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Human Systems
Economic GeographyUrban and Rural GeographyPolitical Geography
Economic Activities• Four Types
– Primary Activities• Use natural resources directly (at
site)• Ex: wheat farming, iron
– Secondary Activities• Use raw materials to
manufacture something• Close to resource• Ex: manufacturing steel
– Tertiary Activities• provide services to people and
businesses (near customer)• Ex: Car Dealer, Bakeries
– Quaternary Activities• Process and distribute
information (anywhere)• Ex: research, engineering
Economic Systems
3 types of economic systems Subsistence Economy Market Economy Command Economy
Subsistence Economy
People make goods for themselves and family
Little surplus/exchange = limited markets
Found in poor countries
Ex: Africa, S.E. Asia
Market Economy
People Freely Choose what to buy and sell
Free enterprise = competition
Capitalism Found in rich
countries Ex: USA, Europe
Command Economy
Government makes all major economic decisions
Communism = system in which government owns almost all means of production
Ex: Cuba, North Korea, China
Economic Patters, Resources, and Technology
• The creation and distribution of resources affect the locations of economic activities– The need for a resource draws business and
workers where it is found– Business must find ways to ship products
• EX: Gold Rush of CA. San Francisco grows
– Changes in technology, transportation, and communication also affect location and patterns of economic activities• Refrigerated box cars, increase market• Internet
Level of Development
Development refers to steady improvements in a country’s economy in people’s quality of life.
Economic progress varies greatly among different countries and within countries. We use a variety of
tools and statistics to figure out level of development
Dubai 1990 and 2009
Measures of Development
• Gross National Product (GNP)– Total value of goods and
services a country produces in a year
– Includes all foreign owned industry
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)– All goods and services produced
within a country• Industrialization
– Process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area
• Other measures– Telephone use, internet access,
energy use, and transportation
Standard of Living Level of development
is directly related to standard of living
Measured by factors such as income levels, education, literacy rate, food consumption, health care, technology level, and life expectancy Literacy rate – % of
people who can read and write.
Greg Mortenson in Afghanistan
Developed vs. Developing
Developed: rich countries with high levels of industrialization and high standard of living Less than 25% of
world’s population live in developed countries
USA, Europe, Japan Developing: less
productive economically, low standard of living Africa, Asia, Central &
South America
Developing Nations
Developed Nations
Between the two
Middle-Income Countries: have features of both developed and developing. Cities are modern, rural areas very poor. Ex: Mexico,
Brazil, Thailand, Malaysia, Argentina
Middle Income- Struggle with Poverty
GDP per capita is a good indicator for level of development. It is the total GDP divided by total population
Characteristics of Development Infrastructure: a
system of roads, ports, and other facilities needed by a modern economy.
Developed: low birth rates, low death rates, high literacy rates, high per capita GDP Developing are going
to be opposite
Urban Geography
First cities appeared in SW Asia more than 5,000 years ago Made possible through
domestication, sustain life off farm
Urbanization: growth of people living in cities Cultural diffusion
increases 75% of developed world
lives in cities Cities growing larger
and faster
Urban Geography
Reasons cities grow Near key resources
▪ Fresh water▪ Minerals▪ oil
Along transportation/trade routes▪ Rivers & ports
Easily defendable sites▪ Hilltops, islands
▪ Jerusalem, Paris (Seine)
Rural Geography
Rural areas are found outside of cities, agriculture is the key economic activity Subsistence agriculture: most practiced
form of agriculture in the world. Food produced by a family for its own needs. Anything extra is used to barter or sell for other needed goods.▪ Shifting agriculture – clear trees and brush for
farming, slash and burn farming▪ Pastoralism – herding animals, can represent
wealth and prestige.
Rural Geography
Market oriented Agriculture Commercial
agriculture Found in developed
countries Very productive Agribusiness:
operation of specialized commercial farms for more efficiency and profits
Political Geography
195 countries in the world each with its own independent government and political system
Countries interact with each other in peace, this is called diplomacy. They also interact through trade agreements and international organizations.
United Nations and World Trade Organization Example of international organization
that helps countries interact
United Nations Political and
military cooperation are developed in the United Nations (UN) Nearly all countries
are members Main goal is to
settle disputes between countries and prevent wars
Solve global problems such as disease, hunger, and illiteracy
Cultural Beliefs and Government Can affect how
governments are set up and operate. Religious holidays
Influence decisions and policy Israel: Religion
drives policy Iran
Geographic Boundaries
Three types of boundaries separate countries from each other Natural boundaries Cultural boundaries Geometric
boundaries
Natural Boundaries
Mountains are good natural boundaries Difficult to cross and
are permanent markers
Rivers can be troublesome boundaries Many rivers are
shared transportation routes
They move Other examples:
deserts, lakes, and oceans
Cultural Boundaries
These are borders that are based on cultural traits, such as religion or language Religion lines: India
and Pakistan. Also Ireland
Language lines: Portugal and Spain
Every day, a flag-lowering ceremony takes place at Wagah Border, which connects India and Pakistan
Geometric Boundaries
Follow regular, geometric patterns, usually straight lines without regard to environmental or cultural patterns. Usually follow
latitude and longitude lines▪ 45th parallel between
USA and Canada Can cause issues
and conflict▪ Africa colonial
footprint
Types of Governments
Totalitarian One person, or a
select few decide what is best for everyone
Monarchy nationalism
Democratic All citizens have a
voice and decide who will govern