UNIT 8UNIT 8

Psychologically Psychologically SpeakingSpeaking

Lucretia GovedareLucretia Govedare

Background Background

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

The First World WarThe First World War

Puritan and QuakerPuritan and Quaker

Words and expressionsWords and expressions

Game and activityGame and activity

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)Works:Works:

Studies on Hysteria (with Breuer) Project for a Studies on Hysteria (with Breuer) Project for a Scientific Psychology(unpublished) Scientific Psychology(unpublished) 18951895. .

‘‘The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreams’ ’ 19001900 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . The Psychopathology of Everyday Life . 19011901Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria 19051905   

New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis 19161916

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 19211921

The Future of an Illusion. 1927The Future of an Illusion. 1927Civilization and its Discontents. 1930Civilization and its Discontents. 1930Moses and Monotheism. 1939 Moses and Monotheism. 1939

. .

Sigmund Freud was born on May 6 1856, in the Sigmund Freud was born on May 6 1856, in the small town of Freiberg, Moravia, which is now small town of Freiberg, Moravia, which is now in Czechoslovakia. He was the eldest of eight in Czechoslovakia. He was the eldest of eight children born to Jacob and Amalie Freud. children born to Jacob and Amalie Freud.

18661866 Sigmund with his father Sigmund with his father

Jacob. Jacob. (Earliest known photo.) (Earliest known photo.)

When Freud was about three When Freud was about three years old his father, who was a years old his father, who was a wool merchant, lost much of his wool merchant, lost much of his business. The family were now business. The family were now poor and had to leave Freiberg, poor and had to leave Freiberg, where Freud was happy, and go where Freud was happy, and go to live in Vienna, the capital city to live in Vienna, the capital city of Austria. of Austria.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

It was in Vienna that Freud came across anti-It was in Vienna that Freud came across anti-semitismsemitism 反犹太教反犹太教 for the first time. Jewish people for the first time. Jewish people had been persecuted in Europe for hundreds of had been persecuted in Europe for hundreds of years and they would often be called names or years and they would often be called names or attacked on the street. Freud's father told him of a attacked on the street. Freud's father told him of a time when a man knocked his hat into the road time when a man knocked his hat into the road and told him to get off the pavement. "What did and told him to get off the pavement. "What did you do?" asked Freud. "I walked into the road and you do?" asked Freud. "I walked into the road and picked up my hat" replied his father.That incident picked up my hat" replied his father.That incident made the young Freud feel more….made the young Freud feel more….

Freud was intelligent and hard-working at Freud was intelligent and hard-working at school, and always liked to express his school, and always liked to express his opinions even when he disagreed with his opinions even when he disagreed with his teachers or other pupils. When he was teachers or other pupils. When he was older Freud said that he didn't think he older Freud said that he didn't think he was particularly clever, even though he was particularly clever, even though he often came top of the class - the most often came top of the class - the most important thing was working hard and important thing was working hard and wanting to find out about things. wanting to find out about things.

When he left school he was not sure what he wanted to do. At first he thought he would become a lawyer. Then he decided to study medicine and become a doctor, so he enrolled in the medical school of the University of Vienna. From 1859 until 1938, Sigmund Freud was a doctor in Vienna,

While he was at university he fell in love with Martha Bernays, who was one of his sisters' friends, and he asked her to marry him. They were engaged for four years before they could finally marry.   .      

with wife on 25th wedding anniversary celebrated this year

1886  Freud married Martha Bernays: this was their wedding photo

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

While he was still at university,Freud Freud decided to specialize in neurology, the decided to specialize in neurology, the study and treatment of the brain and the study and treatment of the brain and the nervous system. In 1885, just before he nervous system. In 1885, just before he got married, he obtained a grant to go to got married, he obtained a grant to go to Paris to see the famous neurologist Jean Paris to see the famous neurologist Jean Martin Charcot. Freud returned from Paris Martin Charcot. Freud returned from Paris determined to study and treat mental determined to study and treat mental disorders. He called his new ideas disorders. He called his new ideas 'psychoanalysis' 'psychoanalysis'

During all his time in Vienna the Freud family had to During all his time in Vienna the Freud family had to suffer many hardships. suffer many hardships. Firstly during the First World War, Firstly during the First World War, And then in the economic depression when Austrian And then in the economic depression when Austrian money became almost worthless. money became almost worthless. After the War there was a great epidemic of flu. After the War there was a great epidemic of flu. Freud's daughter Sophie died in 1920, and three Freud's daughter Sophie died in 1920, and three years later his grandson Heinerle died too. years later his grandson Heinerle died too. In March1938, In March1938, Freud come to London tFreud come to London to flee from o flee from the Nazis after the German annexation of Austria.the Nazis after the German annexation of Austria.

In 1939, he died in his study at 20 Maresfield In 1939, he died in his study at 20 Maresfield Garden, London, and later was crematedGarden, London, and later was cremated 火葬火葬 . His . His ashes are interredashes are interred 埋葬埋葬 in a Greek urn from his in a Greek urn from his collection, in the Columbarium at Golders Green collection, in the Columbarium at Golders Green Crematorium, London.  Crematorium, London. 

The last 16 years of Freud's life were spent in The last 16 years of Freud's life were spent in continual pain, physical discomfort. He had cancer of continual pain, physical discomfort. He had cancer of the jaw (mouth) and was operated on over thirty more the jaw (mouth) and was operated on over thirty more times, as well as radiation treatment, the fitting of an times, as well as radiation treatment, the fitting of an artificial palate and jaw, and an overdose of morphine artificial palate and jaw, and an overdose of morphine administered by his doctor. The operations also administered by his doctor. The operations also caused deafness in his right ear, together with heart caused deafness in his right ear, together with heart failure. Throughout this time Freud continued to failure. Throughout this time Freud continued to smoke. He knew it was killing him but he carried on, smoke. He knew it was killing him but he carried on, despite the advice of family, doctors, and friends. despite the advice of family, doctors, and friends.

In his six children, the youngest one, Anna Freud In his six children, the youngest one, Anna Freud became a pioneering psychoanalyst, and an important became a pioneering psychoanalyst, and an important theorist of psychoanalysis. theorist of psychoanalysis.

""I believe I owe to the cigar a great I believe I owe to the cigar a great intensification of my capacity to work intensification of my capacity to work and a facilitation of my self control. and a facilitation of my self control. My model in this was my father, who My model in this was my father, who was a heavy smoker and remained was a heavy smoker and remained one for his entire life."one for his entire life."

S.S.弗洛伊德弗洛伊德

S.S. 弗洛伊德弗洛伊德 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 奥地利心理学家，精神分析学派创始人。出生于奥地利心理学家，精神分析学派创始人。出生于奥地利的摩拉维亚（现属捷克），三岁时随奥地利的摩拉维亚（现属捷克），三岁时随 父移居维也纳，父移居维也纳， 18761876 年于维也纳大学医学系毕年于维也纳大学医学系毕业，业， ·1881·1881 年获医学博士学位。年获医学博士学位。 18851885 年留学巴黎年留学巴黎 ，跟随法国精神医学家沙克学习臆病的催眠疗法。，跟随法国精神医学家沙克学习臆病的催眠疗法。归国后与神经病医生布洛伊尔合作，使用催归国后与神经病医生布洛伊尔合作，使用催 眠疗法治疗臆病患者。随着临床经验的增加，弗眠疗法治疗臆病患者。随着临床经验的增加，弗洛伊德认为臆病是由性的原因引起的。洛伊德认为臆病是由性的原因引起的。

Freud MuseumFreud Museum

S.S.弗洛伊德弗洛伊德 S.弗洛伊德

the Freud Museum logo: the Freud Museum logo: It was adapted from It was adapted from these doodlesthese doodles 乱画胡写乱画胡写 drawn by Freud in the drawn by Freud in the early 1920s, during a meeting of the Vienna early 1920s, during a meeting of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Psychoanalytic Society. 

Because it represents a classical Greek motif it Because it represents a classical Greek motif it was considered a suitable emblem was considered a suitable emblem 象征标志象征标志 of of the Museum, which contains Freud‘s collection the Museum, which contains Freud‘s collection of antiquities, including many Greek objects. of antiquities, including many Greek objects. The drawing also suggests a simplified The drawing also suggests a simplified labyrinth. Freud once said: “Psychoanalysis labyrinth. Freud once said: “Psychoanalysis simplifies life. Psychoanalysis supplies the simplifies life. Psychoanalysis supplies the thread that leads a man out of the labyrinth."thread that leads a man out of the labyrinth." 迷迷宫复杂宫复杂   

ABOUT PSYCHOANALYSISABOUT PSYCHOANALYSIS

What psychoanalysis is? What psychoanalysis is?

patient lying on the couch patient lying on the couch

with the analyst sitting, pen with the analyst sitting, pen

and notebook poised, behind him.and notebook poised, behind him.

People asked already have such People asked already have such an idea of the an idea of the analytic situation from a thousand cartoon images.analytic situation from a thousand cartoon images.

Even jokes may familiarize us with some of the Even jokes may familiarize us with some of the essentials of analytic technique essentials of analytic technique

What is Psychoanalysis?What is Psychoanalysis? psychoanalysis first emerged, was pioneered by Dr psychoanalysis first emerged, was pioneered by Dr Josef Breuer and his patient who described the Josef Breuer and his patient who described the therapy from 1880 to 1882 as a "talking cure".  therapy from 1880 to 1882 as a "talking cure". 

Freud: Freud: Some Elementary Lessons in PsychoanalysisSome Elementary Lessons in Psychoanalysis, ,

“ “Psychoanalysis is part of the mental science of Psychoanalysis is part of the mental science of psychology. It is also described as ‘depth psychology. It is also described as ‘depth psychology’ ... If someone asks what ‘the psychology’ ... If someone asks what ‘the psychical’ really means, it is easy to reply by psychical’ really means, it is easy to reply by enumeratingenumerating 列举列举 its constituents: our perceptions, its constituents: our perceptions, ideas, memories, feelings and acts of volition -- all ideas, memories, feelings and acts of volition -- all these form part of what is psychical." --------1938 these form part of what is psychical." --------1938

What is Psychoanalysis?What is Psychoanalysis?

As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the observation that individuals are often the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. determine their emotions and behavior. These unconscious factors may create These unconscious factors may create unhappiness, sometimes in the form of unhappiness, sometimes in the form of recognizable symptoms and at other times recognizable symptoms and at other times as troubling personality traits, difficulties as troubling personality traits, difficulties in work or in love relationships, or in work or in love relationships, or disturbances in mood and self-esteem. disturbances in mood and self-esteem.

'the child is father to the adult''the child is father to the adult'

Freud realized that some of the ideas that Freud realized that some of the ideas that affect people are unconscious - we do not affect people are unconscious - we do not know about them even though they are in know about them even though they are in our own minds. Freud said that this means our own minds. Freud said that this means that people may do things without knowing that people may do things without knowing the real reason why they are doing it. the real reason why they are doing it. TThe unconscious is full of memories and he unconscious is full of memories and ideas from early childhood, but they are ideas from early childhood, but they are 'repressed' and made unconscious 'repressed' and made unconscious because they are things we don't want to because they are things we don't want to think about, or they are forbidden. think about, or they are forbidden.

The Interpretation Of DreamsThe Interpretation Of Dreams

sometimes the repressed ideas from sometimes the repressed ideas from childhood could show themselves in childhood could show themselves in dreams or nightmares, and one of his most dreams or nightmares, and one of his most famous books was called The Interpretation famous books was called The Interpretation Of Dreams.  The first dream Freud Of Dreams.  The first dream Freud interpreted was when he was on holiday at interpreted was when he was on holiday at a place called 'Bellevue'. a place called 'Bellevue'.

The Interpretation Of The Interpretation Of DreamsDreams

Freud says that dreams are about all the things we wish Freud says that dreams are about all the things we wish for. But rather than just wishing for something, the for. But rather than just wishing for something, the dream shows us a picture as if the wish has come true. dream shows us a picture as if the wish has come true. So instead of thinking 'I wish I had an ice-cream', a So instead of thinking 'I wish I had an ice-cream', a dream shows you actually eating the ice-cream! dream shows you actually eating the ice-cream! But sometimes you are not allowed to have an ice-But sometimes you are not allowed to have an ice-cream. Freud said that the wish is often forbidden, so it cream. Freud said that the wish is often forbidden, so it becomes unconscious and repressed.becomes unconscious and repressed. So part of you wants to make the wish come true and So part of you wants to make the wish come true and part of you wants to stop the wish. Because of this the part of you wants to stop the wish. Because of this the wish is disguised, which means that the dream has to wish is disguised, which means that the dream has to be interpreted before it makes sense. be interpreted before it makes sense. That's why Freud called his book That's why Freud called his book The Interpretation of The Interpretation of Dreams.Dreams.

The Interpretation Of DreamsThe Interpretation Of Dreams

Gradually Freud developed the theory of Gradually Freud developed the theory of Psychoanalysis and the method of helping Psychoanalysis and the method of helping people he called free association. With free people he called free association. With free association Freud simply asked his patients to association Freud simply asked his patients to lie on the couch and say anything that came lie on the couch and say anything that came into their heads. He tried to interpret what into their heads. He tried to interpret what they said by relating it to the repressed ideas they said by relating it to the repressed ideas and wishes in the unconscious. In this way he and wishes in the unconscious. In this way he hoped that things which were unconscious hoped that things which were unconscious would gradually become conscious, so that the would gradually become conscious, so that the patient would have more control over them patient would have more control over them and they would not be able to affect him or and they would not be able to affect him or her so much. her so much.

The Interpretation Of The Interpretation Of DreamsDreams

““Dreams are the disguised fulfilment of a Dreams are the disguised fulfilment of a repressed, infantilerepressed, infantile 幼稚的幼稚的 wish” wish”

“ “dreams are ‘egoistic’dreams are ‘egoistic’ 自我的利己的自我的利己的 - it's all - it's all me, me, me - we become the hero of our own me, me, me - we become the hero of our own private movie.”private movie.”

Look at the cartoon of the ‘FrenchLook at the cartoon of the ‘FrenchNurse's Dream' reproduced in Nurse's Dream' reproduced in The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreams.  . 

How do you know it is a dream?   How do you know it is a dream?   Describe what happens in the Describe what happens in the

dream.  dream.  How do you think the events of the How do you think the events of the dream relate to the daily life of the dream relate to the daily life of the

dreamer? dreamer?  What is the meaning or symbolism of What is the meaning or symbolism of

the dream-element 'water' in the the dream-element 'water' in the dreamdream?  ? 

Look at it. Imagine that, instead of the Look at it. Imagine that, instead of the nurse, this is a dream dreamed by thenurse, this is a dream dreamed by the

little child.  little child.  

The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreamsthe last picture shows the nurse waking up and the last picture shows the nurse waking up and an earlier picture shows something strange an earlier picture shows something strange happening. These two answers can be the happening. These two answers can be the starting point for thinking about the differences starting point for thinking about the differences and similarities between the mind and the and similarities between the mind and the outside world,dreams and waking life.   outside world,dreams and waking life.   Two levels here: the dream related to the Two levels here: the dream related to the subliminalsubliminal 潜意识的潜意识的 stimulus (the baby crying or stimulus (the baby crying or whatever)- you can‘t get rid of it so it keeps whatever)- you can‘t get rid of it so it keeps getting more and more insistentgetting more and more insistent 急迫的急迫的 ; and the ; and the dream related to the life of the dreamer - a dream related to the life of the dreamer - a governess or nurse looking after someone governess or nurse looking after someone else's children. else's children. a child dream that a natural function - a child dream that a natural function - urination. A possible way to think about the urination. A possible way to think about the emotional life of children. emotional life of children.    

The First World WarThe First World War （（ 1914-1911914-19188 ））

World War One was the first mass global World War One was the first mass global war of the industrialized age, a destruction war of the industrialized age, a destruction industrialization allowed to occur on an industrialization allowed to occur on an unprecedented scale, a demonstration of unprecedented scale, a demonstration of the incredible power of modern states. the incredible power of modern states.

Introduction: Introduction:

The First World War, fought between 1914 The First World War, fought between 1914 and 1918, was the first of the great world-and 1918, was the first of the great world-wide conflicts of the twentieth century, wide conflicts of the twentieth century, pitting the ‘pitting the ‘Central PowersCentral Powers' of Germany, ' of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and smaller allies Austria-Hungary, Turkey and smaller allies against the ‘against the ‘EntenteEntente,' notably the British ,' notably the British Empire, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, the Empire, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States, and their allies. United States, and their allies.

Western FrontWestern Front

In World War One, the main theatre of war, the In World War One, the main theatre of war, the Western FrontWestern Front, was deadlocked, was deadlocked 处于僵局处于僵局 after the after the war's start in 1914 until a few months before its end in war's start in 1914 until a few months before its end in 1918, stretching in a continuous line of trenches from 1918, stretching in a continuous line of trenches from the English Channel to the Swiss frontier. By 1916 the the English Channel to the Swiss frontier. By 1916 the forces of Germany, France and the British Empire, forces of Germany, France and the British Empire, armies millions of men strong, measured advances in armies millions of men strong, measured advances in terms of a few miles gained over several months. terms of a few miles gained over several months. Casualties for each big attack or 'push' ran into Casualties for each big attack or 'push' ran into hundreds of thousands on both sides, with hundreds of thousands on both sides, with calculations for victory based on national birth-rates to calculations for victory based on national birth-rates to replace the losses. This was not the kind of war that replace the losses. This was not the kind of war that anyone, including the politicians and generals who anyone, including the politicians and generals who directed it, wanted to fight.directed it, wanted to fight.

By 1918, although the Western armies outnumbered By 1918, although the Western armies outnumbered the Germans, the Western Front began to slow down the Germans, the Western Front began to slow down offensivesoffensives 攻势攻势 into another phase of static warfare, into another phase of static warfare, turning strategic situation into a murderous war of turning strategic situation into a murderous war of attrition attrition 消耗战 消耗战 iin which each shattered side could no n which each shattered side could no longer sustain an offensive. It was believed that a longer sustain an offensive. It was believed that a successful Allied attack in the region of St. Mihiel, the successful Allied attack in the region of St. Mihiel, the Metz, and Verdun would psychologically break the Metz, and Verdun would psychologically break the Germans will to fight. This psychological theory was Germans will to fight. This psychological theory was similar to what had happened to the French armies at similar to what had happened to the French armies at Verdun in 1917. Then the Americans, from their bases Verdun in 1917. Then the Americans, from their bases on the Rhine, could launch offensives into Germany. on the Rhine, could launch offensives into Germany.

12-16 Sept. 1918, the Western Front of France,

One of the most significant battles of World War One was fought: the Battle of St. Mihiel. The engagement was the first battle in which American led forces,overcoming the bad weather condition and in-depth series of trenches, wire obstacles, and machine-gun nests that the Germans installed to augment their defensive positions. It altered the strategic situation along the whole Western Front till the Germans lost the War.

‘the armistice’ 休战停战协定

In the First World War, it is generally referred to the agreement between the Germans and the Allies to end the war on November 11, 1918. ..

The Versailles Treaty

Final peace treaty: The Versailles Treaty of June 28, 1919. This is the complete textof the Versaille Treaty which ended World War I.

Origin of PuritanOrigin of Puritan The term "Puritan" first began as a taunt or insult The term "Puritan" first began as a taunt or insult applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England.or wished to "purify" the Church of England.

In 1608, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to In 1608, a group of Puritan separatists, attempting to escape religious persecution, fled England for the escape religious persecution, fled England for the Netherlands. They remained there until 1620, but, Netherlands. They remained there until 1620, but, fearing that they were losing their cultural identity, they fearing that they were losing their cultural identity, they decided to settle in the New World. A mixed group of decided to settle in the New World. A mixed group of Puritan emigrants (the "Pilgrims") and adventurers Puritan emigrants (the "Pilgrims") and adventurers from England sailed to America on the Mayflower and from England sailed to America on the Mayflower and landed, accidentally, on Cape Cod in November 1620. landed, accidentally, on Cape Cod in November 1620. Within five months half of the original 101 colonists Within five months half of the original 101 colonists were dead. were dead.

During the course of the early seventeenth During the course of the early seventeenth century, increasing numbers of immigrants, century, increasing numbers of immigrants, managed to establish a group of autonomous managed to establish a group of autonomous North American colonies, including Plymouth North American colonies, including Plymouth (1620), Massachusetts (1628), New (1620), Massachusetts (1628), New Hampshire, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, Hampshire, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island, and New Haven. and New Haven.

Although the word is often applied loosely, Although the word is often applied loosely, "Puritan" refers to two distinct groups:"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: "separating" puritans"separating" puritans, such as the Plymouth , such as the Plymouth colonists, who believed that the Church of colonists, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; must separate themselves from it; non-separating puritansnon-separating puritans, such as the colonists , such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, believed in reforming the established church believed in reforming the established church but not separation, and who believed in forming but not separation, and who believed in forming churches through voluntary compacts.  The churches through voluntary compacts.  The idea of compacts was central to the Puritans' idea of compacts was central to the Puritans' conception of social, political, and religious conception of social, political, and religious organizations.organizations.

Puritan’s beliefPuritan’s belief

Like their counterparts in Britain they were Like their counterparts in Britain they were extreme Calvinistic Protestants who viewed the extreme Calvinistic Protestants who viewed the Reformation as a victory of true Christianity over Reformation as a victory of true Christianity over Roman Catholicism. They believed that the Roman Catholicism. They believed that the Universe was God- centered, and that man, Universe was God- centered, and that man, inherently sinful and corrupt, rescued from inherently sinful and corrupt, rescued from damnation only by arbitrary divine grace, was damnation only by arbitrary divine grace, was duty-bound to do God's will, which he could duty-bound to do God's will, which he could understand best by studying the Bible and the understand best by studying the Bible and the universe which God had created and which he universe which God had created and which he controlled.controlled.

Religious Society of Friends: Religious Society of Friends: started in England around 1650, by many started in England around 1650, by many

people, the most famous being George people, the most famous being George Fox. They in fact intended to start a Fox. They in fact intended to start a movement to unify the splintered movement to unify the splintered Christian churches, rather than to start a Christian churches, rather than to start a separate sect. Many radical groups were separate sect. Many radical groups were formed in England about this time as a formed in England about this time as a result of the turmoil, economic injustice, result of the turmoil, economic injustice, and starvation caused by the English and starvation caused by the English Revolution and Civil War, and the Revolution and Civil War, and the repeated changes between Catholicism repeated changes between Catholicism and Anglicism in England; however most and Anglicism in England; however most of these groups disappeared soon after of these groups disappeared soon after the restoration of the monarchy.the restoration of the monarchy.

QuakerQuakerThe term "Quaker“, The term "Quaker“, originated in England in the mid originated in England in the mid 17th century, 17th century, refers to a member of the Religious refers to a member of the Religious Society of Friends. Society of Friends.

"Quaker“"Quaker“ rebelled against the rigid hierarchy and rebelled against the rigid hierarchy and government control prevalent in the Anglican church, government control prevalent in the Anglican church, and began meeting in homes or buildings, waiting and began meeting in homes or buildings, waiting upon God silently to make His presence felt and upon God silently to make His presence felt and inwardly heard. Any person could be called by God to inwardly heard. Any person could be called by God to rise and preach upon any occasion of worship. They rise and preach upon any occasion of worship. They were much persecuted in England before finding were much persecuted in England before finding refuge in the American colonies. refuge in the American colonies.

They were, very family oriented, far from being They were, very family oriented, far from being celibatecelibate （独身者）（独身者） ,, and would not agree that and would not agree that Anne Lee is the second incarnationAnne Lee is the second incarnation 化身化身 of of Christ. They also have historically not Christ. They also have historically not withdrawn from the world but have been very withdrawn from the world but have been very active in the cause of social justice for the poor active in the cause of social justice for the poor and oppressed, education, humanitarian relief, and oppressed, education, humanitarian relief, and the humane treatment of prisoners in penal and the humane treatment of prisoners in penal institutions.institutions.

There are two reputed origins of the term:There are two reputed origins of the term:

the first refers to people "quaking" or trembling the first refers to people "quaking" or trembling when feeling moved by the Holy Spirit to speak when feeling moved by the Holy Spirit to speak in Meetings for Worship. in Meetings for Worship. The other is: George Fox was arrested in Derby The other is: George Fox was arrested in Derby in October 1650 and charged with blasphemy. in October 1650 and charged with blasphemy. George Fox was questioned intermittently over George Fox was questioned intermittently over an eight hour period, during which at one point an eight hour period, during which at one point George Fox told the magistrates who tried him George Fox told the magistrates who tried him "Tremble at the word of the Lord". It was Justice "Tremble at the word of the Lord". It was Justice Bennett who coined the name "Quakers" for the Bennett who coined the name "Quakers" for the followers of George Foxfollowers of George Fox. .

Rules of QuakersRules of Quakers

formerly a Quaker background practices: formerly a Quaker background practices: simplicity, financial responsibility, work simplicity, financial responsibility, work ethic, belief in the perfectibility of ethic, belief in the perfectibility of humankind... humankind...

Words: Words: claim claim v./ n.v./ n. demand recognition that one has a right to sth.demand recognition that one has a right to sth. 承认承认 ---- 享有权利享有权利

E.g. He claimed to be the owner of the land.E.g. He claimed to be the owner of the land. He claimed that he owned the land. He claimed that he owned the land.

assert, say sth. is a fact assert, say sth. is a fact 宣称宣称 , , 声言声言E.g. he claimed to be the best tennis player in the school.E.g. he claimed to be the best tennis player in the school.

n. n. E.g. Did anyone make a E.g. Did anyone make a claim claim to this bike? to this bike? 承认认领承认认领E.g. You’ve no E.g. You’ve no claimclaim on my sympathies. on my sympathies. 你无权你无权要求要求我同情。我同情。

in some/greatin some/great measure: measure: 在某种在某种 // 很大程度上很大程度上 Drunkenness and carelessness are Drunkenness and carelessness are in large measurein large measure

responsible for automobile accidents.responsible for automobile accidents.

respectable:respectable:RespectableRespectable （（受人尊敬的受人尊敬的）） citizens obey the laws.citizens obey the laws.

He earns quite a respectableHe earns quite a respectable （（可观的，相当的可观的，相当的）） income. income. respectful:respectful:

He behaved in a respectful He behaved in a respectful （（恭敬的恭敬的）） way.way.respected:respected:respecting:respecting: 关于关于

Respecting your problem, we’ll come to a decision later. Respecting your problem, we’ll come to a decision later. respective:respective:

The three men were given work according to their The three men were given work according to their respective respective （（各自的各自的）） abilities.abilities.

The first and second prizes went to John and James The first and second prizes went to John and James respectively.respectively. （（分别，一人一样分别，一人一样））

honorhonorwith honorswith honors 以优异成绩以优异成绩

The young man will graduate soon from university with The young man will graduate soon from university with high honors.high honors.

do honor (to)do honor (to) 给带来荣誉给带来荣誉His contributions do honor to his university.His contributions do honor to his university.

in honor of in honor of 为了（纪念或表敬意而举行活动）为了（纪念或表敬意而举行活动）The city built up a monument in honor of him.(in his The city built up a monument in honor of him.(in his

honor.) honor.)

on one’s honor on one’s honor 以人格担保以人格担保 I promise on my honor (never to do such a thing again.) / that it I promise on my honor (never to do such a thing again.) / that it

won’t be done.won’t be done.

put sb. on one’s honor put sb. on one’s honor 靠靠 --- --- 的自觉，相信—有自觉性的自觉，相信—有自觉性The father put the boys on their honor not to smoke in the dorm. The father put the boys on their honor not to smoke in the dorm.

measure: measure: n./ v. n./ v.

I I measure measure my coatmy coat against against her and found it her and found it too long. too long. 拿拿 ------ 和和 ------ 比较（长度）比较（长度）He was astonished He was astonished beyond measurebeyond measure 非常极非常极为为John had a newJohn had a new made-to-measure made-to-measure suit.suit. 定做定做的的He sold me the car at a cheap price and He sold me the car at a cheap price and included the radio included the radio for good measurefor good measure.. 外加额外加额外地外地

动名词的特殊句型动名词的特殊句型

There is no doing There is no doing 不可能做某事不可能做某事E.gE.g. there is no telling what will happen later.. there is no telling what will happen later. 将来怎么样谁也难说。将来怎么样谁也难说。

There is no point/use (in) doing sth.There is no point/use (in) doing sth. 干干 ------ 没意义没意义E.g. there is no much point (in) arguing with him.E.g. there is no much point (in) arguing with him.

have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time (in) doing sth.have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time (in) doing sth. 玩得痛快 过得愉快玩得痛快 过得愉快E.g. we had little trouble (in) getting the work done.E.g. we had little trouble (in) getting the work done.

What is the use/ point/ good (of) doing sth.What is the use/ point/ good (of) doing sth.E.g. what is the use of talking ? E.g. what is the use of talking ? 空谈有什么用？空谈有什么用？

It is no use / point doing sth.It is no use / point doing sth.

GameGameThink of the name of your favorite Think of the name of your favorite song or film.  song or film. 

Now write down the name in picture Now write down the name in picture language.  language. 

Each group has to try to decipherEach group has to try to decipher 解释解释 the the other's script.  other's script. 

ActivityActivity

Dramatize the textDramatize the text