FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR DISASTER, JAPAN

PREPARED BY:NUR HIDAYAH BT SANIP2012814992SITI NURSHAHIRA BT AZIMAN2012413582NOOR FARAHANIS BT ILIAS2012804768SUDINI BT ABDUL KAHAR2012484556

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTSPAGE

WHAT? : Fukushima Daiichi Power Station, Japan2

WHERE? : Fukushima, Japan 2

WHY? :The 2011 Thoku Earthquake and Tsunami 3

HOW? :Giant tsunami with waves peaking5

WHEN? : 11th March 20116

WHO? :Japanese, plant workers and residences7

EFFECT OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS9

PRECAUTIONS STEPS10

REFERENCES11

APPENDICES12

What? : Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, JapanAn explosion in reactor No. 1 caused one of the buildings to crumble to the ground. The cooling system at the reactor failed shortly after the earthquake and tsunami hit Japan. By Tuesday, March 15, two more explosions and a fire had officials and workers at the plant struggling to regain control of four reactors. The fire, which happened at reactor No. 4, was contained by noon on Tuesday, but not before the incident released radioactivity directly into the atmosphere. The catastrophic triple meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in March 2011 was "a warning to the world" about the hazards of nuclear power and contained lessons for the British government as it plans a new generation of nuclear power stations, the man with overall responsibility for the operation in Japan has told the Guardian.Where? : Fukushima, JapanThis disaster happened in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant which located at the Fukushima, Japan. Fukushima nuclear power plant divided into two plants, Daiichi and Daini. The Daiichi (first) and Daini (second). Fukushima plants are sited about 11 km apart on the coast, Daini to the south. Figure 1 showed the map for location of Fukushima Daiichi.

Figure 1: Location of Fukushima

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant consists of 6 reactors. During the accident reactor 4,5 and 6 were not operating at the time, but were affected. The main problem initially centred on Fukushima Daiichi units 1-3. Unit 4 became a problem on day five. Reactor 1 was damaged due to tsunami effect. Figure 2 showed Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that had been damaged.

Figure 2: Fukushima Daiichi plant

Why? : The 2011 Thoku Earthquake and TsunamiOn 11 March 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred in the international waters of the western Pacific and induced a huge tsunami. These natural disasters hit the northeastern part of Japan and caused heavy casualties, enormous property losses, and a severe nuclear crisis with regional and global long-term impact. On April 1, the Japanese government officially named the disaster The 2011 Thoku Earthquake and Tsunami. The main earthquake disaster hit Japan at 14:46 Tokyo time on 11 March 2011. The epicenter was estimated at 38.322N and 142.369E (Figure 1), merely 77 km (47.9 miles) off the eastern coast of Japans Honshu island, 129 km from Sendai, 177 km from Fukushima, and 373 km from Tokyo. The hypocenter was at an underwater depth of 32 km (19.9 miles). According to the Japan Meteorological Agency (2011), the magnitude estimate of this quake was initially 7.9, then revised to 8.4, 8.8, 8.9, back to 8.8, and finally set at 9.0. The data released by the United States Geological Survey was 8.8, but revised to 8.9 the same day. On March 14, it was finally set at 9.0. This 9.0 magnitude earthquake is the third highest ever recorded in the world, after the 9.5 magnitude quake that hit Chile in1960 and the 9.2 magnitude quake that hit Alaska in 1964. A number of foreshocks and aftershocks occurred before and after the main quake. Several thousand quakes were recorded by April 11. Relatively severe foreshocks and aftershocks included a magnitude 7.2 foreshock on March 9, and magnitude 7.0, 7.4, and 7.2 aftershocks at 15:06 Japan Standard Time (JST), 15:15 JST, and 15:26 JST on March 11. On April 7 and 11, magnitude 7.4 (revised to 7.1) and 7.1 aftershocks occurred. The main quake triggered a massive, destructive tsunami. It reached the eastern coast of Honshu, Japan within a couple of minutes after the quake, and spilled into the interior to a maximum distance of 10 km. It was estimated that the tsunami wave was up to 38 m high (Kyodo News 2011), while field observation suggested that the record was 24 m, according to the figure released by the Port and Airport Research Institute (2011) on March 23. Based on the analysis of the Japan Meteorological Research Institute (JMRI 2011), the wave source zone of the tsunami covered about 550 km from north to south and about 200 km from east to west, setting a record for the most extensive wave source zone around the Japan Sea. Retrieved from Okado et.al,2011,The 2011 Eastern Japan Great Earthquake Disaster: Overview and Comments.Among hundreds of aftershocks, an earthquake with magnitude 7.1, closer to Fukushima than the 11 March one, was experienced on 7 April, but without further damage to the plant. On 11 April a magnitude 7.1 earthquake and on 12 April a magnitude 6.3 earthquake, both with epicenter at Fukushima-Hamadori, caused no further problems. It appears that no serious damage was done to the reactors by the earthquake, and the operating units 1-3 were automatically shut down in response to it, as designed. At the same time all six external power supply sources were lost due to earthquake damage, so the emergency diesel generators located in the basements of the turbine buildings started up. Initially cooling would have been maintained through the main steam circuit bypassing the turbine and going through the condensers.Then 41 minutes later the first tsunami wave hit, followed by a second 8 minutes later. These submerged and damaged the seawater pumps for both the main condenser circuits and the auxiliary cooling circuits, notably the Residual Heat Removal (RHR) cooling system. They also drowned the diesel generators and inundated the electrical switchgear and batteries, all located in the basements of the turbine buildings (the one surviving air-cooled generator was serving units 5 & 6). So there was a station blackout, and the reactors were isolated from their ultimate heat sink. The tsunamis also damaged and obstructed roads, making outside access difficult.All this put those reactors 1-3 in a dire situation and led the authorities to order, and subsequently extend, an evacuation while engineers worked to restore power and cooling. The 125-volt DC batteries for units 1 & 2 were flooded and failed, leaving them without instrumentation, control or lighting. Unit 3 had battery power for about 30 hours. At 7.03 pm Friday 11 March a Nuclear Emergency was declared, and at 8.50pm the Fukushima Prefecture issued an evacuation order for people within 2 km of the plant. At 9.23 pm the Prime Minister extended this to 3 km, and at 5.44 am on 12th he extended it to 10 km. He visited the plant soon after. On Saturday 12th he extended the evacuation zone to 20 km.

How? : Giant tsunami with waves peaking at 17 metres highTepco's Fukushima Daiichi facility on the coast about 124 miles (200km) north-east of Tokyo, comprising six nuclear reactors, was hit by a giant tsunami with waves peaking at 17 metres high caused by the Great East Japan earthquake on 11 March 2011. In what quickly became one of the world's worst nuclear disasters, operators lost control of the plant when the power supply, including emergency back-up, failed amid massive flooding. As cooling systems malfunctioned, reactors 1, 2 and 3 suffered meltdowns.A new attenuation relation for peak horizontal acceleration applicable to the near source region in Japan is developed. The data base consists of 1372 horizontal components of peak ground acceleration from 28 earthquakes in Japan and 15 earthquakes in the United States and other countries. Coefficients describing the decrease in acceleration with increasing distance found by most previous studies of Japanese data are significantly smaller than those found by analyzing individual earthquakes. This phenomenon is examined and found to result from use of general no stratified multiple regression analyses. The present analysis uses a two-step stratified regression procedure and an attenuation model that accounts for geometrical spreading and anelastic attenuation but has magnitude-independent shape at very short distances. The resulting relation in Japan is

where A is the mean of the peak acceleration from two horizontal components at each site (cm/sec2), R the shortest distance between site and fault rupture (km), and M the surface-wave magnitude. The median estimate of peak horizontal acceleration at the source region is 620 cm/sec2, independent of earthquake magnitude. Effects of four different ground condition (rock, hard-, medium- and soft-soils) on the attenuation relation are also examined. Average peak horizontal accelerations for the rock and the soft-soil sites are 60 and 140 per cent respectively of the value predicted from the equation.

When? : 11th March 2011As we know that Jepun had nuclear reactor energy. On 11th March 2011, following a major earthquake, a 15-m3tre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causes the three cores largely melted in the first three days. The accident was rated on the Ines scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6 eventually a total of some 940. After two weeks the three reactors were stable with water addition but no proper heat sink for removal of decay heat from fuel. BY July they were being cooled with recycled water from the new treatment plant. Reactor temperatures had fallen to below 800 C at the end of October, and official cold shutdown condition was announced in mid-December. Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to prevent release of radiaoactive materials, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units. This task became newsworthy in Augusty 2013. The Great East Japan Earthquake of magnitude 9.0 at 2.46 pm on Friday 11 march 2011 did considerable damage in the region, and the large tsunami it created caused very much more. Eleven reactors at four nuclear power plants in the region were operating at the time and all shut down automatically quake hit. Subsequent inspection showed no significant to any from the earthquake. The operating units were Tokyo Electric Power Plant Companys (Tepco) Fukushima Daichii 1,2 3 and Fukushima Daichii 1,2, 3, 4 to Onagawa 1,2,3 and Japcos Tokai, total 9377 MWe.

Who? : Japanese, plant workers and residencesThere have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident, but over 100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes to ensure this. Government nervousness delays their return. By 31 December 2011, Tepco had checked the radiation exposure of 19,594 people who had worked on the site since 11 March, for many of these considering both external dose and internal doses (measured with whole-body counters). It reported that 167 workers had received doses over 100 mSv (mili Sievert). Of these 135 had received 100 to 150 mSv (mili Sievert), 23 150-200 mSv(mili Sievert), three more 200-250 mSv, and six had received over 250 mSv (309 to 678 mSv) apparently due to inhaling iodine-131 fume early on. The latter included the two unit 3-4 control room operators in the first two days who had not been wearing breathing apparatus. There were up to 200 workers on site each day. Recovery workers are wearing personal monitors, with breathing apparatus and protective clothing which protect against alpha and beta radiation. So far over 3500 of some 3700 workers at the damaged Daiichi plant have received internal check-ups for radiation exposure, giving whole body count estimates. The level of 250 mSv was the allowable maximum short-term dose for Fukushima accident clean-up workers through to December 2011, 500 mSv is the international allowable short-term dose "for emergency workers taking life-saving actions". Since January 2012 the allowable maximum has reverted to 50 mSv/year. No radiation casualties (acute radiation syndrome) occurred, and few other injuries, though higher than normal doses were being accumulated by several hundred workers on site. Monitoring of seawater, soil and atmosphere is at 25 locations on the plant site, 12 locations on the boundary, and others further afield.The Government and IAEA monitoring of air and seawater is ongoing, with high but not health-threatening levels of iodine-131 being found in March. With an eight-day half-life, most I-131 had gone by the end of April 2011. A radiation survey map of the site made in March 2013 revealed substantial progress: the highest dose rate of the site was 0.15 mSv/h near units 3 and 4. The majority of the power plant area was at less than 0.01 mSv/h. Media reports have referred to "nuclear gypsies" that is casual workers employed by subcontractors on a short-term basis, and allegedly prone to receiving higher and unsupervised radiation doses.

This transient workforce has been part of the nuclear scene for at least four decades, and at Fukushima, their doses are very rigorously monitored. If they reach certain levels, such as 30 mSv but varying according to circumstance, they are reassigned to lower-exposure areas. In this figure below we can see the evacuation area of Fukushima Daichi power plant that involves the workers.

Figure 3: The evolutions of evacuation area around Fukushima

Effect of nuclear radiationPopulation of Japanese 1. Japanese had to move to another area.2. Populations living around the Fukushima nuclear power plant are 70% higher relative risk of developing thyroid cancer for females.3. The Japanese has higher relative of risk of leukemia in males which is at 7%.4. Females have higher relative risk of breast cancer which is at 6%.5. Increase of developing cancers, as the lifetime absolute baseline chance of developing thyroid cancer in females is 0.75%.6. Radiation-induced cancerchance predicted to increase from 0.75% to 1.25%.Economy of Japan 1. Direct production damages on crops and livestock products due to the radiation Contamination.2. The government sale bans farmers from a large territory had to dump millions of liters of milk, and tons of ripe vegetables and fruits.3. Decreased income due to production and/or shipment restrictions and low market demands for local products and services.4. Government restricted planting of rice and other crops in soil with more than 5,000 Bq/kg of cesium.5. Ban or delays of shipment of beef and other major produces.6. Declined consumer demands, reduction in the number of local population (evacuation and/or outmigration) and tourists, and harmful humors many farmers and business lost significant markets and income after the accident.7. Popular agriculture and rural tourism and other related businesses and services in affected areas have been badly damaged after the disaster.8. Increased production, transportation and transaction costs in the agri-food chain.Environment 1. Air dose rate decreased gradually. Currently it reaches a steady rate after the accident in all measuring points.2. Relatively high level of radiation has been monitored in the area north east of of radiation has been monitored.3. The Government decided to introduce was originally designated as no-entry zone or evacuation area into 3 categories by ambient radioactivity. These 3 categories are Preparatory area for lifting evacuation order, Residency restriction area and Difficult to return area. As of June 21, the order of no-entry for Kawauchi village, Tam Minamisoma city was lifted in time of revising praedial classification in terms of evacuation and residency restriction.4. The river at the Japan,MOE has been checking regularly radiation in rivers in Fukushima since 2011. The result of analysis of sand and mud samples taken from rivers reveals trend toward an increase in level of radioactive Cesium in river bed at many spots. MOE who think that highly contaminated Soil would have flown out by rain decided to continue this monitoring

Precautions1. Nuclear power plants in Japan have multiple safety measures, which are designed on the assumption that they must ensure the safety of the neighboring communities so that there will be no adverse impacts on their health.

2. Nuclear power plants are designed to prevent abnormal incidents from occurring. Even if abnormal incidents do occur, nuclear plants are also designed to prevent the potential spreading of abnormal incidents and leakage of radioactive materials around plants, which may cause adverse impacts on the surrounding environment.

3. Japanese power plants utilize redundant safety measures to keep residential communities around them safe at all times. Measures to be put into action in order to ensure safety during unusual events can be summarized in the following three points: To shut down operating reactors To cool down reactors so as to remove heat from nuclear fuel To contain radioactive materials

REFERENCES1. YOSHIMITSU FUKUSHIMA and TEIJI TANAKA, 1990, by the Seismological Society of America. Retrieved: http://www.bssaonline.org/content/80/4/757.short

2. Fukushima Accident, November 2013, http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/.

3. Safety measure at nuclear power plant, Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan, http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/nuclear/power_generation/safety_measures/

4. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/

5. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/19/uk-government-new-plant-fukushima-nuclear-disaster-warning

6. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/15/world/asia/daiichi-graphic.html?_r=1&

7. http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/10/29/five-alarming-developments-fukushima-daiichi-151990

APPENDIXS

Figure 4: Official checked for sign of radiations

Figure 5: view of power plant Fukushima

Figure 6: Fukushima Daiichi Reactor

Figure 7: Amount of element release during accident of Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant

Figure 8: The Fukushima Site

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