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omslag c-17 25-05-2006 13:09 Page 1
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C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
Transport Phenomena Data CompanionMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersedover the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcingthe user to perform tedious conversions before a 'quick' calculation can bestarted. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, accordingto their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and relatedsubjects. Since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calcultions isfacilitated.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and givesinformation varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermo-couples and pH ranges of indicators. The second part consists of frequentlyused mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, also aselection of vectorial and tensorial calculus, relevant to hydrodynamics andelementary rheology, has been included.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematicarrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy readingand accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are presented. Special attention hasbeen given to the most common materials: air and water, but also frequentlyused materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others.
Published by VSSD
URL on this book: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm
ISBN-10 90-71301-59-1ISBN-13 978-90-71301-59-9
c017
TRANSPORT PHENOMENADATA COMPANION
L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken
TR
AN
SP
OR
T P
HE
NO
ME
NA
DA
TA
CO
MP
AN
ION
L.P.B
.M. Janssen
M.M
.C.G
. Warm
oeskerken
VSSD
1
TRANSPORT
PHENOMENA
DATA COMPANION
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:521
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:522-3
Inhoud 3
TRANSPORTPHENOMENADATA COMPANION
L.P.B.M. Janssen
professor at the Department ofChemical Engineering ofGroningen University
M.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken
professor at the Faculty ofScience and Technology�of theUniversity of Twente
VSSD
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:522-3
4 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
© VSSD
First edition 1987
Third edition 1997, 2001, 2006
Published by:
VSSD
Leeghwaterstraat 42, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
tel. +31 15 27 82124, telefax +31 15 27 87585, e-mail: [email protected]
internet: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf
URL on this and related books: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Printed in The Netherlands
ISBN 90-71301-59-1
NUR 952
Keywords: transport phenomena
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:524-5
5
PrefaceMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersed over the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcing the user to perform tedious conversions before a ‘quick’ calculation can be started. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, according to their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and related subjects and, since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calculations is facilitated.This book is of course no substitute for a complete literature survey and no compendium on all data available in literature. On many occasions a selection had to be made from a multitude of expressions. For instance, for the mass transfer to bubbles, drops and particles, dozens of correlations are available. In those cases the most general correlation or the expression most commonly used has been chosen.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and gives information varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermocouples and pH ranges of indicators.The second part consists of frequently used mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, a selection of vectorial and tensorial calculus relevant to hydro-dynamics and elementary rheology has been added.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematic arrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy reading and accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are given. Special attention has been paid to the most commonly used materials: air and water, but also frequently used materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others are included.For easy access to the data an extensive index is very important, so, special attention has been given to make the index as complete as possible.We hope this book will be useful for all those involved in transport phenomena, students, scientists as well as engineers, and we are grateful to everybody who has contributed to improve this companion by suggestions and criticism. Any further suggestions and amendments will be gratefully received.
Groningen and Delft,
L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:524-5
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:526-7
7Inhoud 7
Contents
MISCELLANEOUS 11
Greek Alphabet 12
S.I. Prefixes 12
Periodic Table 13
Mathematical Constants 14
Standard S.I. Units 14
Derived S.I. Units 14
Physical Constants 15
Conversion Factors 16
Temperature Scales 18
Approximations for Physical Properties 19
Therrnocouples 20
pH Range of Acid Base Indicators 24
MATHEMATICS 25
Volume and Surface of Some Bodies 26
Integrals 29
Elementary Differential Equations 37
Approximations for Bessel Functions 39
The Error Function 42
Laplace Transforms 43
Properties 43
Frequently used Laplace transforms 45
Vectors and Tensors 47
Differentiation in Vector and Tensor Notation 49
Linear Regression 52
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 53
Concentration Notation 54
Microscopic Balances in General Form 55
Bernoulli Equations 58
Balances for Idealised Materials 59
Frequently Occurring Flow Fields in Tensor Notation 62
Rheological Models 63
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:526-7
8 Transport Phenomena Data Companion8 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
Pressure – Throughput Characteristics for the Flow of Liquids
Through a Straight Round Tube 65
Residence Time Distribution 66
Quantities and Their Dimensions 68
Alphabetical List of Dimensionless Numbers 70
Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations 75
Analogies between Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer 78
Drag Coefficient Cw for Flow around Obstacles 79
Richardson-Zaki equation 80
Friction coefficient Cw of packed beds as a function of Reh 80
Drag coefficients for flow around spheres, cylinders and
disks 81
Friction Coefficient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems 82
Friction factor for flow in tubes 84
Hydraulic diameters 86
The power number Po of impellers as a function of Re 87
Humidity Diagrams for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric
Pressure 88
Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer 90
Shapes of Free Rising Bubbles or Drops in Newtonian Liquids 93
Rising Velocity of Air Bubbles in Water 94
Rising Velocity or Fall Velocity of Drops in Liquids of Low
Viscosity 95
Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes 96
Two Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid through Vertical Tubes 98
Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle 99
Heat and Mass Transfer for Flow around Spheres 100
MATERIAL PROPERTIES 101
Water 102
The Prandtl number 103
Thermal diffusion coefficient 103
Heat of vaporization 104
Cubic expansion coefficient 103
Dielectrical constant 105
Surface tension 105
Electrical conductivity 105
Density 106
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:528-9
9Inhoud 9
Vapor pressure 107
Thermal conductivity coefficient 107
Dynamic viscosity 108
Specific heat 109
Compressibility 110
Refractive index 110
Velocity of sound 111
Properties of water and steam above 100 °C 111
Physical Properties of Ice 112
Air 113
Composition of air 113
The Prandtl number 113
Thermal diffusion coefficient 114
Density 114
Dynamic viscosity 115
Thermal conductivity coefficient 115
Specific heat 116
Ratio of specific heats 116
Sound velocity 116
Physical Properties of Some Materials 117
Density, specific heat and heat conductivity coefficient 117
Heat of combustion of some fuels 117
Properties of natural gas 118
Melting point and heat of melting of some materials 118
Properties of some liquids 119
Properties of some gases 120
Physical properties of some metals 121
Absorption coefficient a of various surfaces for heat
radiation 121
Electrical conductivity of some aqueous solutions 122
Cubic coefficient of expansion of some liquids 123
Eutectic temperature of freezing mixtures with snow or ice 123
Properties of some plastics 124
Refractive index of aqueous solutions at 20 °C 126
Properties of foods 127
Viscosities of foods 128
Compressibility of Gases 129
Contents
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:528-9
10 Transport Phenomena Data Companion10 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
Critical constants, boiling point and molecular weight of
various substances 130
Solubility Table 131
Solubility Parameters 134
Liquified gases at 90 K 134
Liquid solvents at 25 °C 134
Amorphous polymers near 25 °C 134
Diffusion Coefficients 135
Diffusion coefficients of gases in water 135
Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapours in air 135
Diffusion coefficients of ions in water at very low
concentrations 136
Henry's Law 137
Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in water 137
Henry's law constant for the solubility of gases in ionic
solutions 138
Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons 139
Dynamic Viscosity 144
Dynamic viscosity of ethanol-water solutions 144
Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions 146
Dynamic viscosity of glycerol-water solutions as a function
of temperature at different weight percentages of glycerol 147
Dynamic viscosity of cane sugar dissolved in water as a
function of temperature at different weight percentages of
cane sugar 148
Dynamic viscosity of PVP (type K.90) dissolved in tap
water at 20 °C 149
Dynamic viscosity of some gases as a function of
temperature at atmospheric pressure 150
Surface Tension 151
Surface tension of some inorganic substances in water
against air 151
Surface tension against air and interfacial tension against
water of some organic liquids 152
Surface tension against air of some water-organic liquid
solutions 153
INDEX 154
11
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5210-11
11
Mis
cella
neou
s
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5210-11
12 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Greek Alphabet • S.I. Prexes
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5212-13
13Periodic Table
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5212-13
Mathematical Constants • Standard S.I. Units • Derived S.I. Units14 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5214-15
15Physical Constants
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5214-15
16 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Conversion Factors
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5216-17
17Conversion Factors (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5216-17
18 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionConversion Factors (continued) •
Temperature Scales
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5218-19
19Approximations for Physical Constants of Water and Air
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5218-19
20 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5220-21
21Thermocouples (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5220-21
22 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Thermocouples (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5222-23
23Thermocouples (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5222-23
24 Transport Phenomena Data Companion pH Range of Acid Base Indicators
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5224-25
Mat
hem
atic
s
25
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5224-25
26 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5226-27
27Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5226-27
28 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Volume and Surface of Some Bodies (cont.)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5228-29
29Integrals
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5228-29
30 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5230-31
31Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5230-31
32 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5232-33
33Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5232-33
34 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5234-35
35Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5234-35
36 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Integrals (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5236-37
37Elementary Differential Equations
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5236-37
38 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Elementary Differential Equations
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5238-39
39Approximations for Bessel Functions
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5238-39
40 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Approximations for Bessel Functions
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5240-41
41Approximations for Bessel Functions
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5240-41
42 Transport Phenomena Data Companion The Error Function
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5242-43
43Laplace Transforms
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5242-43
44 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Laplace Transforms
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5244-45
45Laplace Transforms
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5244-45
46 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Laplace Transforms
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5246-47
47Vectors and Tensors
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5246-47
48 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Vectors and Tensors (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5248-49
49Vectors and Tensors (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5248-49
50 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Vectors and Tensors (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5250-51
51Vectors and Tensors (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5250-51
52 Transport Phenomena Data Companion 53Linear Regression
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5252-53
Tra
nspo
rt
Phe
nom
ena
53
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5252-53
54 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Concentration Notation
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5254-55
55Microscopic Balances in General Form
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5254-55
56 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Microscopic Balances in General Form (cont.)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5256-57
57Microscopic Balances in General Form (cont.)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5256-57
58 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Bernoulli Equations
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5258-59
59Balances for Idealised Materials
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5258-59
60 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Balances for Idealised Materials (cont.)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5260-61
61en
ergy
bal
ance
for N
ewto
nian
flui
ds w
ith c
onst
ant d
ensit
y an
d co
nsta
nt h
eat c
ondu
ctiv
ityBalances for Idealised Materials (cont.)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 09:5260-61
62 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFrequently Occurring Flow
Fields in Tensor Notation
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1262-63
63Rheological Models
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1262-63
64 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Rheological Models (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1264-65
Pressure-Throughput Characteristics for Laminar Flow of Liquids in a Straight Round Tube 65
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1264-65
66 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Residence Time Distribution
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1266-67
67Residence Time Distribution (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1266-67
68 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Quantities and their Dimensions
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1268-69
69Quantities and their Dimensions (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1268-69
70 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionA
lpha
betic
al L
ist o
f Dim
ensio
nles
s Num
bers
Dimensionless Numbers
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1270-71
71Dimensionless Numbers (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1270-71
72 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dimensionless Numbers (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1272-73
73Dimensionless Numbers (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1272-73
74 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dimensionless Numbers (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1274-75
75Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1274-75
76 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFrequently Used Dimensionless Correlations
(continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1276-77
77Frequently Used Dimensionless Correlations (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1276-77
78 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionAnalogies between Heat Transfer
and Mass Transfer
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1278-79
79Drag Coefcient Cw for Flow around Obstacles
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1278-79
80 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionDrag Coefcient Cw for Flow
around Obstacles (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1280-81
81Drag Coefcient Cw for Flow around Obstacles (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1280-81
82 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for
Flow through Tube Systems
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1282-83
83Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1282-83
84 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for
Flow through Tube Systems (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1284-85
85Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1284-85
86 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFriction Coefcient Kw for
Flow through Tube Systems (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1286-87
87Friction Coefcient Kw for Flow through Tube Systems (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1286-87
88 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionHumidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at
Atmospheric Pressure (I)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1288-89
89Humidity Diagram for Air-Water Systems at Atmospheric Pressure (II)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1288-89
90 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1290-91
91Fourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1290-91
92 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionFourier Instationary Heat and Mass Transfer
(continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1292-93
93Shapes and Free Rising Bubbles or Drops in Newtonian Liquids
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1292-93
94 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Rising Velocity of Air Bubbles in Water
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1294-95
95Rising Velocity or Fall Velocity of Drops in Liquids of Low Viscosity hc < 5 m Pa s
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1294-95
96 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionTwo Phase Gas-Liquid Flow
in Horizontal Tubes
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1296-97
97Two Phase Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Tubes (continued)
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1296-97
98 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionTwo Phase Cocurrent Flow of Gas-Liquid
through Vertical Tubes
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1298-99
99Formation of Bubbles at a Nozzle
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:1298-99
100 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionHeat and Mass Transfer for
Flow around Spheres
c017.indBS 23-05-2006, 11:12100-101
Mat
eria
l P
rope
rtie
s
101
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38100-101
102 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
Water
– Prandtl– thermal diffusion coefficient– heat of vaporization– cubic expansion coefficient– dielectrical constant– surface tension– electrical conductivity– density– vapor pressure– thermal condutivity coefficient– dynamic viscosity– specific heat– compressibility– refractive index– velocity of sound– properties of water and steam above 100 °C
Water
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38102-103
103Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38102-103
104 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38104-105
105Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38104-105
106 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38106-107
107Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38106-107
108 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38108-109
109Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38108-109
110 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38110-111
111Water (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38110-111
112 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Physical Properties of Ice
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38112-113
113Air
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38112-113
114 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Air (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38114-115
115Air (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38114-115
116 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Air (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38116-117
117Physical Properties of Some Materials
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38116-117
118 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(cotinued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38118-119
119Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38118-119
120 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38120-121
121Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38120-121
122 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38122-123
123Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38122-123
124 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38124-125
125Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38124-125
126 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38126-127
127Physical Properties of Some Materials (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38126-127
128 Transport Phenomena Data CompanionPhysical Properties of Some Materials
(continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38128-129
129Compressibility of Gases
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38128-129
130 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Compressibility of Gases (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38130-131
131Solubility Table
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38130-131
132 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Solubility Table
Solubility
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38132-133
133
Table
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38132-133
134 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Solubility Parameters
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38134-135
135Diffusion Coefcients
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38134-135
136 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Diffusion Coefcients (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38136-137
137Henry’s Law
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38136-137
138 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Henry’s Law (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38138-139
139Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38138-139
140 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38140-141
141Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38140-141
142 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38142-143
143Equilibrium Data for Hydrocarbons (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38142-143
144 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38144-145
145Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38144-145
146 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38146-147
147Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38146-147
148 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38148-149
149Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38148-149
150 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Dynamic Viscosity (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38150-151
151Surface Tension
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38150-151
152 Transport Phenomena Data Companion Surface Tension (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38152-153
153Surface Tension (continued)
c017.indBS 24-05-2006, 12:38152-153
Index
90° open channel, hydraulicdiameters 86
Aa naphtol benzeine 24Abel’s theorem 44absolute humidity 19, 88, 89absorption coefficient 121acetate 133acetic acid 123, 153acetone 119, 123, 126, 153acetylene 117, 120, 130, 135acid base indicators 24actinide series 13activation energy 68, 70adiabatic cooling line 88, 89adiabatic flow ideal gas 58air 19, 113, 120, 130, 137air-water system 88, 89alcohol 117, 123alizarine, yellow 24alphabet, greek 12aluminium 118, 121, 132
—, sulphate 151ammonia 117, 120, 130, 135ammonium 132, 150
—, chloride 123, 151—, hydroxide 151
amyl alcohol 153analogies between heat
transfer and mass transfer78
aniline 152, 153annular 96antimony 118, 133 sauce 127, 128approximation formulae for
thermocouples 20aqueous solution 122, 126Archimedes 75—, number 70argon 113, 134, 135Arrhenius number 70arsenate 132arsenite 132asbestos 117, 121asphalt 117atomic mass 13atomic number 13avogadro number 15axial diffusion 70azolithmine 24
Bbalanced idealised materials
59balances 55barium 132barium chloride 151basic integrals 29–34benzaldehyde 152benzene 119, 123, 130, 134,
135, 152benzyl alcohol 152Bernoulli equations 58Bernoulli, differential
equations 37Bessel functions 39–41Bessel, differential equations
38biaxial elongation 62binary diffusion coefficient 19binary vapour-liquid
equilibrium 139Bingham 64, 128
—, number 70—, plastic 63, 65
Biot number 70bismuth 133black bodies 121black lacques 121Blake-Kozeny 80Blasius flow 75block 26Bodenstein number 70boiling point 130Boltzman constant 15Bond number 70borate 132brass 118, 121brick 117, 121brilliant cresyl blue 24Brinkman number 70bromide 132, 134, 136bromo cresol blue 24bromo cresol purple 24bromo phenol blue 24brown coal 117bubble flow 98bubble formation 99bubble shape 93bulk expansion coefficient 69buoyancy force 72Burke-Plummer 80butane 117butanol 153butter 127butyric acid 153
Ccadmium 118, 133, 136calcium 132, 136
—, chloride 123, 151candela 14cane sugar 148caproic acid 153carbon dioxide 120, 130, 135,
10carbon disulfide 134carbon monoxide 117, 130,
134carbon tetrachloride 134, 152carbon tetrafluoride 134carbonate 132carbondioxide 113Casson 128
—, fluid 63Cauchy number 70Cauchy, differential equations
38cellulose acetate 124cellulose diacetate 134Celsius 18centrifugal force 71cesium 136characteristic length 68characteristic process time 71chemical reaction rate 71, 74chemical resistance 125Chilton-Colburn analogy 78chlorate 132chloric acid 122, 123chloride 132, 136chlorine 120, 135chloro phenol red 24chloroform 119, 123, 152chocolate 128, 132chromel/alumel thermocouple
20–23chromium 118, 121, 132classical Maxwell fluid 63coal 117, 121cobalt 118, 121, 133codeformational derative 51composition of air 113composition of gas 118compressibility 110
—, gas 129concentration notation 54concentric tube, hydraulic
diameters 86concrete 117conduction of heat 70
154
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155
conductive heat transfer 72,73
conductive transport of heat71
cone 27consistency 63, 65, 128continuity equation 58, 59contraction 82, 70convective heat transfer 72,
73convective mass transfer rate
71convective transport of heat
71conversion factor 16copper 118, 121, 133
—, sulphate 123, 151copper/constantan
thermocouple 20–23cork 117corn oil 127corn syrrup 148cotton seed oil 128cream 128cresol red 24critical constant 130critical pressure 129critical temperature 129critical volume 129crystallization temperature
125cube 26curl vector field 50curve-fit 52Cw coefficient 79cyanide 132cyclohexane 130, 134, 152cyclohexanol 152cyclopentane 130cylinder 27
—, segment 27
DDamköhler number 71Dean number 71Deborah number 71deformation tensor 62density 19, 54, 69, 106, 114,
117–121, 124, 127—, water 111
derived S.I. units 14dielectrical constant 105diethylketone 153differential equations 37–38differentiation in tensor
notation 49differentiation in vector
notation 49diffusion coefficient 68, 135,
136
diffusive mass transfer 73, 74diffusive mass transfer rate 74dimensionless correlation 75–
77dimensionless number 70–74dimensions 67dimethyl yellow 24dirac puls 45dispersed flow 98divergence vector field 50drag coefficient 79, 81drop 93
—, shape 93dynamic viscosity 69, 108,
115, 144–150
Eeffective diffusion time 72effective time for heat
conduction 72elastic force 71, 72elasticity number 71electrical conductivity 105,
122enamel 121energy balance 57, 61enlargement 82enthalpy of water 111entropy of water 111Eötvös number 71, 93equation of continuity 55equation of motion 58, 60, 56equilibrium constants
hydrocarbons 140–143equilibrium data 139erfx 42Ergun 80error function 42ethane 117, 130, 134ethanol 119, 126, 135, 152,
153ethanol-water solution 144,
145ethyl benzene 134, 152ethyl ether 119, 135, 152ethyl propyl ketone 152ethylbenzene 130ethylene 130, 135Euler, differential equations
38eutectic temperature 123exit age distribution 66expansion coefficient 104, 123external heat transfer
resistance 70external mass transfer
resistance 70Eyring fluid 63
Ffahrenheit 18fall velocity drops in liquid 95Fanning friction factor 71ferricyanide 132ferrocyanide 132ferrosulphate 151film flow 98fish 127flour 127flow around obstacles 79flow around spheres 100flow field tensor notation 62flow resistance 79flow, dimensionless correlation
75fluidisation velocity 75fluoride 132food 127, 128Fourier 90
—, number 72, 90–92, 100free rising bubbles 93freezing mixture 123friction coefficient 80, 82friction factor 75, 84, 85, see
also Fanning friction factorfrictionless flow 58froth 96Froude number 72fuel 117fuel oil 117
GGalileo number 72gas constant 15, 68, 129gas-liquid flow 96glass 117, 121glucose 126glycerol 118, 119, 123, 126glycerol-water solution 146,
147gold 118, 121, 133gradient scalar field 50Graetz 75, 76
—, number 72granite 117Grashof 76, 77
—, number 72gravitational acceleration 15,
68gravitational force 70–72greek alphabet 12gypsum 121
Hhalf filled pipe, hydraulic
diameters 86Hatta number 72heat capacity of fluid 74heat conductivity 19, 127
Index
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156 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
—, coefficient 117, 119–121
heat of combustion 117, 118heat of melting 118heat of reaction 69, 71heat of vaporization 104
—, water 111heat transfer 74, 100
—, coefficient 68—, dimensionlesscorrelation 75—, number 78
Heaviside theorem 44helium 113, 120, 135, 150Henry’s law 137, 138hertz 14homogeneous, differential
equations 37honey 128Hooke number 72horizontal tubes 96humidity diagram 88, 89hydraulic diameters 86hydrocarbon 139hydrodynamic boundary layer
74—, thickness 73
hydrogen 113, 117, 120, 130,135, 137, 150—, chloride 126, 151—, nitrate 151—, sulfide 120, 130, 135—, sulphate 151
hydroxide 132
Iice 117, 118, 121, 127ideally mixed tank 66, 67ideally mixed tanks in serie 67ignition temperature 118impellers 87incompressible medium 58inertia force 70–74instationery heat transfer 90instationery mass transfer 90integrals 29–36interfacial tension 152internal age distribution 66internal heat transfer
resistance 70internal mass transfer
resistance 70invariant of tensor 48iodide 132, 136iron 118, 121, 133iron/constantan thermocouple
20–23isobutane 130isopentane 130, 134isothermal flow ideal gas 58
JJ-factor analogy 78Jaumann derative 51Jaumann Maxwell fluid 64Joule 14
KKelvin 14, 18kilogram 14kinematic viscosity 69kinetic energy 71, 73krypton 113
Ll-hexane 134lamb 127laminar flow 65
—, round tube 67lanthanide series 13Laplace transforms 43–46Laplacian scalar field 50Laplacian vector field 50lead 118, 121, 133Lewis number 72linear expansion coefficient
121linear regression 52linear thermal expansion 124liquid film, hydraulic diameters
86liquid solvent 134liquids 119liquified gas 134lithium chloride 151
Mm-xylene 130maganese 132
—, sulphate 151magnesium 121, 132
—, chloride 123, 151—, sulphate 151
manganese 118, 121marble 117margarine 128mass balance 55, 59mass fraction 54mass transfer 100
—, boundary layer 74—, boundary layerthickness 72—, coefficient 68—, dimensionlesscorrelation 75—, number 78—, with chemical reaction72—, without chemicalreaction 72
mathematical constants 14
Maxwell fluid 63mayonnaise 128melting point 118, 121melting temperature 112mercury 118, 121, 133metals 121meter 14methane 117, 120, 130, 134,
150methanol 119, 126, 135, 152,
153methyl butyl ketone 152methyl ether 123methyl ethyl ketone 153methyl propyl ketone 152methyl red 24methylcyclohexane 130methylcyclopentane 130milk 127,128mixing rule 129modified Bessel functions 41modified Bessel, differential
equations 38modulus of elasticity 69molar concentration 54molar mass 19, 54mole fraction 19, 54molecular weight 130Morton number 73, 93multicomponent system 129mustard 128
Nn-butane 130n-butanol 152n-decane 130n-heptane 119, 130n-hexadecane 134n-hexane 119, 130, 134, 152n-nonane 130n-octane 119, 130, 134, 152n-pentane 119, 130, 134n-pentanol 152, 153nabla identities 50nabla operator 49natural gas 118Navier-Stokes equation 56, 60neon 113, 135neopentane 134neutral red 24Newton 64, 65, 128
— fluid 63newton 14newtonian liquids 93nickel 118, 121, 132nitramine 24nitrate 132nitric acid 119, 122, 123nitro benzene 152nitrogen 113, 120, 130, 134,
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157
135, 137, 150—, dioxide 135
nitrous oxide 135nozzle 99number averaged molar mass
54Nusselt 75–78Nusselt number 73, 100nylon 6/6 124
Oo-xylene 130, 152oakwood 117octahedron 26oil 127, 128Oldroyd derivative 51Oldroyd Maxwell fluid 64olive oil 127, 128open channel, hydraulic
diameters 86oranges 127organic liquid 152organic solution 153oxalate 132oxide 132oxygen 113, 120, 130, 134,
135, 137, 150ozone 113
Pp-xylene 130, 152packed bed 80paint 121paraffin 118
—, oil 117Pascal 14peanut oil 128Péclet number 66, 73penetration of heat 90penetration of mass 90pentane 123perfluoro-n-heptane 134periodic table 13perspex 124petrol 117petroleum 117, 123pH range 24phenol 123, 153
—, red 24phenolphtalien 24phenyl chloride 152phosphate 132physical constants 15physical properties 19, 117
—, phases 73pipe entrance 83pipe exit 83plaster 117plastic 124–125platinum 118, 121, 133
platinum/platinum-rhodiumthermocouple 20–23
plexiglass 124plug flow 67
—, with axial dispersion 67plugs 96plutonium 121Poisseulle flow 75polished marble 121polyacrylonitrile 134polyamide 6/6 124polybutadiene 134polycarbonate 124polydimethyl silicone 134polyethylene 124, 134polyisobutylene 134polymer 134polymethyl methacrylate 134polymethylmethacrylate 124polypropene 124polystyrene 134polytetrafluoro ethylene 124polyurethane 124polyvinyl chloride 124, 134polyvinylidene chloride 134pork 127potassium 121, 132
—, bromide 151—, carbonate 151—, chloride 123, 151—, hydroxide 123—, nitrate 151—, nitrite 151—, sulphate 123, 151
potatoes 127potential energy 73poultry 127Powell-Eyring fluid 63power added 68, 73power input 87power law 63, 64, 65, 128
—, index 63, 65, 128power number 73, 87power transferred to kinetic
energy 73Prandtl 75–78
—, fluid 63—, number 73, 100, 103,113, 119, 120
Prandtl-Eyring fluid 63precious metal 121prefix 12pressure 19, 68
—, throughputcharacteristics 65
process time 72propane 117, 120, 130, 150propanol 119properties of ice 112
properties of steam 111properties of water 111propionic acid 153propylene 130, 135PVP 149pyramid 26
Qquartz 117
Rradiation 121rankine 18Rayleigh number 73reaction constant 68rectangular pip, hydraulic
diameters 86Redlich-Kwong 129refractive index 110, 124, 126relative humidity 19, 88, 89relative roughness 84, 85relaxation time 63, 69, 71residence time 66
—, distribution 66Reynolds 80, 82
—. number 73, 75–79, 93,100
rheogram 64rheological model 63, 64Richardson number 73rising velocity air bubbles in
water 94rising velocity drops in liquid
95round tube, hydraulic
diameters 86rubber 121
SS.I. prefix 12salicyl yellow 24sauce 128Schmidt 76–78
—, number 74, 100second 14second invariant deformation
tensor 63second order fluid 63separation of variables 37service temperature 125shear stress 63
—, energy wall 65, 71Sherwood 76–78
—, number 74, 100silicate 132silver 118, 121, 133
—, nitrate 151simple elongation 62simple shear 62slug flow 98
Index
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158 Transport Phenomena Data Companion
slugs 96sodium 118, 121, 132, 136
—, bromide 151—, carbonate 123—, chloride 122, 123, 126,151—, hydroxide 122, 126,151—, nitrate 123, 151—, sulphate 151
softening temperature 125solubility 131–133
—, gas in ionic solution 138—, gas in water 137—, parameter 134
sound velocity 116soup 128soy bean oil 127, 128specific heat 19, 68, 109, 112,
116, 117, 119, 120, 121,124, 127
specific mass 69specific volume dry air 88specific volume saturated air
88speed of light 15sphere 28
—, sector 28—, segment 28
spiral diameter 68spray 96standard pressure 15standard S.I. units 14standard temperature 15Stanton number 74steel 121Stefan-Boltzman constant 15straight round tube 65stratified 96strirrer diameter 68strontium 132styrene 134, 152substantial derivative 51sulfate 132, 136sulfide 132sulfur 118—, dioxide 120, 130sulfuric acid 119, 122surface calculations 26–28surface tension 69, 96, 105,
151–153—, force 70, 71, 73, 74
TT-junction 83tantalum 121teflon 134temperature 19
—, conversion 18—, scale 18
tensor 47–51—, mathematics 47—, operation 48
tetrachloroethylene 134tetrahedron 26thermal boundary layer
thickness 72, 73thermal conductivity 69, 121,
124—, coefficient 107, 115
thermal diffusion 68—, coefficient 103, 114,119, 120
thermal energy 70thermocouples 20thermovoltage 21
—, high temperature 23—, low temperature 22
Thiele modulus 74thiocyanate 132thymol blue 24thymol phatalein 24tin 118, 121, 133titanium 121toluene 119, 130, 134, 135,
152tomato juice 128total derivative 51total heat transfer 73total mass transfer 74transcendental functions,
integrals 34–36transformed Bessel,
differential equations 38transparency 125tropaelin 00 24truncated cone 28truncated cylinder 27truncated pyramid 27tube 27tube system 82turpentine 123two phase flow 96, 98
Uuniaxial elongation 62unit step 45uranium 121
Vvalve 83Van der Waals 129vapor pressure 107, 112vaporization entropy 111veal 127vector 47–51
—, mathematics 47—, operations 48
velocity 69—, of sound 111
visco-elastic force 74viscosity 19, 63, 65, 118–120,
127, 128viscous dissipation 70viscous force 70–74viscous stress 70volume calculations 26–28volume ideal gas 15
Wwater 19, 102, 119, 121, 130,
135—, content 127—, vapor 19
watt 14wave 96
—, flow 98Weber number 74Weissenberg number 74Wien’s displacement constant
15Williamson fluid 63wolfram 121wood 117, 121wool 117
Xxenon 113xylene 135
Yyield strength 124yield stress 63, 65, 69, 70, 128
Zzinc 118, 121, 132zinc sulphate 151
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omslag c-17 25-05-2006 13:09 Page 1
Composite
C M Y CM MY CY CMY K
Transport Phenomena Data CompanionMany of the data needed for calculations in chemical engineering are dispersedover the literature. Moreover, various systems of units are used, often forcingthe user to perform tedious conversions before a 'quick' calculation can bestarted. In this companion the authors have compiled those data that, accordingto their experience, are used frequently in transport phenomena and relatedsubjects. Since all data are in S.I. units, rapid access to various calculations isfacilitated.This companion consists of four parts. The first part is general and givesinformation varying from the Greek alphabet to calibration curves for thermo-couples and pH ranges of indicators. The second part consists of frequentlyused mathematics. In addition to general mathematical techniques, also aselection of vectorial and tensorial calculus, relevant to hydrodynamics andelementary rheology, has been included.The third part is a compendium of the transport phenomena. A systematicarrangement facilitates its use. The figures are in such a form that easy readingand accuracy are combined.In the final part various material properties are presented. Special attention hasbeen given to the most common materials: air and water, but also frequentlyused materials like for instance hydrocarbons, foods and others.
Published by VSSD
URL on this book: http://www.vssd.nl/hlf/c017.htm
ISBN-10 90-71301-59-1ISBN-13 978-90-71301-59-9
c017
TRANSPORT PHENOMENADATA COMPANION
L.P.B.M. JanssenM.M.C.G. Warmoeskerken
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L.P.B
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.C.G
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VSSD