TRANSFORMATION OF THE COURTYARD HOUSE:Low-Rise High Density Urban Housing in Korea

by

Gene S. Park

B.S. Architectural StudiesUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign1983

Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillmentof the requirements of the degreeMASTER OF ARCHITECTUREat the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyJune 1987

©Gene S. Park 1987The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and publiclydistribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in parts.

Signature of authorGene S. Park

Department of ArchitectureMay 8, 1987

Certified byJohn R. Myer

Professor of.ArchitectureHead of the Department

Accepted by (\*- Julian Beinart

ChairmanDepartmental Committee for Graduate §tudents

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TRANSFORMATION OF THE COURTYARD HOUSE:Low-Rise High Density Urban Housing in Korea

by

Gene S. Park

Submitted to the Department ofArchitecture on May 8, 1987in partial fulfillment of therequirements of the degreeMASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

Thesis Supervisor: John R. MyerTitle: Professor of Architecture

Head of the Department

The idea of low-rise high-density urbanhousing is based on two fundamentalobjectives: 1) To provide higher densityby intensifying land use as urbangrowth escalates at an unprecedentedrate. 2) To reconsider the essentialqualities of house - a house with agarden, light and air.

Modern high-rise apartments providegreater density and improved livingconditions in terms of proper sanitation,electricity, and open space. But it lacksindividuality and promotes a highdegree of anonymity leading to limitedsocial contact between neighbors. Itdissociates the house from the groundand creates ambiguous open spacebetween buildings. Single-familydetached houses provides individualityand open space but detachment is notonly meaningless but highly inefficientin terms of land use

The courtyard house provides analternative solution by combiningadvantages of individual house andhigh density housing.

Its introverted nature allow denseclustering while maintaining a privateopen space. The design takes thistraditionally horizontal aggregation ofdwellings one step further to increaseits potential density. It proposes avertical courtyard house whilemaintaining access to light and air,visual and acoustical privacy, efficiencyof construction, and a revitalization ofstreet life and open space.

ABSTRACTIII

The term low-rise housing refer todwellings which are directly associatedwith the ground. The direct linkconsists of internal stairs or a doorleading to a private garden or in somecases a semi-private garden shared bysurrounding houses.This contrasts withmulti-story housing which utilize stairor elevators. Urban low-rise housingmay be defined as high-densityhousing where each dwelling is directlylinked with a private open space. It isthis intimate association betweendwelling and open space which qualifyas low-rise high-density urban housing.

The term courtyard house refer to adwelling type where all rooms faceinward to the court and no rooms faceout to the street. It providesindividuality, security, and privacy, aninner world where one can find peaceand seclusion. All rooms depend on itfor light and air. This contrasts withrow housing which open out to thepublic street.

Urbanity and courtyard housing aresynonymous. Its introverted formallows for greater density by packingthem side-to-side and back-to-back.

This thesis explores through design aprototype for urban housing, bycombining the advantages of individualhouse and high density housing. It isin no way suggesting all new housingshould take this form but todemonstrate that a house in the city canstill have a garden.

The design shown here is prototypical,i.e. non-site specific. However, to testthe idea, the Korean context is chosen.Korea is chosen because I am morefamiliar with its housing situation. Thisproposal is not limited to Korea butcould extend to other housingdevelopments.

The site is abstracted from a realsituation. Support structure such asroads, parks, schools, shopping andhospital are given. Otherwise the actualconfiguration is simplified. Again, thisthesis is not an answer to a specificproblem for a specific context but aprototype for urban housing.

PREFACEV

BACKGROUND 1

DESIGN 9

DRAWINGS 27

BIBLIOGRAPHY 43

CONTENTSVII

In 1944, the population of South Koreawas not more than 16 million, but by1960 it was 25 million and in 1983 itwas over 40 million people. The acutehousing shortage following the KoreanWar resulted in a pressing need toprovide housing at unprecedentednumbers. Endless rows of high-riseslab apartment buildings havetransformed rural communities south of

the Han River in Seoul.

High-rise slab construction is an

efficient and economical solution. It

provides improved living conditions in

terms of cleaner and larger space,utilities, more light and air, and open

space for cars and play. The

construction industry is well geared for

this type of housing and any changes in

the system can prove to be difficult.

Single-detached dwellings still provide

85.5 percent of the housing in Seoul.

These neighborhoods are often

congested, dirty, and overcrowded.

BACKGROUND1

Ban-po apartment complexOne of Seoul's largest

Chami10 Km from the heart of Seoulis a new residential district oftwo hundred and fifty thousandpeople.

2

Corridors and stairwellsbecome play areas for children

Walk-up apartment buildingsof 5 to 6 stories are notuncommon

Typical road intersection innew residential districts

Many have been divided into multi-family houses for either financial

reasons or to accommodate the

extended family. Interior renovations

indicate the need to provide modem

amenities of electricity, hot water,

indoor bathrooms and kitchens, and

western furniture.

Although modernization and

westernization takes place, old habits

still remain. People still prefer to sit

and sleep on the heated floor, receive

guests in the an-bang, and eat

wherever the portable dining table ends

up. The small balcony in apartment

buildings is usually filled with large jars

containing dried and pickled foods and

laundry. Children play among traffic in

large paved open spaces mostly devoted

to parking. All the buildings are single-

loaded corridor type by code to provide

cross ventilation and more importantly

to receive south light.

3

The traditional urban courtyard housedeveloped during the turn of thiscentury. These neighborhoods have aclear separation of commercial activityand residential streets. Typically aresidential neighborhood is enclosedwithin a commercial street. Onceinside, the street is free from high cartraffic except for occasional taxi cabsmaking their drop-offs. It ischaracterized by narrow alleys or gol-mok, the main public open space,barely wide enough to accommodatevehicular traffic although no spaceseems too small for a car owner topark. The street is an architecture ofwalls, screens, and roofs punctuatedby entrances to individual houses. Thefront door is a prominent element of thestreet elevation. It is the onlyexpression of the household to thepubic domain. Openings to the street is

not really for visual connection butmore for ventilation.

Inside, the courtyard is the center of thehouse where all rooms open to it. The

4

size of the court depends on the wealth

of the owner. But regardless of size thecourtyard provides an extension of theotherwise small rooms. All views and

light are dependent on it for no

windows open to the street except forventilation.

Functionally, the court provides a spaceto tend a small garden, a safe place forkids to play within parents close

supervision, a place to store andprepare dried and pickled foods, and tomove around from room to roomeliminating the need to provide acorridor. Before modernization, thecourt was also a place to bath.

The interior Rooms are multi-functional. They seem crampedcompared to western standards butbecause it is minimally furnished -usually a chest to store clothes and

blankets - the size is just right for

sleeping by night and lounging by day.

Openings to the court are not windows

but screens which span from structureto structure. The wall, floor, and

5

ceiling plane extend beyond the Typical street in older

dimensions of the room to the court residential neighborhoodsincreasing its perceptual size.

The proportion of interior spaces is

based on a person sitting on the floor.Thus, the heights of the ceiling and thesill of an opening are lower than -esawestern standards.

All traditional courtyard houses are

single-story. There are no definitereasons for this development but onecan associate it to a need for south light.The higher a building, the less light itwill receive. Geomancy dictated thelocation and orientation of a building.The ideal site would be a south facingslope surrounded by mountains oneither side and a view of water in the

distance. A house today without south

light is undesirable and not marketable. -

6

1988 Olympic Athletes' andReporters' Village, Seoul,Korea. 5700 units of housingand supportfacilities.Woo and Williams

LI

As these traditional neighborhoodsmake way for modern high-rise

buildings, there are questions about thequality of human habitation. The

essential qualities of urban dwelling -individuality and communication - that

characterized earlier development, is in

jeopardy. Modem facilities are popular

as people escape from deterioratingconditions of older neighborhoods.

There are no other affordable

alternatives except for the wealthy.

The issue of urban housing is at a

critical point. The single-mindedsolution might alleviate immediateproblems of housing shortage but the

consequences.over time in terms of thedeterioration of urban life is serious. Abalance between the advantages ofsingle-family dwelling and high densityhousing might provide a viable

solution. One development has takenthe first step towards this integration.

In the 1988 Olympic Athletes' and

Reporters' Village in Seoul by Woo andWilliams of Cambridge, the designattempts to provide the qualities of acourtyard house, maintaining intimacyin the streets and open spaces, withinan urban context.

EAST WEST SECTION

,I njrNORTH SOUTH SECTION

---- 4--

7

The development of a low-rise high-density prototype is based on severalcriteria which combine the advantagesof individual house and higher densityhousing : 1) To provide each unit with aprivate outdoor room which has accessto light and air, 2) access and

connection to the ground and street,3) acceptable space requirements, 4) A1:1 parking ratio and adequate spacefor recreation.

The key to higher densities is a verticalaggregation of units. Walk-up units of5 to 6 stories are acceptable by Koreanstandards but access to light becomeproblematic with courtyard units. Thedesign attempts to answer a simplequestion: What is the maximumappropriate density of courtyardhousing within contemporary urban

context ? Issues relating to constructiontechniques, ownership and affordabilityare considered but not in depth.

Design issues:A.Unit/Building - vertical aggregation,access to south light, ventilation, visualand acoustical privacy, unitorganization, function.

B. Neighborhood - hierarchy of streets

and open spaces, street life.

DESIGN9

Study sketches of vertical aggregationAggregation of a single unit type into acluster. Flexible combinations butlacks unit variations and createsempty spaces below upper units.

Combination of flat and duplexcourtyard units allow many possiblecombinations but access to upper unitsare difficult

10

401%

Rod IA 0

11 50001P

Sketch Secdon studyVariations of vertical aggregationwith single orientation units

IF - -i.

A. UNIT / BUILDING

Vertical Aggregation

The courtyard must be open to the skyto receive light. Simply stacking oneunit on top of the other is not possible.Units are instead staggered, alwayskeeping the courts open. To receivedirect south light, a single orientation tothe sun is preferable. In section, thissuggests a diagonal scheme, much likehousing on a south facing hill.However, on a relatively flat site thespace created under units are inquestion. Parking is a logical solution

but when this pattern continues in rows

at the neighborhood scale; the space

between becomes primarily for

automobile access. One advantage this

solution fails to regllize is the possibility

of maximizing density by clustering

units side-to-side and back-to-back.

The proposed design maintains a

diagonal profile for maximum solar

access and also takes:advantage of its

efficient clustering order. Ground units

A and B are back-to-back but flipped to

have street access . The court act as awell of light making possible formultiple orientations to the sun. The

massing of units above are flexible

enough to accommodate the best profilefor solar access to all units.

The height is limited by two factors:First, each unit should have direct

access to the street, and second, thediagonal profile should allow light inthe worst condition, in winter.Possibility of vertical expansion can beaccommodated over time if communalattitudes about light change.

UNIT A

UNIT B

11

Sun angle diagramsKorea is located between 33 - 43degrees north latitude. Angle ofsunshine at winter solstice is 22.44Weather is mild withfour seasons

VENTILATION

Light ChimneyTo provide an even illumunation bylight reflected from courtyard andform light chimney

SUMMER SHADE

WINTER SHADE

12

...................................................................................................................................................

Rooms along the street receive directlight through clerestory windows orreflected light from the court

Access to Light and Air

The courtyard is the heart of the house.All rooms depend on it for light. Lightis an essential part of dwelling. Wheredirect light is difficult, a system of lightchimneys are utilized. Rooms canextend out into established zones toreach up to the sky. Openings to thestreet are above eye level to maintainprivacy yet receive light. A combinationof translucent glazing and screens alsohelp visual privacy. Reflected lightcontributes to the overall illumination ofa space, either through light chimneysor reflected against the surface of thecourtyard. It is especially important inwinter.

Trellises provide shade in the summerand in winter a system of enclosure canprovide extra living space.

The roof pitch responds to the sun andthe rain. In general, it slopes in towardthe courtyard to reduce the verticaldimension and to prevent waterdraining into neighbor's house. Roofs

along the street also slope in. In unit Dthe roof pitch allows light to enter theroom while in effect reducing theeffective height of the street.

Cross ventilation is provided in allrooms. Summer months are morehumid than hot and air circulation iscrucial to comfort. The light chimney

gives sun in winter and draws air out in

summer. The courtyard acts as a breeze

catcher and to maximize its effect it

would have to be orientated to

prevailing wind.

13

Angle of view diagramsection through courtyards

With high-density living, a greater need

to provide individuality and security

within one's house is necessary. When

houses appear above others, there is

greater risk of intrusion into neighbor's

private space. One solution is to raise

the height of the wall of the court above

eye level. This cuts the angle of viewout while maintaining an inward focus.

Capping the wall, as in traditional

garden walls, establishes a clearer

boundary between neighbors.

Openings along the street emphasizelateral and corner views to prevent

direct visual contact with neighbors .Screens and translucent glazing allowlight but not view.

Acoustical privacy is even more

difficult to control. Building

soundproofing materials are limited in

high-density living. The best controldevice is a friendly neighborhood social

contract.

Bay windows along the streetprovide light through transluscentscreens and allow lateral andcorner views

2ND FLOOR PLAN ALONG STREET

14

Visual and Acoustical Privacy

Axonometric of Typical Cluster

There are essentially two unit types - alarger ground unit, A and B, and asmaller upper unit, C and D. Units Aand B are organized around a U-shapedplan where living, dining, and masterbedroom occupy three sides of thecourt. Service spaces such as entry,stair, bathroom, and kitchen occupy thecorners. A second level accommodates

two more bedrooms for each type as

well as access to a roof deck. Upper

units C and D are organized around an

L-shaped plan with living-dining,

entry, and a bedroom at the courtyard

level.

Common steps off the street leads to

both the ground unit and the upper unit

entrances. With little structural

modification, this entry organization

allows for ownership variations. It

could be a two-family house with a

rental unit, a condominium, a large

single family residence, or rental

apartment units.

15

Unit Organization

I

16

I I

StruchralDiagram A structural grid organizes a typical rowor cluster of units. From north to southare 8 divisions of 4.8m bays with each

end bay of 3.6m at the ground level.

This allows extensions of 1.2m at the

upper floors. From east to west are

4.2m, 3.6m, 1.2m zones respectively.

The main courtyard always occur in the

4.2m X 4.8m bay while entry, utility

court kitchen, bathroom, and bedrooms

occur in the 3.6 m zone.

The 1.2m zone is critical to the life of

the cluster. Within this free zone are

stairs leading to upper units, smaller

rooms extend out to it, and major

rooms reach out and up via light

chimneys to receive light and air. This

zone is reminiscent of the dead space

between party walls in traditional

courtyard housing. Its invention was a

result of subdivision laws but function

as ventilating spaces as well.

The major grid dimension can be

subdivided to accommodate

modifications within the structural

17

system. A 3.6m zone, a bedroomdimension, can be divided into 1.2mand 2.4m zones for a corridor andbathroom or stair. These modificationsare confined within the width of a rowof 9.0m. This dimension remainsconstant except for end units which hasfreedom to respond to its surroundings.

The depth of each row is 38.4m or twoground units of 19.2m. This dimensioncan accommodate double row ofparking at 18.Om (6.Om @ 2 with 6.Omlane).

Multi-dimensional characteristics of the1.2m zone around the courtyard duringsummer and winter periods.

Courtyards extends the perceptualdepth of rooms beyond its boundary

1.2 M ZONE

COURT [I]

WINTER ROOM

UMMER ROOM

kWINTER GARDEN

SUMMER GARDEN

3.6M 1.2M _4.2M

18

Variations within a standard groundunit

The courtyard is an extension of the

otherwise small rooms which surround

it. Space is precious and efficiency in

planning is key to success. The

challenge is to make small rooms bigger

and allow flexibility with its use.

Traditionally rooms were void of

furniture allowing for multiple uses.

Dining can occur in any room - there is

no formal dining room. A portable

dining table follows where dining might

happen. The heated floor is used to sit

as well as to sleep. People buy

furniture but still prefer the old way.

In unit A, there are essentially five

major rooms; three at the courtyard

level and two above. The living room

can be one large room or divided into

two smaller rooms, a study and living.

The dining could be used as a living

room. The larger room above can be

used as a family room , a large

bedroom, or two smaller bedrooms.

A 1.2m zone between the interior andthe court defines the courtyard space.This zone can become part of theinterior in the winter by glazing aroundthe courtyard or part of the courtyard inthe summer by leaving it open. Thus,the courtyard is both 4.2m X 4.8mduring winter and 5.4m X 6.Om duringthe summer when it is necessary.

The utility court and the room belowprovide the necessary storage space.This will alleviate clutter in the maincourtyard.

Function

STANDARD GROUND UNIT

VARIATION

UPPER LEVEL

19

Sketch studies of site layoutMain access road run east-westparallel to pedestrian street.Direction of pedestrian streetdetermined by orientation of unitsto the south

Li

20

ChansilExisting urban fabric south of the HanRiver in Seoul. Area for low to mid-rise residential construction. Also thesite for the 1988 Olympic Athletes' andReporters'Village and related sportsfacilities

-SRIsi

B. NEIGHBORHOOD

Streets and Open Spaces

The site is abstracted from a typicalurban block of 500m X 500m.Characteristics of the block are a 50mboulevard to the north, a 30m road tothe east and west, and a 25m road to thesouth. Commercial and institutionalbuildings define the periphery of theblock. Small retail shops are found

along an east-west access road throughthe site. Two primary schools and two

parks are also included.

21

Streets and open spaces are organizedin a hierarchical system. Roads aroundthe block link one to the other andeventually leads to the center of the city.The east-west access road provideconnection to other blocks. Asecondary road perpendicular to itprovides access to parking courts ofeach neighborhood. Parallel parkingalong this road accommodates thevisitor.

A neighborhood is defined by rows of

houses along a pedestrian street running

east-west. This pedestrian priority

street is restricted to service vehicles

and temporary parking. The length of

the neighborhood block is determined

by the size of the parking court.

Footprint of one ground unit

accommodates four parking spaces.

With a parking ratio of 1:1, each

parking bay allows two clusters or four

units. The larger the parking court the

longer the pedestrian street. Typically,

parking courts are no more than three

bays.

Site Diagramshowing hierarchical structure of builtand open spaces.

IFIGURE - GROUND

HOUSING

COMMERCIAL

PARKING

1. PARK2. PRIMARY SCHOOL3. HOSPITAL4. SHOPPING CENTER5. NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER

2

3-~~ - 6_R.M

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MEMS;i'

22

Typical parking court

Typicalpedestrian intersection

Cluster Axonometrics

These pedestrian streets of 6.Om widthsare occasionally intersected by a secondpedestrian alley of 3.Om which allows amore flexible network of movement.The intersection becomes the

neighborhood living room - a bosk oftrees, tot-lots, drinking fountains,elderly pavilion.

Parking courts occur where pedestriansand cars meet, accentuating the spatialexperience as one moves along theroad. Each court is identifiable with aneighborhood. One moves from roomto room - one neighborhood to another.

Two large parks provide adequateopen space for recreation. Byintensifying the neighborhood fabric, itis possible to leave large areas un-built .

23

E M E M E

Elevation studies

24

Street Elevation

An architecture of walls and screens

characterize the street scape. Houses siton plinths which become places to sit or

plant flowers. The ground level

elevation is essentially a wallpunctuated by openings which lead toindividual entrances. Upper levels are

more permeable and extend out to thestreet but with caution. It is notpleasant to have direct view ofneighbors across the street. Windowsare meaningless if it has no view.Openings facing the street are screensand translucent glazing to allow light

but not view. Direct views are through

corner and side windows.

25

DRAWINGS .i...27

LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH MAIN COURTYARDS

28

LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH 1.2M ZONE

29

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

30

ROOF PLAN

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

31

PEDESTRIAN STREET CROSSING

32

PARKING COURT

33

,N

CLUSTER AXONOMETRIC

34

SECTION THROUGH UPPER UNIT COURT

SECTION THROUGH ENRTY COURT SECTION THROUGH GROUND UNIT COURT

35

SECTION THROUGH UTILITY COURT

It~7*~ ~

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SOUTH STREET ELEVATION

36

1 4M

NORTH STREET ELEVATION

37

VIEW FROM UPPER FLOOR

PEDESTRIAN STREET THROUGH STREET

38

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Concluding Remarks

The measure of the quality of our living

environment should be based on the

individual person. Family composition

and characteristics vary, as do personal'desires. A diversification of dwelling

types is necessary to satisfy the needsof a more pluralistic society. The

construction of monotonous blocks ofhigh-rise apartment buildings is

understandable considering the intense

housing shortage faced by many urban

centers. Density is an important part of

the housing equation which should notbe disregarded. It is problematic whensocial, economic, and political forcesbegin to control dwelling types.

This proposal is not suggesting that all

new housing should be a courtyard

type but to suggest an alternative, an

alternative which provides the essential

qualities of house - privacy, light, and

garden - while maintaining intimacy in

the street life within an urban fabric.The target density did not seek tocompete with high-rise apartments.Roughly, the maximum density of low-rise housing with surface parking ratioof 1:1 is 76 units per hectare.However, there are significant trade-offs as it was discussed earlier. Theresulting density is a balance betweenthe need to provide direct connection tothe ground and maintaining access tosouth light. Higher densities arepossible by expanding on to the roofareas if a general consensus about lightchange over time.

This alternative in combination with

occasional high-rise towers could

provide the necessary density

requirements. The taller buildings

would provide a diverse mixture of

house types, accentuating an otherwise

monotonous physical fabric. Its

presence should not interfere with thelow-rise group in terms of access tosouth light by locating them adjacent to

large open areas or around theperiphery of the block.

The real measure of the success orfailure of this scheme cannot beconcluded within the scope of thisthesis. An exploration of actual solaraccess was limited to three-dimensionaland sectional studies. The next stepwould be to build an intermediate orfull scale model of a cluster in a specificurban context.

41

BIBLIOGRAPHY43

ill E f Ut

Bibliography

Abdulac, S. and A. BoireMaison d Patio. Report. 1982.

Bastlund, Knud.Jose Luis Sert. Verlag FarArchitecture, Zurich, 1967.

Blazer, Werner.Atrium. WEPF + Co. A.G. Verlag,Basel 1985.

Blazer, Werner.Courtyard Houses of China.Birkhauger,Verlag,Basel, Boston.1979

Boyd, Robin.New Directions in JapaneseArchitecture. George Braziller, Inc.New York. 1968.

Chang, Yih-Ping.Concentric Cores: Towards anArchitectural Typology of ChineseCompound Houses. S.M.ArchThesis, MIT 1976.

Fawcett, Chris.The New Japanese House . Harperand Row. New York. 1980.

Harbraken, John N.Thematic Design : Class Notes . By LuLiu and Jamel Akbar. 1982.

Hoffmann, Hubert.Row Houses and Cluster Houses : AnInternational Survey. Frederick A.Praeger, N.Y. 1967.

Kim, Edward H.Korea Beyond the Hills. KodanshaInternational ,LTD. Tokyo. 1980

Kim, NinaFormsfor Change: An Architecture ofMeaning. M.Arch Thesis, MIT 1987.

Kirchenmann, Jorg C. and Muschalek,Christian.Residential Districts. Whitney Lib.of Design. N.Y. 1980.

Lynch, Kevin.Site Planning . MIT Press,Cambridge. 1982.

Polyzoids, Sherwood. Tice.Courtyard Housing in Los Angeles.Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.1982.

Schoenauer, Norbert.The Oriental Urban House . GarlandSTM. Press. N.Y. 1981.

Scandinavian Institute of Asian StudiesThe House in East And SoutheastAsia. Curzon Press, London. 1982.

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Ga - Wae Dong Research ReportSeoul National University, 1986Lee, Kwang-Ro

45

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