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PASSIVE VOICE

La voz pasiva se utiliza cuando queremos darle mayor importancia a la acción yno a quien la ha hecho.For example

Voz Activa: They made this car in 1963.Voz Pasiva: This car was made in 1963.

La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" (ser/estar) y el participiopasado del verbo.(Past Participle)

Subject + Verb To Be + Past ParticipleThe book was written by Susan(El libro fue escrito por Susan)

Voz Pasiva Presente: Se utiliza cuando el verbo de la oración activa estáen presente.Ejemplo:

Affirmative Form(active) She reads the newspaper(passive) The newspaper is read by her*

Negative Form(active) She doesn’t read the newspaper(passive) The newspaper isn’t read by her*

Voz Pasiva Pasada: Se utiliza cuando el verbo de la oración activa estáen pasado.Ejemplo:

Affirmative Form(active) They wrote a letter(passive) A letter was written by them*

Negative Form(active) They didn’t write a letter(passive) A letter wasn’t written by them*

*Remember: Cuando usamos en las oraciones pasivas los pronombres (I, you,she, he, it, we, they) tenemos que usar los Object Pronouns (me, you, her, him,its, us, them)

Ejemplo: The door was painted by us (we)


EXERCISES

I. Write ACTIVE or PASSIVE

1. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare ________________

2. Tom eats a lot of fruits and vegetables ________________

3. The house was sold last year ________________

4. Mike didn’t find his keys ________________

5. Susan and Marie are reading the newspaper ________________

6. He was drinking a coke yesterday afternoon ________________

7. Cartoons are watched by the children ________________

8. The horse is ridden by the boy ________________

9. The teacher is teaching the lesson ________________

10. The house was painted last summer ________________

II. Change the following sentences into passive voice

1. The cat climbs the tree.____________________________________

2. John wrote a letter.____________________________________

3. They don’t invite ten friends to the party.____________________________________

4. Paul and I build a new house.____________________________________

5. The police didn’t catch the thieves yesterday.____________________________________

6. The secretary answered the phone.____________________________________

7. Marie doesn’t make the cake.____________________________________

8. The students didn’t use the computers yesterday____________________________________


PAST CONTINUOUS

Se usa el pasado continuo (en inglés Past Continuous) para enfatizar que unaactividad estaba en progreso durante un período de tiempo. En la estructura dela oración afirmativa, se usa el pasado del verbo BE (WAS/ WERE) y el verboprincipal con la terminación ING de la siguiente forma:

(+)Affirmative Sentence:

Subject + WAS / WERE + VERB+ING + complement .

For example:

Little Ron was playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon. The children were playing in the playground yesterday afternoon.

(-)Negative Sentence:

Subject + WASN'T / WEREN'T + VERB+ING + complement .

For example:

Little Ron wasn't playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon. The children weren't playing in the playground yesterday afternoon.

(?) yes/no questions:

WAS/WERE + Subject + VERB+ING + complement

For example:

Was Little Ron playing in his playpen yesterday afternoon?- Yes, he was.

Were the children playing in the playground yesterday afternoon?-No, they weren't.

?WH questionsWH + WAS/WERE + Subject + VERB+ING + complement

For example:

What was little Ron playing yesterday afternoon? Where were the children playing yesterday afternoon?

PAST SIMPLE


Se usa el Pasado Simple (en inglés Simple Past) para hablar de eventos queiniciaron y se terminaron en el pasado.En la estructura de la oración afirmativa, los verbos principales se conjugan deforma directa. Los verbos regulares toman la terminación ED, mientras que losirregulares siguen su propia terminación. La estructura gramatical es de lasiguiente forma:

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE (+)

SUBJECT + VERB (IN THE PAST TENSE) + COMPLEMENT

For example:

Regular Verb Irregular Verb

Little Ron played soccer last saturday. / Little Ron broke my vase yesterday.

Regular verbs Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Simple Past Infinitive Simple Pastlike liked be was, wereplay played go wentcook cooked read readdance danced write wrotewatch watched have hadstudy studied sing sanglisten to listened to see saw

NEGATIVE SENTENCE (-)

SUBJECT + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT

For example:

Little Ron didn't play soccer last saturday. Little Ron did not break my vase yesterday.

YES/ NO QUESTIONS (?)

DID + SUBJECT + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT

For example:


Did Little Ron play soccer last saturday? Yes, he did. Did Little Ron break my vase yesterday? No, he didn't.

WH- QUESTIONS (WH- ?)

WH- + DID + SUBJECT + VERB INFINITIVE FORM + COMPLEMENT

For example:

What did Little Ron play last saturday? -He played soccer. Where did Little Ron play soccer last saturday? -He played soccer at the

park.

Simple Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense using When and While

En algunos casos, se puede usar tanto el pasado simple como el pasadocontinuo en una oración, mediante el uso de "while" y "when".Por lo regular, while se usa junto con la oración en pasado continuo, y when seusa junto con la oración en pasado simple.For example:

While I was talking to you yesterday, little Ron broke my favorite vase. I was talking to you yesterday, when little Ron broke my favorite vase.

El pasado continuo se refiere a una acción que estaba en progreso, mientras elpasado simple se refiere a otra acción que interrumpió la acción previa. Notecomo se forman las oraciones negativas e interrogativas en estos ejemplos.

-Did you see the new talk show on TV last night? -No, I didn't. I wasworking at that time.

-Daddy, what were you doing when I called you yesterday? - I wasworking on my computer

EXERCISES


I. Change in Past Simple these verbs

1.

Come: 6. Keep: 11.

Fly:

2.

Live: 7. Cry: 12.

Write:

3.

Have: 8. See: 13.

Study:

4.

Answer: 9. Stop: 14.

Read:

5.

Become 10.

Drive: 15.

Go:

II. Complete with Past Simple tense

1. My friends ________________ (not travel) to New York last summer.2. __________ Clara _________ (wait) for the bus yesterday?3. Students ______________ (study) for the English test last day.4. Peter ________________ (finish) his work.5. I ______________ (not live) in Brazil in 2005.6. __________ my mother __________ (clean) my bedroom?7. Thomas ______________ (not go) to the beach last summer.8. Sara ______________ (break) a window yesterday.9. We ______________ (talk) on the phone ten minutes.10.The president ______________ (fly) to London last month.

III. Complete with Past Continuous

1. I ________________ (drink) a milk at breakfast.2. Peter _______________ (write) an e-mail to the headmaster.3. The baby _________________ ( not cry) all night.4. The child _______________ (not watch) TV.5. Susan and Marie _________________ (play) volleyball yesterday.6. The dog ______________ (not eat) its food.7. ___________ the boy ____________ (play) pc games?8. ___________ they _____________ (read) “The Lord of the Rings”?9. Mary ______________ (run) in the competition.10.The students _______________ (practice) sports yesterday evening.

IV. Complete the sentences with Past Simple and Past Continuous

1. While I __________ (wash) the dishes, I __________ (break) a glass.2. I ___________ (drive) home when the accident __________ (happen)


3. My mother ___________ (sleep) when the telephone ________ (ring)4. While Paul _______ (talk) on the phone, John ______ (open) the door.5. We _________ (walk) on the park when the dog _____ (bit) her.

MODALS: MUST, HAVE TO, CAN, COULD, SHOULD,

a. Must - Have toSe usa "must" cuando el que habla decide si es necesario hacer una acción.For example: -We must clean the kitchen this weekend. - Yeah! We must. It is really

dirty.

Y se usa have to cuando alguien más o una circunstancia externa hacen queuna acción sea necesaria.

I just remember that I have to see Lily right now. - Yeah, right! But afterwashing up, man.

Recordemos que también se usa "must" para concluir que algo ha sucedido oque algo es verdad.

-I need a mug. There aren't any in the cupboard. -Well, there must beone in the sink,...but not a clean one.

Notemos que la forma negativa de "must" es: must not or mustn't y significaprohibición.

Para ver la forma negativa de have to, veamos lo siguiente:

You mustn't smoke in non-smoking areas

PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE: MUST /HAVE-HAS TOPRESENT NEGATIVE: MUST NOT –MUSTN’T /DON’T-DOESN’T HAVE TO

b. Can-Could

Con can y could expresamos habilidad, posibilidad y permiso..En términos generales se usa can para el presente y could para el pasado

CAN COULDPresent Past

____________________v

abilitypossibilitypermission


Let's see some examples:

Ability: Liz can play the piano very well.She could play the piano at the age of eight.

Possibility: -Could you go to the library yesterday? -No, I couldn't. Itwas too late.

-Can you go now? - Yes, I can.

Permission: -Well, Jenny. You can start exercising now. -Thank you,doctor.

-The doctor said I could start exercising. -Great! Let's meetat the gym at 7.

Es importante mencionar que cuando se pide permiso could es usado en elpresente con un mayor grado de formalidad.

Examples.

-Could I open the window, sir? -Certainly.

c. Should

Se puede decir que usamos should cuando nos referimos a:

PROBABILIDAD - OBLIGACION MORAL - CONSEJO (advice)

For example:

You should study for the test. It won't be easy. (Obligation) My grandparents are on the plane. They should be here by midday.

(Probability) You should see the doctor at least once a year (Advice)


EXERCISES

I. Complete these sentences with CAN / CAN’T/ COULD/COULDN’T + one of these verbs:

1. I’m afraid I ______________ to your party next week.2. When Tim was 16, he was a fast runner. He ____________ 100 metres

in 11 seconds.3. ‘Are you in a hurry?’ ‘No, I’ve got plenty of time. I ___________’.4. I was feeling sick yesterday. I ______________ anything.5. Can you speak up a bit? I _______________ you very well.6. ‘You look tired’ ‘Yes, I _________________ last night’

II. Complete these sentences with MUST or HAVE TO (in the correctforms). Sometimes it is possible to use either, sometimes only HAVE TOis possible.

1. It’s later than I thought. I ____________ go now.2. In Britain many children __________ wear uniform when they go to

school.3. When you come to London again, you __________come and see us.4. You really _______ work harder if you want to pass the examination.5. Julia wears glasses. She __________ wear glasses since she was very

young.6. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he _________ work at

weekends.

III. Complete these sentences with MUSTN’T or DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO.

1. I don’t want anyone to know. You __________ tell anyone.2. He __________ wear a suit to work but he usually does.3. I can stay in the bed tomorrow morning because I _________ go to work.4. Whatever you do, you ___________ touch that switch. It’s very dark.5. Don’t make so much noise. We ______________ wake the baby.6. Sue ____________get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.

IV. For each situation, write a sentence with SHOULD or SHOULDN’T +one of the following:

Come – Eat – Hear – Run – Sleep – Wait

Go away for a few days Go to bed so late Look for another jobPut some pictures on the wall Take a photograph Use her car so much


1. (Liz needs a change) She should go away for a few days.2. (My salary is very low) You ____________________________3. (Jack always has difficulty getting up) He ____________________________4. (What a beautiful view!) You ________________________________5. (Sue drives everywhere. She never walks) She _______________________6. ( Bill’s room isn’t very interesting) __________________________________


COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLEHOW MUCH, HOW MANY & QUANTIFIERS

A. Plural Nouns

Nos vamos a referir a las formas plurales.Todos sabemos que a la mayoria de los sustantivos en inglés se les agrega "s"para formar el plural:

Example:friends cinemasbooks daysapples boysdoors treesplans pictures

Sin embargo, hay algunos sustantivos que no siguen esa regla:

Example:person peoplechild childrentooth teethman menwoman womenmouse micesheep sheep

there are lots of sheep on this prairie. my feet are aching.

B. Countable Nouns

Para los sustantivos contables utilizamos las siguientes expresiones

"MANY" (muchos) se usa para preguntas y oraciones afirmativas ynegativas.

Example: How many cars are there in the parking lot? -There are 5 cars. I have many friends in my English class. I don't have many teachers at school. Only two.


"FEW"

--I see A FEW cars.-Are there MANY TREES in the park?-Yes, SOME-How MANY STARS can we see at night?-we can see LOTS OF stars.

QUANTITY

A few ]]]]]]]]Some ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Many ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Lots of/ A lot of]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Remember that words like trees, cars, and houses are COUNTABLE.

C. Uncountable NounsAhora veremos el uso de MUCH y las expresiones de cantidad para lossustantivos no contables (Uncountable nouns).

Por ejemplo: How much CHEESE do you buy?Just A LITTLE. Do you eat meat?

Yes SOMEHow much MONEY would you like to receive if you won the lottery?I don't know I'd like to win A LOT OF MONEY.

QUANTITY

A Little ]]]]]]]]]]]Some ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Much ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Lots of/ A lot of]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

Remember that words like paper, light, cheese, and water areUNCOUNTABLE.


EXERCISESHOW MUCH AND HOW MANY

I. In some of these sentences “much” and “many” is incorrect.Correct where necessary

a. We didn’t spend many money

___________________________

b. Sue drinks tea

___________________________

c. Tom has much friends

___________________________

d. Richard and Anna don’t go out much

___________________________

e. There are many kids in the yard

___________________________

f. I haven’t seen Dan much recently

___________________________

g. I have many things to do today

___________________________

II. Pick one of the words below and complete the sentences using “a

few” and “a little”

sugar – money – friends – furniture – people – time – toys

a. We have a ____________________________to finish writing the report

b. I had ________________________________so I only bought 2 pairs of

shoes

c. I invited ______________________________to my birthday party

d. Add _________________________________to the cake

e. I saw ________________________________people on the streets

f. There are ____________________________on the shelf

g. We bought ___________________________for the living room


III. Complete the sentences using much, many, a few, a little (one word

only)

a. She is very popular. She has ___________________friends

b. Let's go for a coffee, we have __________________before we the train

leaves

c. _________________________people drive too fast

d. I went to the beach _________________________ago

e. She spoke _________________________________English

f. We didn’t watch ____________________________T.V. last night

g. We only have _______________________________money to spend

today

SOME AND ANY

I. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence

a. There isn't some / any sugar in the pot

b. Could you buy any / some cheese for the lasagna?

c. Sorry Mike, I don’t have any / some money now

d. Would you like some / any orange juice?

e. I don’t need any / some help

f. There are some / any kids playing in the yard

g. It was a beautiful day, but I didn’t see some / any one in the park

II. Complete each sentence with some or any

a. I need ___________new shoes

b. She didn’t read ___________book this summer

c. Celia and Miguel wrote __________letters to their friends in Argentina

d. “Could you lend me 10 dollars?” “Sorry, but I don't have _________ now”

e. Diego picked _________flowers for his girlfriend

f. I want to make a cake, but there isn't ___________flour

g. “What are you doing tonight?” “I'm inviting __________friends for dinner”


III. Match the sentences in A with those in B

A B

a. Do you have…? _____ some questions to the witnesses

b. The police has asked … _____ some money?

c. We didn't buy... _____ any food in the fridge?

d. Can you give me…? _____ some friends

e. I don't have ... _____ any money here

f. Is there…? _____ some advice?

g. Tonight, I’m going out with… _____ any fruit in the supermarket


ZERO CONDITIONAL

“Zero Conditional” es usado para referirnos al efecto (negativo o positivo) deuna causa (acción, evento, estado).

Generalmente, “zero conditional” posee ambos verbos en presente simple

Ejemplo:

If you are tired, take a rest

(Si estás cansado, toma un descanso)

“Zero Conditional” al igual que el resto de los condicionales, requiere del “ifconditional” (si condicional) y éste puede ir tanto al principio de la oración comoen el medio de ésta.

Ejemplos

If It is raining, take an umbrella with you(Si está lloviendo, lleva un paraguas contigo)

Take an umbrella with you if it is raining(Lleva un paraguas contigo si está lloviendo)

“Zero Conditional” es usado de la siguiente manera:

(Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Verb (Simple Present)

Ejemplo

If you feel sick, take an aspirin(Si te sientes enfermo, tómate una aspirina)

(Negative Sentences): If + (Don’t / Doesn’t / Isn’t / Aren’t) + Verb + (Don’t /Doesn’t / Isn’t / Aren’t) + Verb

Ejemplo

If you aren’t sure, ask the teacher(Si no estás seguro, pregúntale al profesor)


EXERCISES

I. Match the sentences in column A with those in column B

A B

1. If you feel tired … ____ the roof is leaking

2. Go to the doctor if … ____ take a rest

3. If it’s raining … ____ take a bus

4. Call her later if … ____ if you feel sick

5. If you go to the supermarket … ____ wear a raincoat

6. Call the handy man if … ____ she doesn’t answer the phone

7. If your car doesn’t work … ____ bring some cheese

II. Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses ( )

1. If you ________________(be) hungry, ________________(eat) some

fruits

2. ______________(call) Brenda if you ___________(need) more

information

3. If Alicia ______________(go) to the party, I ___________(go), too

4. ________________(take) the subway if the streets ___________(be)

crowded

5. If the music ___________(be) too loud, ___________(turn down) the

volume

6. ____________(open) the windows if it _____________(be) too hot in

here

7. ____________(go) to bed early if you ______________(be) sleepy


III. Translate the following sentences into Spanish

1. Take an aspirin if you have a headache

__________________________________________________________

2. Repair the computer if it is not working

__________________________________________________________

3. Watch T.V. if you are bored

__________________________________________________________

4. Have some water if you are thirsty

__________________________________________________________

5. Don’t go to the mountain if it is snowing

__________________________________________________________

6. Put on your glasses if you don’t see well

__________________________________________________________

7. Take a break if you are stressed

__________________________________________________________


FIRST CONDITIONAL

“FIRST CONDITIONAL” es usado para referirnos a causas (acciones, eventos yestados) en el presente que tienen consecuencias y/o efectos (positivos onegativos) en el futuro

Ejemplos

If you don’t study, you will not pass the course(Si tú no estudias, no pasarás de curso)

You will need a visa if you travel abroad(Tú necesitarás una visa si viajas a otro país)

I will go to the party if you invite me(Yo iré a la fiesta si tú me invitas)

Generalmente, “First Conditional” posee un verbo en presente simple (la causa)mientras que el efecto o consecuencia se expresa con el verbo en futuro (will +verbo)

Ejemplo

If you travel around, you will need a visa(Simple Present) (Future)

“First Conditional” es usado de la siguiente manera:

(Affirmative Sentences): If + Verb (Simple Present) + Will + Verb

Ejemplo

If you study, you will pass the exam

(Negative Sentences): If + (don’t / doesn’t / isn’t / aren’t) + Will + (not) + Verb

Ejemplo

If I don’t study, you will not pass the exam


EXERCISES

I. Re-write the following sentences and put them in the correct order

Example

you / will / exam / the/ pass / if / study / you

If you study, you will pass the exam

1. she / won’t / if / you / invite / don’t / her / come

_________________________________________________________

2. get / will / sick / don’t / you / if / you / take care

__________________________________________________________

3. won’t / work / sick / if / he / is / he

__________________________________________________________

4. cloudy / if / is / it / rain / it / will

__________________________________________________________

5. buy / will / I / a new T.V. / this / if / doesn’t / work

__________________________________________________________

6. She / repair / the roof / won’t / if / doesn’t / she / have / money

__________________________________________________________

7. I / go / will / he / calls / me / if

__________________________________________________________


II. Match the sentences in A with those in B

A B

1. I will study if… ____ she buys the tickets

2. Mary will visit her parents if … ____ they will be tired tomorrow

3. If they don’t sleep now… ____ it gets cloudy

4. It will rain if… ____ you work very hard

5. If you break a mirror… ____ you can go to the party

6. You will be successful if … ____ you help me

7. If you behave well … ____ you will seven years of bad luck


PRESENT PERFECT

Qué es el Presente Perfecto?

El Presente Perfecto es usado para referirnos a una acción, evento o estadoque comenzó en un punto inespecífico en el pasado y que continua hasta elpresente o bien ha finalizado recientemente.

Ejemplo

I have lived in Santiago for 20 years(Yo he vivido en Santiago por 20 años)

En simples palabras, “yo” ha vivido hace 20 años en Santiago. Sin embargo, nose menciona desde cuando exactamente. Además, la oración indica que hata elmomento, "yo" sigue viviendo en la misma ciudad.

Uso del Presente Perfecto

Formamos el Presente Perfecto con:

El verbo "Have" que actúa como verbo auxiliar

Have: I, You, We, TheyHas : He, She, It

Ejemplo

I have just done my homework

She has already finished her report

Mientras que el Verbo Principal debe estar en su forma Participia (3eracolumna de de la lista de verbos irregulares y -ed para aquellos que sonregulares)

Ejemplo

I have just done my homework(Yo he terminado mi tarea recién)

Affirmative Sentences:

Have / has + Past Participle formEjemplo: We have gone to the beach two times this month


Negative Sentences:Ejemplo: We haven’t gone to the beach this month

Questions:Ejemplo: Have you gone to the beach this month? Yes, I have // No, I haven’t

Uso de Just, Already, Yet, Since, and For

1. “Just” : Recién / Recientemente / un momento atrásEjemplo: They have just left the classroom (ellos han dejado la sala declases hace un momento atrás)

2. “already”: Antes de lo esperadoEjemplo: Rose has already her homework (Rose ya ha terminado su tareaantes de lo esperado)

3. “Yet”: Todavíac (sólo en oraciones negativas a interrogativas)Ejemplo: Daisy and Tom haven't arrived yet (Daisy y Tom no han llegadotodavía)

4: “Since”: Desde (lo usamos para indicar una fecha específica)Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago since March, 1998 (Yo he vivido enSantiago desde Marzo de 1998)

4. “For”: Desde (lo usamos para indicar un periodo de tiempo general)Ejemplo: I have lived in Santiago for 15 years (Yo he vivido en Santiago por

15 años) Nótese que no se mencionan fechas específicas como en la oraciónanterior


EXERCISES

I. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb inparentheses

a. I have _____________(write) a letter to my friend in Colombia

b. She has _________________(do) the shopping today

c. We haven’t ______________(pay) the electric bills yet

d. Tom has _________________(study) mathematica all day long

e. “Is Isabel here?” "No, she has just ________________(leave)

f. The flight has already _____________________(arrive)

g. Dan hasn't ________________(go) to bed yet

II. Circle the correct answer to complete each sentence

a. Richard has / have gone to the supermarket this morning

b. Anne haven't / hasn't written the paper yet

c. The teachers have / has worked hard all this year

d. Charlie has / have bought a new car this month

e. The kids haven’t / hasn’t cleaned up the bedroom

f. “Have / has you seen Gloria these days?” “No, I haven’t / hasn’t”

g. We have / has taken a lot of pictures today

III. Complete these sentences using just, already, yet, since and for

a. The mailman hasn't come ____________

b. I have ____________spoken to your sister

c. “Has Mario bought a car?” No, He hasn’t _______________

d. Rita has worked in the company _______________April 2000

e. They have __________________eaten breakfast

f. Sarah has ___________________got out of the hospital

g. My parents have been married _________________30 years

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Tronwell Dossier 3ros