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Transformation of the West
Chapter 17, pgs 368-386
Periodization
1300-1450: Italian Renaissance
1450-1600: Northern Renaissance, Reformation, Commercial Revolution
1600-1700: Scientific Revolution, Political change
1700-1800: Enlightenment
First Changes: Culture & Commerce
Petrarch – writings of pride & human achievement contrast w/ previous more religious periods
A New Spirit
Renaissance
Italy~urban center, commercial center~
Humanism = focus on humankind• Examples: Literature, Art, Politics
– Economic effects
– Political effects
1 of 2
Renaissance
Northern Renaissance~political independence & trade decline in Med~
More religious, but humanism continues
– Political effects
Impact of Renaissance was limited however
2 of 2
Changes in Technology & Family
Contacts spurred new technology
New European-style family emerged
Protestant & Catholic Reformation
Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church– Believed faith = salvation
Protestantism was born– Political appeal
– Peasant appeal
1 of 2
Protestant & Catholic Reformation
After unity breached, other Protestant groups sprang forward– Anglican: England (Henry VIII)
– Calvinism
Catholic Reformation– Catholic Church fights back, successfully in S. Europe
2 of 2
End of Christian Unity in West
Effects of Reformation: – Religious wars
• Some religious pluralism, not liberty
– Political benefits mixed
– Beyond politics• Less connection b/t god & nature• Gender relations• Literacy
Commercial Revolution
New levels of trade – Caused by world economy & inflation
Colonial markets stimulate manufacturing
Prosperity of commoners improves too– Average 5x more “things” than SE Europeans
Social Protest
Formation of proletariat
Rising population & food prices hit poor hard
↳ Increased tension b/t rich & poor
Next Changes: Science & Politics
Scientific Revolution
Rise of nation-state
Copernicus = 1st step in scientific revolution
Did Copernicus Copy?
Science: The New Authority
Examples of scientists who followed Copernicus – Kepler– Vesalius– Galileo– Harvey– Bacon– Descartes– Newton– Locke
1 of 2
Science: The New Authority
Impact of scientific revolution:– Spread of scientific knowledge
– Belief in human control & understanding environment
– Attacks on traditional religious ideas
– Wide assumption about human progress
Science = center of intellectual life for 1st time
2 of 2
Absolute & Parliamentary Monarchies
– Decline of feudal monarchy = 2 new government forms
1. Absolute Monarchy• Example: France
2. Parliamentary Monarchy • Example: England
The Nation-State
Governments who increasingly ruled peoples of common culture & language– Resulted in:
• New loyalties & political bonds…which resulted in
• Commoners believing gov should act in their interests…which resulted in
• New functions of gov (like economics)
The West by 1750
Political Patterns
By end of period, political change drawing to close in England & France
Change continued in Prussia however– Frederick the Great
Warfare b/t nations continued often b/c of rivalry
Enlightenment Thought
Cultural changes as result of applying rational thought to human society
Enlightenment principles =1. -
2. -
3. -
4. -
1 of 2
Enlightenment Thought
Popularization & changes for ordinary people– Common exchanges of ideas
– Increasingly wide audiences for findings
– Attitudes toward children changed
– Family hierarchy weakened
2 of 2
Ongoing Change in Commerce
Commerce & consumerism spread to ordinary life– Agriculture
– Manufacturing
↳ Population explosion
Innovation & Instability
Interconnection of developments is key
Change in Europe = change in view of others– Backwards, if not uncivilized
Global Connections