Uganda Presentation.pptx

Quinoa and Amaranth workshop held at Spekes Commonwealth Hotel, Munyonyo, Uganda

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Improving Productivity of Cropping Systems and Livelihoods with

Amaranth in Eastern Africa: Insights from Kenya

Julius Khaemba Egerton University

Kenya

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Introduction

Major problems in the developing world ◦Chronic poverty ◦Food crisis ◦Climate change

Estimate◦25-42% of species habitats could be lost due to

climate change, affecting both food and non-food crops (FAO, 2007).

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Responses to climate change ◦Mitigation, that reduces emissions or increases

capture of greenhouse gases◦Adaptation, that aids in adjustments in structures,

practices, or processes responding to CCGHG –CO2, CH4 & NO2 - Global warming

◦Livestock manure, nitrogenous fertilizers and irrigated paddy

GHG emissions Affect Hydrological cycle◦changing precipitation patterns, intensity and

extremes; widespread melting of snow and ice; increasing atmospheric water vapour; increasing evaporation; and changes in soil moisture and runoff

Rainfed agriculture affected1/10/2013


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Small-scale oriented High potential areasAverage area 0.2–3 ha

◦Accounts for 75% of the total agric o/put◦70 % of marketed agricultural produce. ◦> 70% of maize◦65% of coffee◦50% of tea◦80% of milk◦85% of fish◦ 70% of beef and related products

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State of Agriculture in Kenya

Agriculture◦Contributes directly 26% of GDP◦Contributes indirectly 25% of GDP◦Accounts for 65% of Kenya’s total exports◦provides > 18% of formal employment

>70% of informal employment being found in the rural areas

80% Kenya’s population is rural based

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State of Agriculture in Kenya (Cont’d)80% of the country is ASAL with annual rainfall

averaging 400mmDroughts are frequent and crop failures are

quite common occurring one out of three seasons.

Farmers grow crops that are not suitable for this rainfall regime and soils

Sessional Paper No.10 of 1965: African Socialism and its application to Planning in Kenya

Vision 2030 of June 2010: make the country a globally competitive and prosperous with a high quality life: 3 pillars: economic, social and political

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Adaptation to Climate ChangeEvidence of CC:

◦frequent occurrence of droughts, ◦Unpredictable & torrential rains,◦ increases in infectious and vector borne diseases

Development of mechanisms that enable them cope with the changes (Khanal, 2009)

Grain amaranth (A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A . caudatus and A. edulis)

High protein, carbohydrates, lipids, fibre, vitamins and minerals (Gupta and Gudu, 1991; Wekesa, 2010).

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Adaptation to Climate ChangeVegetable species :

◦ A. tricolor, ◦A. dubius, ◦A. lividus, ◦A. palmeri ◦ A. hybrids

Grain species:◦ A. hypochondriacus◦ A. cruentus◦ A. edulis◦ A. caudatus (O’Brien and Price, 1983; Gupta

and Dudu, 1991, Railey, 1993). 1/10/2013


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Adaptation to Climate ChangeGrain Amaranth:

◦Drought tolerance◦Has C4 photosynthetic pathway which is

efficient in utilization of sunlight and nutrients under dry, high temperature conditions

◦Has deep and extensive root system◦Has ability to go dormant under extreme

drought conditions (O’Brien and Price, 1983)◦Capable of shutting down transpiration thro’

wilting, then recovering easily when moisture is available (Myers, 1996).

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Developing and Implementing Land-Use Masterplan

31% of land in high- and medium-rainfall areas under crop production—representing only 5 % of the total land in the country.

Smallholder farmers use an average of 60 % of their cropland for agricultural production

General incongruent land use patterns with the specific ecological zones

Poor land-use practices that have led to accelerated land degradation

Land masterplan in line with Vision 2030

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Grain Amaranth Research in Kenya

Introduced in Kenya in 1983 by Gupta of University of Nairobi

Proved ideal crop for marginal areasPerformed well even in saline soils and

yielded about 2 tons/ ha (Gupta and Gudu, 1991)

Some interspecific crosses and their offspring were sterile-A. hypochondriacus X A . Cruentus

A. hypochondriacus X A. caudatus performed well

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Average acreage under the crop in Kisumu- 0.59 & some parts 0.91 and 0.38 acres

grain yield- 1 t/ha cf to 2.5 t/ha under ferts

why farmers grow the crop◦Food or income◦It is easy to grow◦Matures fast◦Source of employment◦Medicinal values

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Grain Amaranth Research in KenyaConstraints to crop’s production

◦Unreliable rainfall◦Lack of awareness on crop husbandry and

utilization◦Lack of seed◦Lack of market◦Competition with other cereals◦Inadequate capital◦Pests and diseases

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Grain yields of 2.1 and 1.94 t/ha in 2008 and 2009 at N rates of 100kgN/ha (Wekesa 2010)

Intercropping with beans yields 64% more compared to maize/grain intercrop

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Amaranth Growing Under Farmers’ Conditions

Crop gazetted by gov via legal notice No. 287 of 19/7/91 in 1991

Poverty eradication Commission set aside Ksh 87 million(about US$ 1 million at today’s exchange rate)

Crop promotion : MoA, NGOs & churchesAbility to boost the CD4 cells in HIV/AIDS

patients and also help them cope with the side effects of ARVs

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Amaranth Growing Under Farmers’ Conditions

Western Kenya: grown in Lugari, Teso, Kisumu, Bondo and Rongo districts

Coast KenyaCentral Kenya NALEP assisted Lugari farmers to form CIG,

later to Lugari Amaranth Grain Association (302 members)

Association purchased a Ksh.4.3million (about US$ 50,000) equipment Via Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project but has not installed it.

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Gross Margin Analysis of Amaranth in Kenya


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Companies Involved in Amaranth Industry

Amaranth International Ltd-local and export market

Incas Health International Ltd African Amarantha LtdAmaranth Grain LtdAll Grain Company Kenya LtdMAP International

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Other Industrial UsesAmaranth has lipid compounds with a high degree of unsaturation

Cosmetic and personal care products

Collaborative research of Kenyan university students and other from Australia and USA

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Amaranth StakeholdersMinistry of Agriculture (MoA)Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

(KARI)Export Promotion Council (EPC)Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service

(KEPHIS)Pest Control Products Board (PCPB)Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS)Kenya Industry Research and

Development Institute (KIRDI)

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Amaranth StakeholdersUniversities and Colleges of AgricultureMinistry of Health (MoH)Ministry Environment and Natural

ResourcesMinistry of Water and IrrigationMinistry of Roads and Public Works

(MoR&PW)Local Authorities (City, Municipal, Town,

Urban and County Councils)

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Regional CooperationDr David Mwangi of Kenya introduced the

crop to Uganda through Pastor Samwel Waiswa with support from American fiend Richard Dugger

Feed broilers to market weight in 7 weeks where they attained 2.5 kg with no fat.

Used to feed dairy cows, layer chicken, goat and rabbits based

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Acknowledgements

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The EndThank you

Ahsante SanaWebale

Documents

Uganda Presentation.pptx