Unit 10 TestTypes of Questions:

True or FalseMultiple Choice

Matching patterns of evolution & examplesMatching types of structures & examples

Short Answers (natural selection and examples, evolution and examples)

1. What is the difference between evolution and biological evolution? Give an example of each.• EVOLUTION - orderly succession of changes, can happen to living

and nonliving  Example: iPods, computers, cars• BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - changes in a species' genes over many

generations Example: bacteria, finches, iguanas, tortoises• Difference: Biological evolution is genetic changes. "Evolution" can

be used in different contexts and to describe the changes occurring in nonliving things

2. Who was Jean Baptiste de Lamark? What were his hypotheses?• French, studied natural history, 1744 – 1829

HYPOTHESES:– species changed over time (true)– similar species descended from the same ancestor (true)– new organisms are modified descendants of newer species (true)– acquired traits can be passed down to offspring (false)

3. Who was Charles Darwin? Where did he go on his voyage on the HMS Beagle?• English, studied natural history, 1809 - 1882 • 5 year voyage, S. America, Galapagos, Australia, New Zealand,

Tasmania

4. What were Darwin’s 2 theories as explained in his book, The Origin of Species?• Descent with modification - over time, species make small changes,

but still produce offspring similar to themselves– After many generations, small changes build up and may create

very noticeable • Modification by Natural Selection - organisms that are best suited

(adapted) to their environment will be the most successful, reproduce and pass on their successful genes to their offspring

5. What is “fitness”?• Fitness is a measurement of an organisms' success at reproduction.

• To have "fitness", the organism must be able to reproduce

successfully as well as to produce offspring that are able to survive and reproduce as well.

• It is often measured by the "grandchildren" method. – If the organisms' genes are successful enough to be passed down

for several generation, the organism is "fit”.

6. Explain the process of natural selection.• Within a species, there is usually a lot of variation between the individual

organisms (the organisms are not identical). • Some will have traits/adaptations that make them either more (or less)

successful than the other individual organisms of the species. • The organisms with the genetic traits that are best suited to their

environment will be successful and get the most resources– These successful organisms will most likely have a better opportunity

to reproduce. – If the organism reproduces, it may pass on the genes for the successful

traits, increasing the number of organisms with the successful trait.• The organisms that are not as successful will not reproduce as much and

the number of organisms with those traits will be reduced• Over many generations, the more successful traits will overpopulate the

less successful traits, changing the genes of the species. – This could possibly lead to a new species

7. What is a fossil? • Preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms from

the remote past• Typically found in layers of rock, in amber, in ice, etc

8. What is the condition of most fossils? • partial low quality not containing DNA 9. What is a mass extinction? How many have there been in Earth’s history? What are the suggested causes?• widespread and rapid decrease of the number of species on Earth

– At least 60% of species extinct, MANY species disappearing within a short period of time

• Five have been recorded   • CAUSES - drastic enviro changes, meteors, volcanoes, drop in temp

10. How can scientists use DNA and protein sequences to show an evolutionary relationship?• DNA or PROTEIN SEQUENCE – compares sequence of DNA or amino

acids in the protein– If the sequence is similar, the two species are probably closely related

11. How does the development of embryos show an evolutionary relationship? • EMBRYO - if embryos develop in the same way, most likely

developing same internal structures and closely related

12. What are homologous structures? Give some examples. • Structures that originated from a shared ancestor • May have different functions and may look very different on the

outside, but similar in internal structure & development • EX - bird beaks, forelimbs of human and bat

Homologous structures

13. What are analogous structures? Give some examples. • Similar looking structures that originated from different ancestors• Structures that may have similar functions or look similar, but very

different in anatomy and development • EX – wings of bird, bat, and butterfly, shark and dolphin body shape

and coloration, snake and worm, porcupine quill and sea urchin spines

14. What are vestigial structures? Give some examples.• Structures once used in an ancestor, but not useful to modern

organism• The organism still has genes for the structure, so the structure is

formed but is not functional • EX- human tailbone and appendix, snake pelvis, whale pelvis, eyes

in cave-dwelling organisms

Analogous Structures

Vestigial Structures

14. What is coevolution? Give some examples.• Mutual evolution between two species, the two closely related species affect

each other’s evolution • EX - predator & prey, anteater & ant, bat/pollinator & flower

15. What is convergent evolution? Give some examples.• Unrelated organisms starting to look similar due to living in the same or

similar environment, • Unrelated species independently evolve to have similar traits (lead to

analogous structures)• EX – bat, bird & butterfly (all have wings); shark and dolphin (similar

coloration, body shape, fins)

16. What is divergent evolution? Give some examples. • Related species looking less similar as they adapt to living in different

environments• Related species evolving in different pathways causing different appearances

(leads to homologous structures)• EX – different species of birds, dogs, bat and giraffe, bat and human

18. What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?• Natural selection - best phenotypic traits are determined by the environment,

nature selecting the fitness of the organism• Artificial selection - best phenotypic traits are determined by humans, humans

breed two organisms with the best phenotypes (determined by humans, not the enviro)

19. What type of evolutionary pattern would lead to homologous structures? • Divergent!• Homologous structures are similar in development, but may look very different

on the outside. This typically happens because the two species are evolving in different pathways.

20. What type of evolutionary pattern would lead to analogous structures? • Convergent!• Analogous structures look similar on the outside and may even do the same

function, but are very different in internal structure and development. This typically happens because the two species live in similar environments and have acquired the same beneficial traits.