Nagour


Gram etc.

138 RG of Shri. Kana Ram

Chowdhary, Village-Mangarasi,

Post- Jana, Tehsil .

Dataramgarh , Sikar

1000 Private Mustard, Gram ,etc.

139 RG. Of Shri Navneet Lal Vyas,

Vill.- Chak 14SKD, Panch Ka

Tala, Nachana, Tehsil-

Pokharan, Jaisalmer.

100 Private Guar,Gram, Isabgol

.


Annexure-6: Product wise GST rates of Food

Products

GST-28%

1. Molasses

2. Chewing gum/bubble gum and white chocolate

3. Cocoa butter, fat and oil

4. Cocoa powder

5. Cocoa chocolates

6. Malt extract (other than for infant use and mixes and doughs of bakers)

7. Waffles and wafers coated with or containing chocolate

8. Extract, essences and concentrates of coffee

9. Mustard flour and sauces thereof

10. Sugar, lactose and glucose syrups

11. Food flavouring material

12. Churan for pan

13. Custard powder

14. Aerated waters containing added sugar or other sweeting matter

GST-18%

1. Condensed milk

2. Malt, whether or not roasted

3. Refined sugar, sugar cubes

4. Sugar confectionery

5. All preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk for infant use and sold retail

6. Pasta, spaghetti, macaroni, noodles

7. Corn flakes and other cereal flakes

8. Waffles and wafers (other than chocolate coating)


9. Pastries and cakes

10. Extracts, essences and concentrates of tea or mate

11. Soups and broths

12. Ice cream and other edible ice

13. Instant food mixes, soft drink concentrates, sharbat, betel, supari, packaged food

14. Water, including natural or artificial mineral waters and aerated waters not sweetened

15. Ethyl alcohol and other spirits

16. Vinegar and substitutes

17. Curry paste, mayonnaise and salad dressing; mixed condiments and mixed

GST – 12 %

1. All meat in unit containers put up in frozen, salted, dried, smoked state

2. All meat and marine products, prepared or preserved.

3. Butter, ghee, butter oil, cheese

4. All goods under Chapter 20 (preparations of vegetables, fruits, nuts or other parts of plants, including pickle, murabba, chutney, jam, jelly)

5. Ketch-up & sauces, Mustard sauces

6. Dry fruits 2

7. Starches

8. Animal fats and oils

9. Fruit and vegetable juices

10. Roasted chicory and coffee substitutes

11. Yeasts and prepared baking powders

12. Namkeens, bhujiya, mixture, chabena

13. Bari made of pulses including mungodi

14. Soya milk drinks

15. Fruit pulp or fruit juice based drinks

16. Tender coconut water (in unit container with brand name)

17. Beverages containing milk

GST – 5 %

1. All fish variants (except seeds of fish, prawn& shrimp) processed, cured, frozen state

2. Ultra-high temperature milk

3. Milk and cream including skimmed milk powder but excluding condensed milk

4. Yoghurt and other fermented milk and cream

5. Chena or paneer in unit container and branded

6. Egg yolk, fresh or dried

7. Natural honey in branded unit container


8. Vegetables frozen or preserved (but unsuitable in that state for immediate consumption)

9. Edible fruits and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons, in frozen or preserved state

10. Coffee, tea, pepper, vanilla, cloves, cardamoms

11. Seeds of anise, coriander, cumin

12. Ginger (other than fresh ginger), saffron, turmeric, other spices

13. Cereal groats, meal and pellets in branded unit container

14. Cereal grains worked upon (hulled, rolled, flaked)

15. Meal, powder, flakes, granules and pellets of potatoes

16. Meal and powder of the dried leguminous vegetables (pulses, sago, tamarind)

17. Wheat gluten

18. Soya beans

19. Ground nuts

20. Copra

21. Linseed, rape seeds, sunflower seeds, other oilseeds like mustard, poppy,

22. Flour and meals of oilseeds

23. Sugar beet and sugar cane (frozen and dried)

24. Vegetable fats and oils (groundnut, olive, palm, sunflower oil etc)

25. Beet sugar, cane sugar, khandsari sugar

26. Cocoa beans, shells and paste

27. Mixes and doughs for preparation of bread, pastry and other baker’s wares

28. Pizza bread

29. Seviyan

30. Rusks, toasted bread

31. Sweetmeats

32. Flours, meals, and pellets of meat, fish meant for animal consumption

33. Cashew nuts and cashew nut in shell

34. Raisin 3

35. Ice and snow

GST – Nil %

1. Meat (Other than in frozen state and put up in container)

2. Bones and horn cores, bone grist, bone meal etc., hoof meal, horn meal, etc

3. Fish, prawn and shrimp seeds

4. All fish, fresh or chilled (but not processed, cured and frozen)

5. Fresh milk, pasteurized milk but not concentrated, sweetened

6. Eggs (in shell)

7. Curd, lassi, buttermilk

8. Chena or paneer (except in unit container with brand name)


9. Natural honey (no container-no brand)

10. Fresh fruits and vegetables, roots and tubers (except in frozen state or preserved)

11. Dried fruits

12. Leguminous vegetables, shelled or unshelled

13. Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split (pulses)

14. Coffee beans, unprocessed tea leaves, fresh spices

15. All cereals (no container-no brand)

16. Cereal grains hulled

17. Flour

18. Atta, maida, besan (no container-no brand)

19. Wheat or meslin flour

20. Cereal flour, groats and meals (no container-no brand)

21. Flour of potato, dried leguminous vegetables (no container-no brand)

22. Oilseeds of seed quality

23. Cane jiggery (gur)

24. Palmyra jaggery

25. Puffed, flattened and parched rice

26. Pappad (except when served for consumption)

27. Bread (branded or otherwise) (except when served for consumption and pizza bread)

28. Prasadam

29. Water (other than aerated, sealed etc)

30. Non-alcoholic toddy

31. Tender coconut powder

32. Aquatic, poultry and cattle feed

33. Salt, all types

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