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TRANSPORT PHENOMENA DATA COMPANION L.P.B.M. Janssen M.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

Transport Phenomena Data Companion

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Transport Phenomena Data CompanionMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersedover the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcingthe user to perform tedious conversions before a 'quick' calculation can bestarted. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, accordingto their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and relatedsubjects. Since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calcultions isfacilitated.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and givesinformation varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermo-couples and pH ranges of indicators. The second part consists of frequentlyused mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, also aselection of vectorial and tensorial calculus, relevant to hydrodynamics andelementary rheology, has been included.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematicarrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy readingand accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are presented. Special attention hasbeen given to the most common materials: air and water, but also frequentlyused materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others.

Published by VSSD

URL on this book: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm

ISBN-10 90-71301-59-1ISBN-13 978-90-71301-59-9

c017

TRANSPORT PHENOMENADATA COMPANION

L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

TR

AN

SP

OR

T P

HE

NO

ME

NA

DA

TA

CO

MP

AN

ION

L.P.B

.M. Janssen

M.M

.C.G

. Warm

oeskerken

VSSD

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1

TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA

DATA COMPANION

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Inhoud 3

TRANSPORTPHENOMENADATA COMPANION

L.P.B.M. Janssen

professor at the Department ofChemical Engineering ofGroningen University

M.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

professor at the Faculty ofScience and Technology�of theUniversity of Twente

VSSD

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4 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

© VSSD

First edition 1987

Third edition 1997, 2001, 2006

Published by:

VSSD

Leeghwaterstraat 42, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands

tel. +31 15 27 82124, telefax +31 15 27 87585, e-mail: [email protected]

internet: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf

URL on this and related books: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written

permission of the publisher.

Printed in The Netherlands

ISBN 90-71301-59-1

NUR 952

Keywords: transport phenomena

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5

PrefaceMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersed over the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcing the user to perform tedious conversions before a ‘quick’ calculation can be started. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, according to their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and related subjects and, since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calculations is facilitated.This book is of course no substitute for a complete literature survey and no compendium on all data available in literature. On many occasions a selection had to be made from a multitude of expressions. For instance, for the mass transfer to bubbles, drops and particles, dozens of correlations are available. In those cases the most general correlation or the expression most commonly used has been chosen.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and gives information varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermocouples and pH ranges of indicators.The second part consists of frequently used mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, a selection of vectorial and tensorial calculus relevant to hydro-dynamics and elementary rheology has been added.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematic arrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy reading and accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are given. Special attention has been paid to the most commonly used materials: air and water, but also frequently used materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others are included.For easy access to the data an extensive index is very important, so, special attention has been given to make the index as complete as possible.We hope this book will be useful for all those involved in transport phenomena, students, scientists as well as engineers, and we are grateful to everybody who has contributed to improve this companion by suggestions and criticism. Any further suggestions and amendments will be gratefully received.

Groningen and Delft,

L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

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7Inhoud 7

Contents

MISCELLANEOUS 11

Greek Alphabet 12

S.I. Prefixes 12

Periodic Table 13

Mathematical Constants 14

Standard S.I. Units 14

Derived S.I. Units 14

Physical Constants 15

Conversion Factors 16

Temperature Scales 18

Approximations for Physical Properties 19

Therrnocouples 20

pH Range of Acid Base Indicators 24

MATHEMATICS 25

Volume and Surface of Some Bodies 26

Integrals 29

Elementary Differential Equations 37

Approximations for Bessel Functions 39

The Error Function 42

Laplace Transforms 43

Properties 43

Frequently used Laplace transforms 45

Vectors and Tensors 47

Differentiation in Vector and Tensor Notation 49

Linear Regression 52

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 53

Concentration Notation 54

Microscopic Balances in General Form 55

Bernoulli Equations 58

Balances for Idealised Materials 59

Frequently Occurring Flow Fields in Tensor Notation 62

Rheological Models 63

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8 Transport Phenomena Data Companion8 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

Pressure – Throughput Characteristics for the Flow of Liquids

Through a Straight Round Tube 65

Residence Time Distribution 66

Quantities and Their Dimensions 68

Alphabetical List of Dimensionless Numbers 70

Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations 75

Analogies between Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer 78

Drag Coefficient Cw for Flow around Obstacles 79

Richardson-Zaki equation 80

Friction coefficient Cw of packed beds as a function of Reh 80

Drag coefficients for flow around spheres, cylinders and

disks 81

Friction Coefficient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems 82

Friction factor for flow in tubes 84

Hydraulic diameters 86

The power number Po of impellers as a function of Re 87

Humidity Diagrams for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric

Pressure 88

Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer 90

Shapes of Free Rising Bubbles or Drops in Newtonian Liquids 93

Rising Velocity of Air Bubbles in Water 94

Rising Velocity or Fall Velocity of Drops in Liquids of Low

Viscosity 95

Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes 96

Two Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid through Vertical Tubes 98

Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle 99

Heat and Mass Transfer for Flow around Spheres 100

MATERIAL PROPERTIES 101

Water 102

The Prandtl number 103

Thermal diffusion coefficient 103

Heat of vaporization 104

Cubic expansion coefficient 103

Dielectrical constant 105

Surface tension 105

Electrical conductivity 105

Density 106

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9Inhoud 9

Vapor pressure 107

Thermal conductivity coefficient 107

Dynamic viscosity 108

Specific heat 109

Compressibility 110

Refractive index 110

Velocity of sound 111

Properties of water and steam above 100 °C 111

Physical Properties of Ice 112

Air 113

Composition of air 113

The Prandtl number 113

Thermal diffusion coefficient 114

Density 114

Dynamic viscosity 115

Thermal conductivity coefficient 115

Specific heat 116

Ratio of specific heats 116

Sound velocity 116

Physical Properties of Some Materials 117

Density, specific heat and heat conductivity coefficient 117

Heat of combustion of some fuels 117

Properties of natural gas 118

Melting point and heat of melting of some materials 118

Properties of some liquids 119

Properties of some gases 120

Physical properties of some metals 121

Absorption coefficient a of various surfaces for heat

radiation 121

Electrical conductivity of some aqueous solutions 122

Cubic coefficient of expansion of some liquids 123

Eutectic temperature of freezing mixtures with snow or ice 123

Properties of some plastics 124

Refractive index of aqueous solutions at 20 °C 126

Properties of foods 127

Viscosities of foods 128

Compressibility of Gases 129

Contents

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10 Transport Phenomena Data Companion10 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

Critical constants, boiling point and molecular weight of

various substances 130

Solubility Table 131

Solubility Parameters 134

Liquified gases at 90 K 134

Liquid solvents at 25 °C 134

Amorphous polymers near 25 °C 134

Diffusion Coefficients 135

Diffusion coefficients of gases in water 135

Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapours in air 135

Diffusion coefficients of ions in water at very low

concentrations 136

Henry's Law 137

Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in water 137

Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in ionic

solutions 138

Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons 139

Dynamic Viscosity 144

Dynamic viscosity of ethanol-water solutions 144

Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions 146

Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions as a function

of temperature at different weight percentages of glycerol 147

Dynamic viscosity of cane sugar dissolved in water as a

function of temperature at different weight percentages of

cane sugar 148

Dynamic viscosity of PVP (type K.90) dissolved in tap

water at 20 °C 149

Dynamic viscosity of some gases as a function of

temperature at atmospheric pressure 150

Surface Tension 151

Surface tension of some inorganic substances in water

against air 151

Surface tension against air and interfacial tension against

water of some organic liquids 152

Surface tension against air of some water-organic liquid

solutions 153

INDEX 154

11

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11

Mis

cella

neou

s

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12 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Greek Alphabet • S.I. Prexes

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13Periodic Table

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Mathematical Constants • Standard S.I. Units • Derived S.I. Units14 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

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15Physical Constants

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16 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Conversion Factors

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17Conversion Factors (continued)

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18 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionConversion Factors (continued) •

Temperature Scales

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19Approximations for Physical Constants of Water and Air

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20 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples

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21Thermocouples (continued)

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22 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples (continued)

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23Thermocouples (continued)

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24 Transport Phenomena Data Companion pH Range of Acid Base Indicators

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Mat

hem

atic

s

25

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26 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies

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27Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (continued)

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28 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (cont.)

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29Integrals

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30 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)

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31Integrals (continued)

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32 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)

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33Integrals (continued)

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34 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)

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35Integrals (continued)

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36 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)

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37Elementary Differential Equations

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38 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Elementary Differential Equations

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39Approximations for Bessel Functions

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40 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Approximations for Bessel Functions

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41Approximations for Bessel Functions

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42 Transport Phenomena Data Companion The Error Function

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43Laplace Transforms

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44 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Laplace Transforms

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45Laplace Transforms

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46 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Laplace Transforms

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47Vectors and Tensors

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48 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Vectors and Tensors (continued)

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49Vectors and Tensors (continued)

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50 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Vectors and Tensors (continued)

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51Vectors and Tensors (continued)

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52 Transport Phenomena Data Companion 53Linear Regression

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Tra

nspo

rt

Phe

nom

ena

53

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54 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Concentration Notation

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55Microscopic Balances in General Form

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56 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Microscopic Balances in General Form (cont.)

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57Microscopic Balances in General Form (cont.)

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58 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Bernoulli Equations

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59Balances for Idealised Materials

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60 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Balances for Idealised Materials (cont.)

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61en

ergy

bal

ance

for N

ewto

nian

flui

ds w

ith c

onst

ant d

ensit

y an

d co

nsta

nt h

eat c

ondu

ctiv

ityBalances for Idealised Materials (cont.)

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62 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFrequently Occurring Flow

Fields in Tensor Notation

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63Rheological Models

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64 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Rheological Models (continued)

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Pressure-Throughput Characteristics for Laminar Flow of Liquids in a Straight Round Tube 65

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66 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Residence Time Distribution

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67Residence Time Distribution (continued)

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68 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Quantities and their Dimensions

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69Quantities and their Dimensions (continued)

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70 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionA

lpha

betic

al L

ist o

f Dim

ensio

nles

s Num

bers

Dimensionless Numbers

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71Dimensionless Numbers (continued)

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72 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dimensionless Numbers (continued)

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73Dimensionless Numbers (continued)

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74 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dimensionless Numbers (continued)

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75Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations

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76 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFrequently Used Dimensionless Correlations

(continued)

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77Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations (continued)

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78 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionAnalogies between Heat Transfer

and Mass Transfer

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79Drag Coefcient Cw for Flow around Obstacles

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80 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionDrag Coefcient Cw for Flow

around Obstacles (continued)

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81Drag Coefcient Cw for Flow around Obstacles (continued)

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82 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for

Flow through Tube Systems

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83Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)

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84 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for

Flow through Tube Systems (continued)

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85Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)

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86 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for

Flow through Tube Systems (continued)

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87Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)

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88 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionHumidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at

Atmospheric Pressure (I)

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89Humidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric Pressure (II)

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90 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer

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91Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer (continued)

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92 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer

(continued)

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93Shapes and Free Rising Bubbles or Drops in Newtonian Liquids

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94 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Rising Velocity of Air Bubbles in Water

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95Rising Velocity or Fall Velocity of Drops in Liquids of Low Viscosity hc < 5 m Pa s

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96 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionTwo Phase Gas-Liquid Flow

in Horizontal Tubes

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97Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes (continued)

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98 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionTwo Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid

through Vertical Tubes

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99Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle

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100 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionHeat and Mass Transfer for

Flow around Spheres

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Mat

eria

l P

rope

rtie

s

101

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102 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

Water

– Prandtl– thermal diffusion coefficient– heat of vaporization– cubic expansion coefficient– dielectrical constant– surface tension– electrical conductivity– density– vapor pressure– thermal condutivity coefficient– dynamic viscosity– specific heat– compressibility– refractive index– velocity of sound– properties of water and steam above 100 °C

Water

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103Water (continued)

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104 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)

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105Water (continued)

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106 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)

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107Water (continued)

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108 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)

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109Water (continued)

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110 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)

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111Water (continued)

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112 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Physical Properties of Ice

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113Air

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114 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Air (continued)

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115Air (continued)

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116 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Air (continued)

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117Physical Properties of Some Materials

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118 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials

(cotinued)

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119Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)

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121Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)

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123Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)

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125Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)

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127Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)

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128 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials

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129Compressibility of Gases

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130 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Compressibility of Gases (continued)

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131Solubility Table

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132 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Solubility Table

Solubility

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133

Table

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134 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Solubility Parameters

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135Diffusion Coefcients

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136 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Diffusion Coefcients (continued)

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137Henry’s Law

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138 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Henry’s Law (continued)

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139Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons

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140 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)

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141Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)

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142 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)

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143Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)

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144 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity

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145Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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146 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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147Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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148 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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149Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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150 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)

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151Surface Tension

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152 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Surface Tension (continued)

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153Surface Tension (continued)

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Index

90° open channel, hydraulicdiameters 86

Aa naphtol benzeine 24Abel’s theorem 44absolute humidity 19, 88, 89absorption coefficient 121acetate 133acetic acid 123, 153acetone 119, 123, 126, 153acetylene 117, 120, 130, 135acid base indicators 24actinide series 13activation energy 68, 70adiabatic cooling line 88, 89adiabatic flow ideal gas 58air 19, 113, 120, 130, 137air-water system 88, 89alcohol 117, 123alizarine, yellow 24alphabet, greek 12aluminium 118, 121, 132

—, sulphate 151ammonia 117, 120, 130, 135ammonium 132, 150

—, chloride 123, 151—, hydroxide 151

amyl alcohol 153analogies between heat

transfer and mass transfer78

aniline 152, 153annular 96antimony 118, 133 sauce 127, 128approximation formulae for

thermocouples 20aqueous solution 122, 126Archimedes 75—, number 70argon 113, 134, 135Arrhenius number 70arsenate 132arsenite 132asbestos 117, 121asphalt 117atomic mass 13atomic number 13avogadro number 15axial diffusion 70azolithmine 24

Bbalanced idealised materials

59balances 55barium 132barium chloride 151basic integrals 29–34benzaldehyde 152benzene 119, 123, 130, 134,

135, 152benzyl alcohol 152Bernoulli equations 58Bernoulli, differential

equations 37Bessel functions 39–41Bessel, differential equations

38biaxial elongation 62binary diffusion coefficient 19binary vapour-liquid

equilibrium 139Bingham 64, 128

—, number 70—, plastic 63, 65

Biot number 70bismuth 133black bodies 121black lacques 121Blake-Kozeny 80Blasius flow 75block 26Bodenstein number 70boiling point 130Boltzman constant 15Bond number 70borate 132brass 118, 121brick 117, 121brilliant cresyl blue 24Brinkman number 70bromide 132, 134, 136bromo cresol blue 24bromo cresol purple 24bromo phenol blue 24brown coal 117bubble flow 98bubble formation 99bubble shape 93bulk expansion coefficient 69buoyancy force 72Burke-Plummer 80butane 117butanol 153butter 127butyric acid 153

Ccadmium 118, 133, 136calcium 132, 136

—, chloride 123, 151candela 14cane sugar 148caproic acid 153carbon dioxide 120, 130, 135,

10carbon disulfide 134carbon monoxide 117, 130,

134carbon tetrachloride 134, 152carbon tetrafluoride 134carbonate 132carbondioxide 113Casson 128

—, fluid 63Cauchy number 70Cauchy, differential equations

38cellulose acetate 124cellulose diacetate 134Celsius 18centrifugal force 71cesium 136characteristic length 68characteristic process time 71chemical reaction rate 71, 74chemical resistance 125Chilton-Colburn analogy 78chlorate 132chloric acid 122, 123chloride 132, 136chlorine 120, 135chloro phenol red 24chloroform 119, 123, 152chocolate 128, 132chromel/alumel thermocouple

20–23chromium 118, 121, 132classical Maxwell fluid 63coal 117, 121cobalt 118, 121, 133codeformational derative 51composition of air 113composition of gas 118compressibility 110

—, gas 129concentration notation 54concentric tube, hydraulic

diameters 86concrete 117conduction of heat 70

154

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conductive heat transfer 72,73

conductive transport of heat71

cone 27consistency 63, 65, 128continuity equation 58, 59contraction 82, 70convective heat transfer 72,

73convective mass transfer rate

71convective transport of heat

71conversion factor 16copper 118, 121, 133

—, sulphate 123, 151copper/constantan

thermocouple 20–23cork 117corn oil 127corn syrrup 148cotton seed oil 128cream 128cresol red 24critical constant 130critical pressure 129critical temperature 129critical volume 129crystallization temperature

125cube 26curl vector field 50curve-fit 52Cw coefficient 79cyanide 132cyclohexane 130, 134, 152cyclohexanol 152cyclopentane 130cylinder 27

—, segment 27

DDamköhler number 71Dean number 71Deborah number 71deformation tensor 62density 19, 54, 69, 106, 114,

117–121, 124, 127—, water 111

derived S.I. units 14dielectrical constant 105diethylketone 153differential equations 37–38differentiation in tensor

notation 49differentiation in vector

notation 49diffusion coefficient 68, 135,

136

diffusive mass transfer 73, 74diffusive mass transfer rate 74dimensionless correlation 75–

77dimensionless number 70–74dimensions 67dimethyl yellow 24dirac puls 45dispersed flow 98divergence vector field 50drag coefficient 79, 81drop 93

—, shape 93dynamic viscosity 69, 108,

115, 144–150

Eeffective diffusion time 72effective time for heat

conduction 72elastic force 71, 72elasticity number 71electrical conductivity 105,

122enamel 121energy balance 57, 61enlargement 82enthalpy of water 111entropy of water 111Eötvös number 71, 93equation of continuity 55equation of motion 58, 60, 56equilibrium constants

hydrocarbons 140–143equilibrium data 139erfx 42Ergun 80error function 42ethane 117, 130, 134ethanol 119, 126, 135, 152,

153ethanol-water solution 144,

145ethyl benzene 134, 152ethyl ether 119, 135, 152ethyl propyl ketone 152ethylbenzene 130ethylene 130, 135Euler, differential equations

38eutectic temperature 123exit age distribution 66expansion coefficient 104, 123external heat transfer

resistance 70external mass transfer

resistance 70Eyring fluid 63

Ffahrenheit 18fall velocity drops in liquid 95Fanning friction factor 71ferricyanide 132ferrocyanide 132ferrosulphate 151film flow 98fish 127flour 127flow around obstacles 79flow around spheres 100flow field tensor notation 62flow resistance 79flow, dimensionless correlation

75fluidisation velocity 75fluoride 132food 127, 128Fourier 90

—, number 72, 90–92, 100free rising bubbles 93freezing mixture 123friction coefficient 80, 82friction factor 75, 84, 85, see

also Fanning friction factorfrictionless flow 58froth 96Froude number 72fuel 117fuel oil 117

GGalileo number 72gas constant 15, 68, 129gas-liquid flow 96glass 117, 121glucose 126glycerol 118, 119, 123, 126glycerol-water solution 146,

147gold 118, 121, 133gradient scalar field 50Graetz 75, 76

—, number 72granite 117Grashof 76, 77

—, number 72gravitational acceleration 15,

68gravitational force 70–72greek alphabet 12gypsum 121

Hhalf filled pipe, hydraulic

diameters 86Hatta number 72heat capacity of fluid 74heat conductivity 19, 127

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—, coefficient 117, 119–121

heat of combustion 117, 118heat of melting 118heat of reaction 69, 71heat of vaporization 104

—, water 111heat transfer 74, 100

—, coefficient 68—, dimensionlesscorrelation 75—, number 78

Heaviside theorem 44helium 113, 120, 135, 150Henry’s law 137, 138hertz 14homogeneous, differential

equations 37honey 128Hooke number 72horizontal tubes 96humidity diagram 88, 89hydraulic diameters 86hydrocarbon 139hydrodynamic boundary layer

74—, thickness 73

hydrogen 113, 117, 120, 130,135, 137, 150—, chloride 126, 151—, nitrate 151—, sulfide 120, 130, 135—, sulphate 151

hydroxide 132

Iice 117, 118, 121, 127ideally mixed tank 66, 67ideally mixed tanks in serie 67ignition temperature 118impellers 87incompressible medium 58inertia force 70–74instationery heat transfer 90instationery mass transfer 90integrals 29–36interfacial tension 152internal age distribution 66internal heat transfer

resistance 70internal mass transfer

resistance 70invariant of tensor 48iodide 132, 136iron 118, 121, 133iron/constantan thermocouple

20–23isobutane 130isopentane 130, 134isothermal flow ideal gas 58

JJ-factor analogy 78Jaumann derative 51Jaumann Maxwell fluid 64Joule 14

KKelvin 14, 18kilogram 14kinematic viscosity 69kinetic energy 71, 73krypton 113

Ll-hexane 134lamb 127laminar flow 65

—, round tube 67lanthanide series 13Laplace transforms 43–46Laplacian scalar field 50Laplacian vector field 50lead 118, 121, 133Lewis number 72linear expansion coefficient

121linear regression 52linear thermal expansion 124liquid film, hydraulic diameters

86liquid solvent 134liquids 119liquified gas 134lithium chloride 151

Mm-xylene 130maganese 132

—, sulphate 151magnesium 121, 132

—, chloride 123, 151—, sulphate 151

manganese 118, 121marble 117margarine 128mass balance 55, 59mass fraction 54mass transfer 100

—, boundary layer 74—, boundary layerthickness 72—, coefficient 68—, dimensionlesscorrelation 75—, number 78—, with chemical reaction72—, without chemicalreaction 72

mathematical constants 14

Maxwell fluid 63mayonnaise 128melting point 118, 121melting temperature 112mercury 118, 121, 133metals 121meter 14methane 117, 120, 130, 134,

150methanol 119, 126, 135, 152,

153methyl butyl ketone 152methyl ether 123methyl ethyl ketone 153methyl propyl ketone 152methyl red 24methylcyclohexane 130methylcyclopentane 130milk 127,128mixing rule 129modified Bessel functions 41modified Bessel, differential

equations 38modulus of elasticity 69molar concentration 54molar mass 19, 54mole fraction 19, 54molecular weight 130Morton number 73, 93multicomponent system 129mustard 128

Nn-butane 130n-butanol 152n-decane 130n-heptane 119, 130n-hexadecane 134n-hexane 119, 130, 134, 152n-nonane 130n-octane 119, 130, 134, 152n-pentane 119, 130, 134n-pentanol 152, 153nabla identities 50nabla operator 49natural gas 118Navier-Stokes equation 56, 60neon 113, 135neopentane 134neutral red 24Newton 64, 65, 128

— fluid 63newton 14newtonian liquids 93nickel 118, 121, 132nitramine 24nitrate 132nitric acid 119, 122, 123nitro benzene 152nitrogen 113, 120, 130, 134,

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135, 137, 150—, dioxide 135

nitrous oxide 135nozzle 99number averaged molar mass

54Nusselt 75–78Nusselt number 73, 100nylon 6/6 124

Oo-xylene 130, 152oakwood 117octahedron 26oil 127, 128Oldroyd derivative 51Oldroyd Maxwell fluid 64olive oil 127, 128open channel, hydraulic

diameters 86oranges 127organic liquid 152organic solution 153oxalate 132oxide 132oxygen 113, 120, 130, 134,

135, 137, 150ozone 113

Pp-xylene 130, 152packed bed 80paint 121paraffin 118

—, oil 117Pascal 14peanut oil 128Péclet number 66, 73penetration of heat 90penetration of mass 90pentane 123perfluoro-n-heptane 134periodic table 13perspex 124petrol 117petroleum 117, 123pH range 24phenol 123, 153

—, red 24phenolphtalien 24phenyl chloride 152phosphate 132physical constants 15physical properties 19, 117

—, phases 73pipe entrance 83pipe exit 83plaster 117plastic 124–125platinum 118, 121, 133

platinum/platinum-rhodiumthermocouple 20–23

plexiglass 124plug flow 67

—, with axial dispersion 67plugs 96plutonium 121Poisseulle flow 75polished marble 121polyacrylonitrile 134polyamide 6/6 124polybutadiene 134polycarbonate 124polydimethyl silicone 134polyethylene 124, 134polyisobutylene 134polymer 134polymethyl methacrylate 134polymethylmethacrylate 124polypropene 124polystyrene 134polytetrafluoro ethylene 124polyurethane 124polyvinyl chloride 124, 134polyvinylidene chloride 134pork 127potassium 121, 132

—, bromide 151—, carbonate 151—, chloride 123, 151—, hydroxide 123—, nitrate 151—, nitrite 151—, sulphate 123, 151

potatoes 127potential energy 73poultry 127Powell-Eyring fluid 63power added 68, 73power input 87power law 63, 64, 65, 128

—, index 63, 65, 128power number 73, 87power transferred to kinetic

energy 73Prandtl 75–78

—, fluid 63—, number 73, 100, 103,113, 119, 120

Prandtl-Eyring fluid 63precious metal 121prefix 12pressure 19, 68

—, throughputcharacteristics 65

process time 72propane 117, 120, 130, 150propanol 119properties of ice 112

properties of steam 111properties of water 111propionic acid 153propylene 130, 135PVP 149pyramid 26

Qquartz 117

Rradiation 121rankine 18Rayleigh number 73reaction constant 68rectangular pip, hydraulic

diameters 86Redlich-Kwong 129refractive index 110, 124, 126relative humidity 19, 88, 89relative roughness 84, 85relaxation time 63, 69, 71residence time 66

—, distribution 66Reynolds 80, 82

—. number 73, 75–79, 93,100

rheogram 64rheological model 63, 64Richardson number 73rising velocity air bubbles in

water 94rising velocity drops in liquid

95round tube, hydraulic

diameters 86rubber 121

SS.I. prefix 12salicyl yellow 24sauce 128Schmidt 76–78

—, number 74, 100second 14second invariant deformation

tensor 63second order fluid 63separation of variables 37service temperature 125shear stress 63

—, energy wall 65, 71Sherwood 76–78

—, number 74, 100silicate 132silver 118, 121, 133

—, nitrate 151simple elongation 62simple shear 62slug flow 98

Index

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158 Transport Phenomena Data Companion

slugs 96sodium 118, 121, 132, 136

—, bromide 151—, carbonate 123—, chloride 122, 123, 126,151—, hydroxide 122, 126,151—, nitrate 123, 151—, sulphate 151

softening temperature 125solubility 131–133

—, gas in ionic solution 138—, gas in water 137—, parameter 134

sound velocity 116soup 128soy bean oil 127, 128specific heat 19, 68, 109, 112,

116, 117, 119, 120, 121,124, 127

specific mass 69specific volume dry air 88specific volume saturated air

88speed of light 15sphere 28

—, sector 28—, segment 28

spiral diameter 68spray 96standard pressure 15standard S.I. units 14standard temperature 15Stanton number 74steel 121Stefan-Boltzman constant 15straight round tube 65stratified 96strirrer diameter 68strontium 132styrene 134, 152substantial derivative 51sulfate 132, 136sulfide 132sulfur 118—, dioxide 120, 130sulfuric acid 119, 122surface calculations 26–28surface tension 69, 96, 105,

151–153—, force 70, 71, 73, 74

TT-junction 83tantalum 121teflon 134temperature 19

—, conversion 18—, scale 18

tensor 47–51—, mathematics 47—, operation 48

tetrachloroethylene 134tetrahedron 26thermal boundary layer

thickness 72, 73thermal conductivity 69, 121,

124—, coefficient 107, 115

thermal diffusion 68—, coefficient 103, 114,119, 120

thermal energy 70thermocouples 20thermovoltage 21

—, high temperature 23—, low temperature 22

Thiele modulus 74thiocyanate 132thymol blue 24thymol phatalein 24tin 118, 121, 133titanium 121toluene 119, 130, 134, 135,

152tomato juice 128total derivative 51total heat transfer 73total mass transfer 74transcendental functions,

integrals 34–36transformed Bessel,

differential equations 38transparency 125tropaelin 00 24truncated cone 28truncated cylinder 27truncated pyramid 27tube 27tube system 82turpentine 123two phase flow 96, 98

Uuniaxial elongation 62unit step 45uranium 121

Vvalve 83Van der Waals 129vapor pressure 107, 112vaporization entropy 111veal 127vector 47–51

—, mathematics 47—, operations 48

velocity 69—, of sound 111

visco-elastic force 74viscosity 19, 63, 65, 118–120,

127, 128viscous dissipation 70viscous force 70–74viscous stress 70volume calculations 26–28volume ideal gas 15

Wwater 19, 102, 119, 121, 130,

135—, content 127—, vapor 19

watt 14wave 96

—, flow 98Weber number 74Weissenberg number 74Wien’s displacement constant

15Williamson fluid 63wolfram 121wood 117, 121wool 117

Xxenon 113xylene 135

Yyield strength 124yield stress 63, 65, 69, 70, 128

Zzinc 118, 121, 132zinc sulphate 151

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omslag c-17 25-05-2006 13:09 Page 1

Composite

C M Y CM MY CY CMY K

Transport Phenomena Data CompanionMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersedover the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcingthe user to perform tedious conversions before a 'quick' calculation can bestarted. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, accordingto their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and relatedsubjects. Since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calculations isfacilitated.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and givesinformation varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermo-couples and pH ranges of indicators. The second part consists of frequentlyused mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, also aselection of vectorial and tensorial calculus, relevant to hydrodynamics andelementary rheology, has been included.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematicarrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy readingand accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are presented. Special attention hasbeen given to the most common materials: air and water, but also frequentlyused materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others.

Published by VSSD

URL on this book: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm

ISBN-10 90-71301-59-1ISBN-13 978-90-71301-59-9

c017

TRANSPORT PHENOMENADATA COMPANION

L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken

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VSSD