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URBAN AMERICAU.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 4
IMMIGRATION•More than 25 million will come from Europe•Came for different reasons:
▫Famine▫Escape poverty▫Avoid military service▫Land shortages▫Religious or political persecution▫Find a job
•SEE CHART PG. 115
IMMIGRATION
•Atlantic voyage•Ellis Island•Diverse Cities
▫Chinatown▫Little Italy
Ellis Island
IMMIGRATION•Asian Immigration
▫Taiping Rebellion 1850 – influx of Chinese
▫Worked as laborers, servants, skilled trades, or merchants
▫Japanese looked for new economic opportunities
•Angel Island
NATIVISM RESURGES
•Nativism: outright favoritism toward native born Americans
•Debt peonage: system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. Mostly used for Mexican & African Americans out west. U.S. Supreme Court will declare this a violation of 13th amendment in 1911
•American Protective Association: Henry Bowers. Anti-Catholic
RESTRICTIONS ON ASIAN IMMIGRATION
•Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: Allowed for only students, teachers, merchants, tourists, & government officials to enter U.S. In 1892 it will be extended for 10 years. In 1902 it was extended indefinitely but repealed in 1943.
•Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907-1908: Theodore Roosevelt agreed to not segregate Japanese children in schools for a limit imposed by Japan on emigration to U.S. that put a limit on unskilled workers. NOT a formal treaty!
Chinese Exclusion Act
URBANIZATION
•Massive influx of immigrants caused rapid urbanization to cities & overcrowding
•New innovations in farming technology added to an internal migration of laborers into cities
•Skyscrapers:▫Elevators▫Internal steel skeleton
URBANIZATION
Skyscrapers
Wainwright Building – St. Louis
Flatiron bldg, NYinternal steel
skeletons
URBANIZATION
•Transportation:▫Electric transit (“El” trains, subways,
trolleys▫Bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)▫Airplane – Wilbur & Orville Wright
•Serenity to the environment of the city – PARKS▫Central Park by Frederick Law Olmstead▫White City, Chicago by Daniel Burnham
•Separation by class
Central Park
Brooklyn Bridge
Orville & Wilbur Wright
URBAN PROBLEMS
•Housing tenements•Unsanitary conditions:
▫No safe drinking water▫Sanitation – Sewage
•Susceptibility to fires: Chicago 1871, Cincinnati 1853 – 1st fire dept.)
•Crime: NYPD 1845
Chicago Fire 1871
POLITICAL MACHINES•Led by a political boss would
govern & run entire cities & at times entire state
•Kept power by providing services in exchange for their votes in election for specific offices – SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 121
•Tammany Hall•Would succumb to corruption
▫Tweed Ring Scandal
Tammany Hall
Tweed Ring Scandal
GILDED AGE
•Began in 1870, ended in 1900. Marked by new inventions leading to rapid industrial growth, increase in size of cities & populations, spectacular mansions, skyscrapers, & electrical lights
•Individualism: you can rise in society & go as far as YOUR talents & commitment would take you
SOCIAL DARWINISM
•Reinforces individualism•“Survival of the fittest”: Herbert Spencer
– human society evolves through competition & natural selection where the fittest people survive
•Darwinism & the Church: reject the theory of evolution
•Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie’s philosophy that wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy
CHALLENGING SOCIAL DARWINISM
• Henry George: Progress & Poverty – claimed gap separating the wealthy from the poor was getting wider & laissez-faire economics was to blame
• Lester Frank Ward: Dynamic Sociology – humans had the ability to make plans to produce the future outcome they desired (Reformed Darwinism)
• Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward – promoted ideas of socialism
• Naturalism: people failed in life simply because they were caught up in circumstances they could not control
HELPING THE URBAN POOR
•Social Gospel movements•Salvation Army•Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA)•Settlement Houses: Jane Addams’ Hull
House
PUBLIC EDUCATION
•Americanization movement•Requirement for schools: 12-16 weeks•High Schools increased after 1900 to
teach vocational training•College enrollments will increase•Black Colleges founded by Freedmen’s
Bureau
PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS•Booker T. Washington: Tuskegee Normal
& Industrial Institute – believed racism would end if blacks acquired useful labor skills & probed their economic value to society
PUBLIC EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
•W.E.B. Dubois: disagreed with Washington. Insisted on blacks obtaining a liberal arts degree so that the community would have well-educated leaders▫Founded Niagara Movement
REALISM
•Act of portraying something as it is seen or heard
•Painters •Writers
▫Mark Twain (Samuel Clemons) – Huckleberry Finn. “dime” novels
•Joseph Pulitzer & William Randolph Hearst will compete with each other using their newspapers using sensational headlines
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, & Hearst
Mark Twain
POPULAR CULTURE•Saloons•Vaudeville Theaters•Amusement Parks – Coney Island•Spectator sports: baseball, boxing,
football•Other sports that served as leisure
activities as well: golf, bicycling, tennis, basketball
•Ragtime music•Kodak camera – George Eastman
George Eastman & the Kodak camera
• New snacks emerged to deal with hunger & thirst: Hershey chocolate (1900), Coca Cola (1886)
POPULAR CULTURE
Asa Griggs Chandler
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM
•Brought on due to patronage (spoils system)
•President Rutherford B. Hayes tried to end patronage but split Republican Party:
▫Stalwarts: supported patronage▫Half-breeds: wanted some reform
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM
•Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883: passed under Chester A. Arthur’s presidency which required some federal job appointments to pass an examination – SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 129
Chester A. Arthur
ELECTION OF 1884•Big business will now be seen
as a source of campaign contributions
•Grover Cleveland, Democrat, will get support from Republicans (“Mugwumps”) . They expected him to increase number of jobs that would fall under civil service system. He chose a middle ground causing him to lose support
Grover Cleveland
POWER OF LARGE CORPORATIONS
•Large corporations will use their “power” to control economy that will force many small business, farmers, & some railroads to go under.
•States attempt to regulate railroad rates only for those laws to be found unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court – Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway v. Illinois 1886
REGULATING BUSINESS• Interstate Commerce Act 1887: forms the
Interstate Commerce Commission. Attempted to regulate rates from railroad companies on goods that were traveling from one state to another. Does not become effective until Theodore Roosevelt becomes president
•Sherman Antitrust Act 1890: to prevent trusts & corporations from having a monopoly & not allowing free competition between states & countries. Difficult to enforce as it did not clearly define a trust or a monopoly
Interstate Commerce Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
TARIFF RATES
•President Grover Cleveland attempts to lower tariffs, only to be defeated
•1888 presidential candidates: Benjamin Harrison = high tariff, Cleveland = against high tariff. Harrison wins
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
TARIFF RATES
•McKinley Tariff Act 1890: raises tariff rates to their highest left. Instead of protecting American industry it caused a sharp rise in price of all goods.
William McKinley
ECONOMIC DISTRESSES
•Economic distresses:▫Money supply: greenbacks, gold & silver
coins, & bonds▫Inflation
•Panic of 1893: corporate abuses, mismanagements, overbuilding, & competition led railroad companies to bankruptcy. 600 banks & 15k businesses closed, 4 million unemployed
PLIGHT OF FARMERS
•Farmers are hit hard by:▫Falling prices on crops▫High tariffs▫Railroad rates▫Mortgages
THE GRANGE
•Grange founded by Oliver Kelley 1867.
•Pressured states to regulate railroad & warehouse rates
•Granger laws passed in several states stating the maximum rate railroads could charge for freight
GRANGE LAWS & U.S. SUPREME COURT
•Munn v. Illinois 1877: U.S. Supreme ruled in favor of Granger laws, giving states & federal government the power to regulate private business to serve the public interest
FARMERS’ ALLIANCE
•Formed in 1890•Organized into very large cooperatives
called exchanges. Failed as wholesalers, railroad owners, & bankers made it difficult for them to stay in business
POPULISM
•Movement of the people. Appealed to farmers as they work for legislation to assist them. Form the Populist Party – SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 131
•Platform:▫Increase money supply (more coinage of
silver)▫Federal ownership of railroads▫Graduated income tax▫Federal loan program
POPULISM
•Reforms:▫Election of U.S. Senators to be by popular
vote▫Single terms for the president & vice
president▫Secret ballot to end vote fraud (Australian
ballot)▫8-hour workday▫Restrictions on immigration
•Ideals are kept alive by become the platform for the Democratic Party
Panic of 1896• Still feeling effects of Panic of
1893• Central issue: Which metal
should be the basis of the nation’s monetary system▫ “Silverites” favored
bimetalism▫ “Gold bugs” favored gold
• William McKinley – Republican, vs. William Jennings Bryan – Democratic
William McKinley
William Jennings Bryan
COLLAPSE OF POPULISM
•Populism collapsed but left two legacies:▫Down-trodden could organize & have a
political impact▫Agenda of reforms that will be enacted in
the 20th century
RESISTANCE & REPRESSION
•Majority of African Americans were sharecroppers in the South or were heading west to claim homesteads
•Exodusters•Many joined the Farmers’ Alliances &
Populist Party•Democratic party appeal to poor white
farmers through racism & would begin hindering the African American vote
TAKING AWAY THE VOTE
•15th Amendment: prohibits the states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”.
•States will impose voting restrictions:▫Literacy test▫Poll tax▫Grandfather clause to protect poor white
farmers/sharecroppers
LEGALIZING SEGREGATION•Discrimination was strictly enforced in
South through Jim Crow Laws – racial segregation laws that separated white from blacks in private & public facilities of all kinds
LEGALIZING SEGREGATION
•U.S. Supreme Court overturned Civil Rights Act 1875 that prohibited keeping people out of public places on the basis of race & barred racial segregation in selecting juror. This opened the door for segregation. Ruling issued: 14th Amendment provided only that “no state” could deny citizens equal protection under the law. This allowed for private organizations to be free to practice segregation
PLESSY V. FERGUSON 1896
•Homer Plessy took a seat in the “whites only” car of a train, refused to move. Convicted in New Orleans of violating LA’s segregation law. U.S. Supreme Court ruled: separation of races in public areas (including schools) could exist as long as the service provided was equal
•DOCTRINE: “Separate but equal”•SEE ANALYZING SUPREME COURT
CASES PG. 135
AFRICAN AMERICAN RESPONSE• Ida V. Wells: led crusade
from Chicago against lynching through her writings
• Mary Church Terrell: denounced anti-lynching, racism, & sexism. Worked with Jane Addams & Susan B. Anthony for woman’s suffrage. Help found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People & the Women Wage Earner’s Association for African American.
Ida V. Wells
Mary Church Terrell
AFRICAN AMERICAN RESPONSE
• Booker T. Washington: proposed Atlanta Compromise: that African Americans achieve economic goals rather than political ones. Could achieve equality by demonstrating economic value.
• W.E.B. Dubois rejected compromise. Saw no advantage in giving up on civil rights & wanted to protect the right to vote. African Americans needed to educate themselves
