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Tolerancing in ISO
International tolerance (IT) Grades
Minimum hole size is the basic size
Metric preferred hole based system of fits
Limit form vs. note form tolerancing
Hole Tolerance =
.025
Shaft Tolerance =
.016
Loosest fit =
40.025-39.975 =
.050
Tightest fit =
40.000 – 39.991 =
.009
Metric Tolerances-Standard representation
• If limits are shown up and down, largest limit up
• If shown side by side, smallest limit first
• For angular dimensions, it can be in general note or it can be
mentioned similar to that of linear dimensions
• Hole Basis fit: the basic size is the minimum dia of the hole
and fit is calculated based on this
• Shaft Basis fit: the basic size is the maximum dia of the shaft
and the fit is calculated base on this
Basic hole and shaft system-Imperial size
Hole Basis Fit
Interference fit Clearance fit
Shaft Basis Fit
Interference fit Clearance fit
Basic Size .500
Largest shaft
.500
Smallest hole
.500
0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.496 is the upper limit shaft
0.004 is the ALLOWANCE
0.496 is the upper limit shaft
0.003 is the shaft tolerance
0.493 is the LOWER LIMIT SHAFT
0.500 is the lower limit hole
0.003 is the hole tolerance
0.503 is the UPPER LIMIT HOLE
0.500 is the smallest hole
0.496 is the largest shaft
0.004 is the tightest fit
0.503 is the largest hole
0.493 is the smallest shaft
0.10 is the loosest fit
.503
.500 .496 .493
Example – Run Fit
• Used to limit the abatement in the geometric
or positional variation of features
Geometric tolerancing
Total flatness tolerance,
.05inch. This entire tolerance
zone may move up and down
within the size tolerance zone
Total height
tolerance .2 inches
Flatness tolerance
indication in
drawing
Example of feature control frames
Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Parallelism) Geometric
tolerance value
Reference Datum
Geometric
tolerance symbol
(Roundness)
Geometric
tolerance value
Size dimension
Dimensioning and
tolerancing symbols
Straightness of the axis
Roundness
Cylindricity
Drawing with GT - Example
Machine elements
Fasteners, gears, bearings, welding
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DRAWING
MECH 211
• Machine elements and standards
• Non-permanent fasteners – bolts and screws • Features, representation, assembly representation and note
• Other non-permanent fasteners
• Permanent fasteners – rivets, joining through
soldering, brazing and welding
• Springs
• Assembly drawings
• Machine elements: gears, cams, bearings, etc.
• Examples of mechanisms and representations
Content of the lecture
• Use to join two or more components
• Two major categories: • Non-permanent fastening methods
• Permanent fastening methods
• The Boeing 747 has 2.5 million fasteners!
Fasteners
• Bolts and nuts, machine screws, studs, pins,
rings, keys, etc.
• An assembly could be disassembled without
destroying the fastener or a part of the
assembly
Non-permanent fasteners
• Used to assemble machine parts through the friction obtained in a helical groove made on two conjugated parts
• The threads are cut or rolled in a blank of material (metal) while the conjugate part moves axially on the thread when turned
• Bolts and nuts must have the same geometric features in order to be mated.
Bolts, nuts and machine screws
Screw and thread terminology
• Screw Thread - A ridge
of uniform section in the
form of a helix on the
external or internal
surface of a cylinder.
• Major Diameter - The
largest diameter of a
screw thread.
• Minor Diameter - The
smallest diameter of a
screw thread.
Screw and thread terminology
• Axis – the longitudinal
center line of the original
work (blank) or hole
• Chamfer – the angular
relief at the beginning or
end of the thread to
allow easier engagement
with the mating part
• Crest – the peak of the
top of a thread
• Depth – the distance
between the crest and the
root
• Die – the tool used to perform external threads
• External thread – the screw thread on the outside of a cylindrical surface
• Internal thread – the screw thread on the inside of a cylindrical surface
• Lead – the distance that a screw will travel along the axis when turned by 360°
Screw and thread terminology
• Pitch – the distance
between corresponding
points on adjacent
thread forms, measured
parallel to the axis
expressed in 1 divided
by the number of pitch
in one inch
• Pitch diameter – the
diameter of an
imaginary cylinder that
is located equidistant
between the major and
the minor diameter
Screw and thread terminology
• Root – the bottom of the screw thread cut in a cylinder
• Tap – the tool used to thread holes
• Thread angle – the angle between the surfaces of two adjacent threads
• Thread series – the number of threads per inch for a given diameter
Screw and thread terminology
• ANSI Y14.6 - 1998
• Thread form
• Thread series
• Major diameter
• Class of fit
• Threads per inch
Thread specifications – imperial system
Form
• Shows some common thread forms
• Inch & Metric have same proportion
• Sharp V was original american national thread
• American national now has flattened root and crest to increase strength
• Unified thread is agreed as standard in US, Canada and Britain, the crest may be flat or rounded but the root is rounded. Otherwise similar to American national
Form
• ISO Metric is the most common of all the depth is smaller than that of unified national thread
• Knuckle thread is rolled or cast (used in light bulbs and sockets)
• Square and Acme threads are used for transmitting power
• Buttress thread takes pressure on one side ( to the axis)
Controls and positioning applications
Motion and measurement screws
Measuring thread pitch
• Pitch is the distance parallel to axis between corresponding points in adjacent thread
• Pitch is measured in millimeters for metric thread and indicated along with the major dia (eg. M10 X 1.5)
• For inch threads, it is mentioned as threads per inch
• Thread Pitch is measured with scale or a thread pitch gage
• Series depends on the pitch and the major dia of the
thread
• Coarse series – used for quick assembly and disassembly
of cast iron, soft metals and plastics (UNC) – Less TPI
• Fine series – used when a great deal of force is necessary
for assembly (UNF) - More TPI
• Extra fine series – used when the length of engagement is
short and the application calls for high degrees of stress
(UNEF) – Lot of TPI
Series
Series
• If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always assumed to be right
hand thread
• A bolt threaded into a tapered hole should be turned clockwise
• Some special cases (where the torque may loosen the fastener)
may require Left hand threads
• If Left hand threads are necessary it is indicated in the drawing
by the letters LH after the thread designation
Number
of starts
of a
thread
Single and multiple thread forms
• If it is not stated in the drawing, it is always assumed to be single thread
• Single thread has a single ridge in the form of helix and lead = pitch
• Multiple threads have 2 or more ridges running side by side • .
• The slope line is the hypotenuse of the right triangle whose short side = .5P
for single thread and p for double and 1.5 P for triple threads
• Multiple threads are required when small rotation must gives faster
movement at low required power (Eg. Toothpaste caps )
Thread Symbols
• Can use, simple, schematic or detailed as needed. Simplified is common
• Detailed is more pleasing, so for major dias >1” detailed is preferred
• Class 1 A an B – a loose fit where quick assembly is
required and play between parts is acceptable
• Class 2 A and B – a high quality general purpose
commercial class of fit for bolts, nuts and screws used in
mass production
• Class 3 A and B – a very high quality threaded fasteners
with a close fit used for precision assembly subjected to
vibrations
• A is for external threads and B is for internal threads
Class of fit
Thread notes
How to represent a thread
• Thread form symbol – M
• Nominal size – in mm
• Pitch size – in mm
• General purpose tolerance – a tolerance
class that includes a tolerance position and a
tolerance grade for both pitch diameter and
minor diameter
ISO representation of threads
Basic metric thread note
Complete threading - metric system
• The number of the tolerance grades
reflects the size of the tolerance
• For example, grade 4 < grade 6 <
grade 8 tolerances
• In addition to the tolerance grade, a
positional tolerance is required
• For external threads:
• Tolerance position e (large allowance)
• Tolerance position g (small allowance)
• Tolerance position h (no allowance)
• For internal threads:
• Tolerance position G (small allowance)
• Tolerance position H (no allowance)
Bolts, nuts and screws
• Large variety of bolts (dimensional, head
shape, etc.)
• Material, quality, finishing
• Grade
Bolts, nuts and screws
• Unfinished bolts are
not machined
anywhere except for
the thread portion
• Finished bolts have
machined face for
washer holding or
flush location on
parts
Bolts, nuts and screws
Fastener locking
Castellated nut
Fastener locking
Jam nut Durlock nut
Standard Cap Screws
• 5 different capscrews shown. Socket head can have different shapes of head
and sockets
• Sued in machines to pass through clearance hole to screw into another and
improve appearance
• Socket screws are used while in crowded condition
hexsize
heightth_height
Dia"-XXUNY-2A
Part representation
th_heightheight
Dia"-XXUNY-2A
machine screw
Part representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
Assembly representation
• Clips, rings, pins, etc.
Other non-permanent fasteners
Other non-permanent fasteners
• Clips, rings, pins, etc.
• Once assembled, the parts of the assembly (including the
fastener) would be destroyed to disassemble the assembly.
• Rivets, soldering, brazing, welding
Permanent fasteners
• Used to permanently fasten mechanical
components
Rivets
Riveting process
The headless end of the rivet is plastically deformed such
that keeps together two components
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Fastening with rivets
Common riveted joints
Self piercing rivets
Blind rivets
• Joining of two part using a third component –
filler that joins the parts when in liquid state
• Soldering and brazing – low temperature binding
materials – Sn-Pb, Cu-Ag alloys
• Limited capability to face thermo-mechanical
loading
Soldering, brazing, welding
• Very well regulated activity
• It requires license to practice
• Welders bear significant responsibility
• The activity is based on rigorous rules and regulations
• Designer prescribe welding based on mechanics of
materials calculations
• Symbols indicate the type of welding
Welding
Basic welding symbol
• Designed to store energy when
deflected and return the same
amount of energy when released
• Basically divided as Helical and Flat
springs
• Helical springs are sub divided as
– Compression Springs
– Extension Springs
– Torsion Springs
Springs
Helical Springs
Compression, Extension & Torsion
Machine elements
gears, bearings
Lecture 11
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING
MECH 211
• Exam is on the 6th of December 2012
• Course evaluation is online
– Do not forget to do it from your myconcordia portal
– Important means to convey your thoughts about course
• Lecture 12 - Case Study and Make up lecture
• Held at the same time (8.45 AM to 11.30 AM) on
Monday the 3rd of December 2012
Machine elements
• Used to transmit power or support elements
that transmit power
• Gears, belts/pulleys, chain/sprockets,
cams/followers
• Shafts, bearings
• Springs, ratchets, clutches, brakes
Machine elements
Gear and pinion mechanisms – power transmission
Between two close-positioned shafts
Gears
• The profile of the tooth is a portion of an
involute (the curve generated by a line that
rolls without sliding on a circle)
Gears
• Meshing
require the
same geometry
of the teeth
• The rule of
meshing – the
transmission
ratio i
Gears
Gears
• Pressure angle is the direction of the
transmitted force versus the normal to the
center line
Gears
Gears nomenclature
This gear is not sectioned unless
something inside should be shown
A table containing cutting data must accompany the representation
Gears representation
Gears representation
A table containing cutting data must accompany the representation
Gears representation
Gears
• Rack representation (the cutting data is
included)
• Transmission of liner motion to
circular or vice versa
Worm and gear
• Worm and Gear representation
• Transmission of motion between
out of plane, perpendicular axes
Bevel gear assembly
• Bevel Gear representation
• Transmission of motion between in plane, perpendicular axes
Gears
Cams and followers
Reduce the high stress when
power is coupled to an idle shaft
Clutches
Bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Ball and roller bearings
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
Example of mechanisms
WORKING DRAWINGS
Production and Assembly Documentation
Technical Data Presentation
Lecture 11
• Design process
• Technical documentation
• Working drawings
• Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Title block
• Modifications and revisions
• How to simplify the design process
• Checklist of a good design
• Technical data presentation
Content of the lecture
• Developed for a new product
• Includes working drawings apart from
calculations, technology details, assembly scheme,
etc.
• Working drawings include: • Assembly working drawings
• Component working drawing
• Component working drawings for the same part
may look different for different processes
Technical documentation
• One working drawing is made for each non-standard component
• All the necessary information to carry out manufacturing must be contained within the drawing
• Recommendation: use a reference (textbook) when draw a working drawing
• Assembly working drawing contain the necessary information to perform the assembly of the system
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working drawings
Working Drawings
• Includes assembly and
detailed specs for
manufacture
• Neatly made and
checked
• Working drawings of
individual parts is
called detail drawing
• Details of individual parts may be drawn on single sheet or in
many sheets (one sheet per part), and assembly drawing done on
separate bigger sheet
• If drawn on single sheet, space must be considered for
dimensions and notes as well
• In a detailed
drawing of an
assembly, the part
name and the detail
number are located
within the drawing
area
Detail Drawings
• A drawing must match a certain format
• The scale should be selected to make sure
that the component would fit the format
• A preliminary evaluation should be
performed before the drawing is completed
• Take into consideration the space for
dimensions
Drawing Form
back Drawing Form Refer front inside cover
of the book for details
Ion Stiharu
Drawing Form
• Used to record important information and keep track of the parts
a) Name and address of the company
b) Title of the drawing
c) Drawing number
d) Names of the designers and date of completion
e) Design approval
f) Additional approval
g) Predominant drawing scale
Title blocks and drawing numbers
h) Supply code for
manufacturers
i) Drawing sheet side
letter designation
j) Actual or estimated
weight of the item
Title blocks and drawing numbers
• Bill of Materials BOM -
consists of itemized list of
parts shown on a detail or
assembly drawing
• This is done above the title
strip (numbered upward) or
on separate sheet
• It has the part numbers, title,
Qty, material and other
relevant info
• Drawing Numbers - all drawing should be numbered (lower
right or upper left corner of sheet) with serial numbers
indicating functionality of component or model No. of machine
• Revisions are required due to changes in design. So to keep track of all the modification, revisions need to be numbered and maintained
Modifications and Revisions
• The track of modifications is
kept on the drawing (some new
approaches are applied on CAD)
• If changes are considerable, new
drawing is made with
OBSOLETE stamped on old
1. Use text description whenever possible to eliminate
drawing completely.
2. Use text description whenever practical to eliminate
projected views.
3. Eliminate views where the shape can be given by
description e.g. HEX, SQ, DIA,
4. Show partial views of symmetrical objects.
5. Avoid elaborate, pictorial or repetitive detail.
How to simplify the design process
6. When necessary to detail threads, do not show them
over the whole length.
7. Eliminate detail of nuts, bolt heads, and other standard
parts. Show outlines and position only.
8. Reduce detail of parts on assembly drawing.
9. Avoid unnecessary hidden lines that add no
clarification.
10. Use sectioning only when it is necessary for the clarity
of the drawing.
How to simplify the design process
11. Simplify graphics for holes and tapped holes by use
of the symbols.
12. Omit views with no dimensional or written
instruction.
13. Within limits, a small drawing is usually easier and
quicker to make than a large one.
14. When two parts are slightly different, complete
graphical representation of both parts is not
required. The note: SAME AS EXCEPT …….. Or
OTHERWISE SAME AS …. may be given.
How to simplify the design process
15. Drawings made to modify stock or commercial
parts should be as plain as possible. Avoid detail.
16. Use standard abbreviations whenever possible.
17. Whenever necessary, enlarge small details on
larger parts for clarity.
18. Draw small parts large enough to avoid crowding
so they may be easy to read, but not unnecessarily
too large to ware space on the drawing.
19. Do not duplicate dimensions.
How to simplify the design process
20. Substitute recognized standard symbols, to simplify
greatly the drawing of common objects.
21. Eliminate repetitive data by use of general notes.
22. When drafting, do so much free-hand drawing as the
work permits, in preference to using instruments.
23. Where practical, use geometric symbols instead of
notes.
24. Where acceptable, give rectangular coordinate or
tabular dimensioning instead of dimension lines.
How to simplify the design process
• Assembly drawing shows how each component is
positioned with respect to the others
• Each component should be identified and listed in a parts
list
• General assembly - gives a general graphic description of
the shape
• Sectioned assembly - shows the hidden features and their
interdependence
• Installation or outline assembly - indicates how the parts,
shown separated, are assembled
• Pictorial assembly - usually isometric, indicates how the
parts, shown separated, are assembled
Assembly Drawing
General Assembly Drawing
Detail
drawing of
a
automobile
connecting
rod
General Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawing of a
automobile connecting
rod
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here one view is
enough to show the
relationship
This is also called a sub-assembly because this forms a part of
the bigger assembly
Sectional Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawing of a
Grinder
The purpose is relation
ship between parts in
assembly than
individual shape.
Minimum number of
views must be used.
Here (only) two views
are needed to show the
relationship
In order to avoid hidden lines (common due to interaction of many
components in assembly) sectioning is done to improve clarity
Sectional Assembly Drawing
• To distinguish parts,
section lines are
drawn in different
directions
• Change of angle (not
45°) may be done if
needed
• Thin materials like
gaskets are shown as
thick lines in section
• Standard practice is
not to section bolts,
shafts, even though
section lines pass
through them
Outline Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• This is also called
installation assembly
• It outline the
relationships of
exterior surfaces
Outline Assembly Drawing • In aircraft drafting, installation assembly gives
complete information for placing details of
sub assemblies in their final positions in
airplane
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
• Made specifically to
show how to install
or erect a machine
• Here use of
isometric views to
show separated parts
that need to
assembled
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Pictorial Assembly Drawing
Tabular drawing (catalog)
• Thus one
drawing serves
for a range of
sizes covered.
• But there is a
serious risk of
misreading the
table.
Is one on which the dimension are replaced by letters, and
accompanying table lists the corresponding dimensions for a series
of sizes
Standardized drawing
• Drawing is
made without
dimensioned
• Copied by any
methods
• Dimensions
filled
accordingly
To avoid misreading of tables as in tabular drawing, yet simplify
drawing process
1. Is the drawing easy to read?
2. Are the part outlines distinct from dimension lines?
3. Is the lettering neat and clear?
4. Is all of the information on the drawing?
5. Will the drawing make a good print?
6. Have all the rules of standard drafting practices
been followed?
Checklist for a good design
7. Is the nomenclature correct? Will anyone
understand it the same way?
8. Is the drawing title truly descriptive?
9. Are all the necessary views given?
10. Are all the dimensions shown?
11. Are dimensions which are given twice?
12. Are all the notes properly located?
13. Could any of the notes be misunderstood?
Checklist for a good design
14. Does the parts agree with the list?
15. Are the standard parts specified correctly?
16. Is the scale designated?
17. Are the finishes specified in the drawing?
18. Is heat treatment recommended?
19. Have standard manufacturing processes been
followed?
20. Can the part be produced simpler and more
economic?
Checklist for a good design
21. Are the materials specified?
22. Are the standard parts used to the maximum
extent?
23. Are the suppliers for the standard parts indicated?
24. The design is yours. Are you ready to approve it?
Checklist for a good design
• Technical communication require enhanced
ways to convey data and numerical
information MAG(TREN) PHASE(TREN) IMAG REAL MAG PHASE MAG(TREN) PHASE(TREN) IMAG REAL MAG PHASE MAG(TREN)
26.1287 -180.0000005 2.15324E-07 -26.0287 26.0287 -180.0000005 26.0287 -180.0000005 2.15324E-07 -25.3287 25.3287 -180.0000005 25.3287
26.1288 -180.0000317 -0.000809 -26.0289 26.02890001 -179.9982192 26.02880001 -179.9991098 -0.002295 -25.3289 25.3289001 -179.9948085 25.32880005
25.64784981 -131.6957183 2.04 -8.3 8.547022873 -193.8086224 20.20154096 -184.6022807 -10.33 44.3 45.48844798 -13.12584485 32.0486827
28.95132643 -97.96415498 -4.533 29.1 29.45094377 -8.853989418 22.51389166 -140.6652079 0.71 32.5 32.50775446 1.251493346 32.16345064
31.40878786 -77.13796096 -17.98 37.1 41.22730163 -25.85650422 26.25657366 -117.7034671 -15.48 31.5 35.0981538 -26.17082038 32.75039127
33.53802407 -62.16180586 -10.672 31 32.78553925 -18.99643745 27.34473459 -101.2522955 -4.442 31.9 32.20778421 -7.927328138 32.65995676
36.62170197 -31.43062462 0.213 35.2 35.20064444 0.346700343 28.873392 -71.19451205 2.424 43.4 43.46764056 3.196793128 35.68311352
39.44612293 -0.86542368 0.514 41.6 41.60317531 0.707897407 31.46910455 -41.07682595 1.688 41.4 41.43439808 2.334824517 38.36736318
42.34289628 5.519800663 1.966 40.2 40.24804537 2.799846426 36.7526083 -8.308747817 1.526 41 41.02838866 2.131537061 37.62401996
43.22825258 5.533797457 2.664 40 40.08861305 3.810272 38.52555318 -6.198037581 2.164 44.1 44.15306214 2.809267431 39.56490457
43.42345535 4.711813463 2.894 40.8 40.90250892 4.057272989 38.47142106 -1.212408047 0.455 46.2 46.20224048 0.564258374 41.41558569
43.13192018 2.204145796 0.57 42.9 42.90378655 0.761227802 40.15779561 2.080536161 2.38 43.6 43.6649104 3.124512684 43.32510672
42.58493131 1.937115398 2.099 41 41.05369412 2.930705805 41.13330389 2.511203738 4.429 42.7 42.92908153 5.921751583 43.23534688
42.48909705 1.329458943 1.006 43.7 43.71157783 1.31875001 41.4847043 2.613012505 1.196 40.8 40.81752584 1.679071923 43.13253484
42.39515945 0.906209117 1.407 42.7 42.72317461 1.887260061 41.89722585 2.460914778 1.107 42.5 42.5144146 1.492049174 43.38020583
42.01642917 0.434922695 -0.16 42 42.00030476 -0.21826858 42.21584113 1.789491348 0.388 42.6 42.60176691 0.521834454 43.12165663
41.93178682 0.322315106 1.66 41 41.03359112 2.31851401 42.23768816 1.499698185 0.96 43.6 43.61056753 1.261354636 42.68971114
42.17634917 0.610967193 -0.853 45.9 45.90792534 -1.064655224 42.73837796 1.195384347 -1.023 42.3 42.31236851 -1.385393831 42.46428749
42.38516948 0.060112993 -1.495 43.5 43.52568236 -1.968356085 43.150376 0.378874032 2.075 40.2 40.25351693 2.954809095 42.01836005
42.21847736 0.136864276 -1.826 42.1 42.13958087 -2.483528788 42.88837651 -0.254839101 0.634 40.5 40.50496212 0.896853268 41.9662661
41.88493263 -0.0657412 2.141 41.7 41.75492643 2.939152132 42.72700181 -0.079523756 0.391 41.5 41.5018419 0.539806914 41.79750398
42.1187724 -0.285318156 0.054 43.7 43.70003336 0.070800241 43.01028991 -0.031345619 -0.7496 44.2 44.20635588 -0.971601797 42.06493548
42.21872329 -0.463976165 -1.432 43 43.02383786 -1.90737779 43.3419977 -0.735660919 -0.744 44.1 44.10627547 -0.966530983 42.14755347
42.0851383 -0.304524959 -1.662 42.5 42.53248457 -2.239460898 42.77942424 -0.931461865 1.408 43.6 43.62272875 1.84964292 42.36594684
42.1385488 0.089452888 0.4739 41.4 41.40271224 0.655828118 42.42559589 -0.494097831 -0.3641 42.5 42.5015596 -0.490844305 42.74062062
42.49211165 -0.245667084 -1.258 42.8 42.81848391 -1.683582822 42.5387464 -0.360773503 0.21 43.1 43.1005116 0.279165162 43.1732122
43.29182953 -0.160636482 -0.415 44.4 44.40193943 -0.535519281 42.97991523 -0.939885406 -0.052 43.8 43.80003087 -0.068022355 43.5562437
43.27557789 0.150206713 0.689 44 44.00539423 0.897126498 43.03080871 -0.802164363 -0.2 43 43.00046511 -0.266490076 43.3552619
43.40966443 0.073794376 -0.466 43.8 43.80247888 -0.609562235 43.16058221 -0.58586177 -0.1582 42.7 42.70029306 -0.212275195 43.1209315
43.27713138 -0.142675763 0.075 42.9 42.90006556 0.100167345 43.22184571 -0.19592373 -0.775 42.5 42.50706559 -1.044689606 42.93498764
43.39393482 -0.760324385 1.5824 43.8 43.82857504 2.069073663 43.62615617 0.039617194 -0.7336 43.4 43.40619966 -0.968391277 43.08576098
43.44211693 -0.248308477 -0.845 43.5 43.50820641 -1.112847021 43.74110992 0.134739828 0.1445 43.9 43.90023782 0.188592488 43.21904868
43.34311043 -0.402616155 -0.923 44.8 44.80950713 -1.18027955 43.80903787 0.027279783 -0.2284 44.7 44.70058351 -0.292757095 43.36914079
43.47586226 -0.696349923 1.4439 44.3 44.32352476 1.866819388 43.86205963 0.188895265 -0.1262 44.1 44.10018057 -0.163961624 43.5524267
43.49149462 -0.542411587 -0.598 44 44.00406349 -0.778653791 43.89565706 0.160713339 -1.591 46.2 46.2273867 -1.972328475 44.14027564
43.99602958 -0.749872392 -2.136 44.5 44.55123451 -2.74808818 44.17085189 -0.313995915 -0.7122 42.8 42.80592516 -0.953324497 44.19008557
44.11254763 -0.741396757 1.649 43.5 43.53124396 2.170931552 44.12129671 -0.2970196 -0.135 43.6 43.600209 -0.17740609 44.22242046
44.09434601 -1.032328006 -1.025 46.6 46.61127144 -1.260058061 44.63847421 -0.321554774 -1.473 44.4 44.42442717 -1.900129293 44.30978535
44.26422053 -1.195217451 -1.1115 45.2 45.21366422 -1.408659887 44.70583373 -0.359618163 -1.6215 44.7 44.72940042 -2.077503081 44.31458817
44.41678863 -1.351351063 -0.785 44.4 44.40693893 -1.012894174 44.71973609 -0.839570424 -2.399 44.9 44.96404342 -3.058396462 44.45856531
44.61795215 -1.512559036 -0.254 44.7 44.70072165 -0.325569829 44.83584578 -0.76405643 -1.159 44.8 44.81498947 -1.481941956 44.22316577
44.76373079 -1.32142198 -2.362 45.5 45.56126693 -2.971676037 45.00418452 -0.801321073 -1.836 45.1 45.13735588 -2.331197269 44.61173756
44.86045293 -1.119904293 -1.604 45.8 45.8280789 -2.0057835 45.38699034 -1.497440248 -1.419 45.3 45.32221929 -1.794175159 44.89873927
45.21199918 -1.24733524 0.148 44.9 44.90024392 0.188858456 45.10181909 -1.255954162 -0.951 46.3 46.30976572 -1.176687377 45.21296237
45.37789574 -1.21329093 -1.092 48.7 48.71224142 -1.284527892 45.68491529 -1.235265496 -2.349 47.2 47.25841513 -2.84908554 45.63446482
45.83508362 -1.423295629 -1.168 46.1 46.11479398 -1.451348297 45.9695578 -1.308341183 -1.552 45.8 45.82628835 -1.940808661 45.77817231
45.98406846 -1.314399808 -0.605 44.1 44.10414975 -0.785981229 45.87012915 -1.385076417 -0.355 46.6 46.60135218 -0.43647228 46.07589943
46.16880553 -1.389934208 0.421 46.1 46.10192231 0.523228908 45.96023838 -0.802592259 -1.14 45.7 45.71421661 -1.428963795 46.17204288
46.68523761 -1.225693349 -0.418 46.3 46.30188683 -0.5172567 46.03920637 -0.554504459 -0.79 46.5 46.50671027 -0.973318531 46.36945804
46.85216417 -1.237761519 -0.763 46.5 46.50625946 -0.940059289 46.30687563 -0.742657417 -0.517 47.8 47.80279583 -0.619681234 46.61829639
46.93505102 -1.217024477 -1.2466 46.4 46.41674279 -1.538959942 45.92429252 -0.785062758 -2.0666 48.1 48.14437491 -2.460180457 46.76595636
46.57108109 -1.289876158 -2.827 45.7 45.78735556 -3.53980381 45.86971945 -1.133138677 -0.77 46.2 46.20641622 -0.954841254 46.829311
46.54453147 -1.638768449 -1.802 46.3 46.33505373 -2.228831751 46.24153678 -1.373613764 -1.225 46.2 46.21623768 -1.518850397 46.76512525
46.3615153 -1.656238333 -2.635 47 47.07380615 -3.208861662 46.40351742 -1.995628859 -2.185 47.4 47.4503343 -2.639297818 47.0544782
46.11691725 -2.082386929 -2.535 46.6 46.66889998 -3.113772151 46.46468628 -2.428381434 -5.255 50.3 50.57375826 -5.964234837 47.73231953
45.88860612 -2.275704328 -3.677 48.6 48.73889955 -4.326666078 46.83679296 -2.992815899 -1.159 48.9 48.91373305 -1.357737791 47.91747574
46.18612712 -2.117264657 -2.213 47.3 47.35174093 -2.678713827 46.99262598 -3.18277488 -3.553 49.5 49.62734941 -4.105522771 48.16463815
46.6069711 -2.183620976 -3.868 49.1 49.25212101 -4.504344574 47.57008689 -3.343531674 -2.218 48.6 48.65058606 -2.613043614 48.57199979
47.025252 -2.216683154 -1.705 46.8 46.83104766 -2.086455527 47.65275254 -3.319802303 -1.365 48 48.01940467 -1.628909729 48.87252763
Technical data presentation
Encoding data and markers
2 D - scatter plot 2 D – connected line plot
Plots
Regression line graph Mean and standard deviation
Plots
Bar graph (horizontal) Composite bar graph
Plots
Histogram (distribution of image) 3D – scatter plot
Plots
Plots
Think practical …
…when approaching a design problem
• Case Study - Introduction
Design a Catapult
• You are an engineer (that is good to know and even
better to start imagining being one)
• Your kid brother or sister is asking you to make a
catapult for them for playing during the winter season
• What are the things that you should know to design and
manufacture this catapult
Needs or Functionality
• What you are going to throw with that
• How fast you want to throw a particular object
• How far your catapult should be able to throw that
• What will be mechanism of working of the catapult that you
designed
• How are you going to design that
• After the design, how are you going to produce that
Preliminary Design Constraints
• The part you are going to throw with your design is “assume
an Eraser that you use in drawing class”
• You have to throw that to a distance of say 10 meters
• Since you are designing this for your kid brother or sister,
you cannot use unsafe mechanisms like
• Things that give out lot of energy or sound like explosive materials
etc
• Or use of gasoline or heat to power the device
Design Requirement
• Since you should be able to do it easily you have think of
following things
• Use minimum number of parts in the assembly (<15)
• Use power sources like spring, air cylinder, rubber band or the likes
of these
• The geometric parameters of the components catapult will have an
effect on its performance
• Try mostly to use standard parts in your design
What Have You to Do?
• Come to the next class with a piece of paper outlining the
design including the following
• The components and their sizes and specs
• What were your considerations to choose those particular dimensions
and sizes
• 2 or 3 lines about the mechanism of operation
• We will discuss all those designs and I will show one of the design
myself.
Basic welding symbols
Basic welding symbols
Basic welding symbols
Working drawing of a compression spring
Spring representation
Detailed representation
Sch
emat
ic r
epre
sen
tati
on
Roller-type followers stud and bore
Cams