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Gender and Piety in Medieval Architecture of the Eastern Mediterranean: The Courtyard House and the Madrasa
Fatimid al-Qahira before the arrival of Saladin in 1168
Saladin’s own palace-citadel outside the previous ones for his Ayyubid dynasty (1171-1250)
Arrival of Saladin and his Ayyubid dynasty turns al-Qahira intoa bourgeois merchants’ neighborhood
1087 after 1168
I. The Arab courtyard house (bayt or dar) – historical and environmental origins of its design
Arab courtyard houses in Cairo, Egypt, 13th – 14th cen.
I.
Arab courtyard houses in Cairo, Egypt, 13th – 14th cen.
These courtyard houses date to the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt (1250-1517)
House of Hasan Kachif, from Napoleon’s Description de l’Egypte (1809-28)
Greek Roman Arab
bayt – humble dwellingdar – grand domestic complex
I.
I. A. What are some possible precedents for the Arab courtyard house?
classical Greek oikosHellenistic peristyle house remains of humble dwellings (bayt) in Fustat grand domestic complex (dar) in Fustat
medieval houses in Cairo
I. B. Physical environment: urban setting in a very hot climate
roof top wind catch (malkaf)
I. B.
Emir Bashtak’s Palace, 1356
I. C. Cultural factors: How were social relationships mediated by the architecture of the Arab crtyd house?I. C. 1. Facade fenestration
wood lattice (mashrabiyya) enclosed balconies
a Cairene house of the Mamluk era
I. C. 2. Door and bent-axis corridor
Large door (hospitality) Bent-axis corridor (privacy)
I. C. 3. main courtyard and ground-floor public rooms
General view of courtyard in a traditional Arab house of medieval origin
House of Qasim Bey, from the Description de l’Egypte (1809-28)
I. C. 3.
House of Hasan Kachef, from the Description de l’Egypte (1809-28)
I. C. 4. public reception rooms (qa ‘a, mandara, or salamlek)
indoor public reception room
Emir Bashtak’s palace
House of Hasan Kachef, from the Description de l’Egypte (1809-28)
I. C. 4.
John Fredrick Lewis, The Mid-Day Meal, 1875
House of Solyman Aghafrom the Description de l’Egypte (1809-28)
indoor public reception room (qa ‘a or salamlek)
iwan of qa ‘a domed chamber of qa ‘a
I. C. 5. more exclusive reception areas: upstairs loggias and indoor salons
2nd-floor loggia (maq ‘ad) over the courtyard
John Fredrick Lewis, The Mid-Day Meal, 1875
2nd floor loggia doubles as summer sleeping room
no dining roomno kitchen in small houses
I. D. How were gender relationships negotiated by the architecture of an Arab courtyard house?
the harim could have its own courtyard, fountain, and parlors
I. D. 1. women’s domain (harim = “holy fold” or private quarters)
wood lattice (mashrabiyya) facing onto courtyards
I. D. 1.
behind a mashrabiyya in Bashtak Palace view seen from this mashrabiyya
II. Religion and domestic space: evidence that houses had religious significance
B. OrientationA. Architectural similarities
II.
C. Proximity D. Religious significance from decoration
Cairo: al-Qahira’s schools, mausolea, and hospitals
II. B. 3. What are some public amenities financed by wealthy citizens
Kostof’s
Hospital, Mausoleum, and Madrasa of Qala’un, 1284-85
Sabil kuttab – Fountain and School
IV. Private patronage of public buildings in medieval Islamic cities: the madrasa
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, Cairo, Egypt, 1356
Lessons in early Islamic Architecture: *An architecture experienced from within *Buildings not designed as a single balanced unit. *Creation of ways to express non-tectonic values
IV. A. What functions did madrasas serve in the Muslim world?
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
mosque iwan
IV. A. 1.
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan – four iwans (vaulted halls) for teaching
IV. A. 1. Where had instruction taken place before the madrasa?
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
madrasasmosques
Ibn Tulum mosque, 876, Cairo
IV. A. 2. Where did students live and where did they study?
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
Dormitory courtyard
I. B. Medieval trends in Islamic architecture: exalting the individual 1. How is the benefector (S. Hasan) commemorated in the architecture?
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, the Sultan’s mausoleum
IV. B. 2. What is significant about the tomb’s location on the qibla?
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, the Sultan’s mausoleum
qibla
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
IV. B. 3. How is the madrasa a power building?
standing next to the ar-Rifa'i mosque (1869)before construction of the ar-Rifa'i mosque
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
IV. B. 3.
before construction of the ar-Rifa'i mosque
Great Mosque at Kairawan
Great Mosque at Cordoba
Madrasa of Sultan Hasan
IV. B. 3. a. How is the exterior articulated compared to the plain perimeters of the early period of Islamic rule?
Early medieval Late medieval
House of the Prophet
mosque at Kufah, Iraq
Great Mosque of Damascus, 706
Dome of the Rock, 685
IV. C. Later medieval trends in Islamic architecture: classical architecture supplanted by the antiquity and the contemporary ideas of another place and culture (Iraq)
AD
67
0
Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq, 848-52
Shrine of Imam Dur, Dur (near Samarra), Iraq, 1085
IV. C. 2. Use of muquarnas
IV. C. 2.
muqarnas – Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, entrance portal
IV. C. 2. The four-iwan plan or courtyard from Iraq: iwan - a roofed or vaulted hall open at one end
Pre-Islamic: iwan hall in palace
Imperial palace at Ctesphion, Iraq, AD 550
Islamic: 4-iwan courtyard
Madrasa at Mustansiriya, Iraq, 1227-34
IV. C. 3.
4-iwan Madrasa at Mustansiriya, Iraq, 1234 4-iwan Madrasa of Sultan Hasan, Cairo, 1356