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8/8/2019 TMDL: An Agricultural Perspective, Bill Hafs, 9/2010
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TMDLan
Agricultural
Perspective
Wauwatosa, WisconsinSeptember 15, 2010
7th Annual Clean Rivers, Clean Lake Conference
Mark Hagedorn
Brown County
UW Extension
Bill HafsBrown County
Land and Water Conservation Department
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Presentation Overview
Current livestock situation inNE Wisconsin
Industry trends Land use trends
Distribution/densities of
livestock Surface water
Overview of the Lower FoxRiver TMDL
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Livestock Numbers
All Cattle and Calves (Fox- Wolf Basin)
Cattle Cropland Acres/Cow
Brown 105,000 162,000 1.54Outagamie 85,000 194,700 2.29Winnebago 32,000 127,600 3.99Calumet 60,000 120,900 2.02Fond du Lac 100,000 242,700 2.26Waupaca 55,000 134,400 2.44Shawano 85,000 171,900 2.02
Counties with highest cattle numbersGrant 173,000 330,000 1.91Dane 143,500 363,400 2.53Marathon 139,000 288,200 2.07Clark 136,500 235,800 1.73
Dodge 106,500 304,400 2.86Manitowoc 97,000 183,800 1.89
* 2009 Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics
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Brown County 18 existing CAFO permits (>1000 AU)
13 potential (>500 AU) CAFO permits.
1000 (1400 lb) dairy cows generatesthe waste = 18,000 humans (source
DNR)
80,000 animal units = 1,440,000humans (waste equivalents).
City of Green Bay + De Pere Metro
area = 200,000 humans on GBMSD.100 Staff work at sewage district.
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1000 Animal Unit
Operations(statewide 2007 DNR)64/134 Dairy CAFOs in NE Wisconsin
Less than 5 CAFOs In Wisconsin in 1985
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Crop
Potatoes
Barley
Corn
Hay
Peas
Oats
Snap Beans
Soybeans
Sweet Corn
Wheat
1969
50
700
67,800
87,000
1,600
47,300
300
100
2,100
150
207,100
1981
750
65,000
74,000
2,500
31,500
1,200
200
1,600
2,050
178,800
2008
62,000
61,800
22,400
15,800
162,000
Brown County Crop
Production Overview
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Production/Cow
# Cows# HerdsAve. Herd SizeCattle All
19699,950
#/head
40,9191,348~ 30
198113,200
#/head
39,200
91,400
200822,300
#/head
41,000239
~172105,000
In 1975, there were 40,000 cows.
Cattle All = 88,200
Brown County Dairy
Production Overview
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Land Use
Brown County total land areaapproximately 350,000 acres.
Year Farms Land in Farms
1954 2,672 300,900 acres1972 1,920 274,800 acres
1978 1,730 263,400 acres
1983 1,480 241,500 acres
2008 1,053* 162,000 acres
2010 ??
(Source: 1991 Brown County Farmland Preservation Plan; NASS 2007*, 2009)
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Fox River and Milwaukee River
Upstream Areas with largeAgriculture areas flow downstream
to Large Urban area. Trends reduced agriculture areas
because of urban sprawl and lesscropland.
Fewer farms, larger farms, milkproduction and manure productionper cow increased.
Urban sprawl + increased farmsize = potential for conflict.
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Distribution and
Livestock Density
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Trends2009 US Dairy Statistics Milk Production
(Source: Progressive Dairyman)
State Ranking in Total Milk productionWisconsin is #2 nationwide.
Wisconsin average herd size = 95
Number dairy herds 13,170 (13,730 in 2008)
TOP DAIRY COUNTIES IN MIDWEST Region
(12 states) Milk 2008-09
1. Stearns Mn (106 million lbs) +67%
2. Clark (103 million lbs) +35%3. Marathon (94 million lbs) +25%4. Dane (94 million lbs) +15%5. Fond du Lac (81 million lbs) +39%6. Brown (80 million lbs) +16%
(14% in 2008)
7. Outagamie (75 million lbs) +40%
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Sustainability
How many acres are needed per AU forland spreading of animal waste forPhosphorus?
Clemson University 3 acres/cow P(Planning Free stall Facilities for the Expanding Dairy John P. Chastain,Ph.D. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering ClemsonUniversity 2000 )
UWEX,CALS, DATCP, USDA 1.6 2.9 acres/ cow P(UWEX, CALS, USDA-ARS Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-CSREES Initiative for future agriculture and food systems, WDATCP)
80,000 AU in Brown County x 2 acres/AU = 160,000 acres cropland needed.
Distribution of Livestock operations.Density standards need to bedeveloped or other waste technologiespromoted and funded.
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Land Application of
Wastes 162,000 acres of cropland in Brown
County. (2009 NASS)
1/3 of Cropland is estimated to
have spreading restrictions suchas:
Set backs to streams
Set backs from wells
Set backs from wetlands Set backs from KARST, Bedrock,
sinkholes
Slope restrictions
106,920 acres of cropland (66%)is more accurate estimate ofspread able cropland.
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Other Waste
DNR approved land spreadingsites Brown County 2/14/07:
Industrial= 566 sites, 23,214 acres,18 facilities.
Municipal = 243 sites, 4854 acres,9 facilities.
Septage= 31 sites 1300 acres, 8facilities.
Total = 29,368.9 acres/162,000acres total cropland acres in
Brown County = 18% ofcropland approved for land
spreading of other wastes.
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Surface Water
The Fox River is the largestcontributor of phosphorus to
Lake Michigan of all tributarystreams (21%).
The Fox River is the 3rd
largest contributor of Sedimentto Lake Michigan of all tributarystreams.
(U.S.G.S. Water Resources)
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Surface Water - Phosphorus
AgriculturalLand44%
Barnyard3%
Urban9%
ConstructionSites3%
Othernonpoint
3%
MunicipalPoint
17%
IndustrialPoint21%
Total Phosphorus ExportLower Fox River Basin and Duck Creek
2004 Baseline, Total 238,912 kg
(Data Sources: Integrated Watershed Approach Demonstration Project: APollutant Reduction Optimization Analysis for the Lower Fox River Basin and
the Green Bay Area of Concern. August 2007; prepared by the CadmusGroup for the U.S. EPA, with contributions from the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, 26 pp. Solids data from P. Baumgart, UW-Green Bay, 2008.)
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Phosphorus
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Suspended Sediment
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Nutrient Management
in Brown County
2010 nutrient managementplans = 115,000/162,000 acresof cropland covered (71%)
Private agronomists NE WI sayabout 50% are currently
implemented within reason.
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Soils Phosphorus PPM in TMDLRed >100 ppm Orange 50 100 ppm P
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PI 6 is agronomic based
The DNR will not seek to base nutrient managementplanning on the potential delivery of nutrients to surfacewater. Rather, nutrients will be managed in accordancewith the needs of a crop.(June 23, 2010 Wisconsin DNR Board approves changes to NR 151)
Rotation Soil test Rotation Soil testPI P ppm PI P ppm
4.1 146 1.5 953.9 166 1.9 843.6 141 4.1 2373.2 124 3.1 753.6 196 5.0 595.5 102 1.9 1014.5 63 1.4 693.7 131 2.0 87
4.0 60 1.8 601.6 110 3.0 705.3 103 4.2 62
0.6 59 0.9 572.8 85
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Opportunities Nutrient Management state required, 2010
Brown County 115,000/ 162,000 acres Needbetter plan implementation, revised PItargets lower than 6.
Winter spreading plans -100 per year
Promotion of new technologies
and funding by state of waste water treatment,
digesters, dewatering, Waste TransformationTechnology to overcome cropland shortage andincrease sustainability.
Adequate staff to enforce, inspect, monitor.Green Bay Metro Sewage has 100 employeesto monitor and treat waste from estimated200,000 human residents. 80,000 animal units
= 1,440,000 humans and there are less than 10County and DNR staff monitoring animal waste.
Regulation protects water quality andAgriculture from liability (3 billion dollar/ yearindustry in Brown County)
Great Lakes Initiative grants
Baird Creek $377,000 Buffer strips
West Shore Pike $395,000
TRADING?
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To Trade orNot to Trade
GBMSD to reduce P discharge by 25,000pounds per year will cost over$200,000,000.
The cost share for farmers in BrownCounty from DATCP and DNR in 2011will be $60,931.
Annual discharge of Phosphorus by subbasin :
Duck Creek 63,172 lbs/yr
East River 48,748 lbs/yr Apple Creek 35,088 lbs/yr
Plum Creek 31,569 lbs/yr
Bower Creek 27,777 lbs/yr
Total sub watersheds in Basin = 549,703 lbs/y ofwhich 45.7% is Ag (251,382 lbs/year)
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/wm/wqs/303d/DraftTMDLs/Lower%20Fox%20River%20TMDL%20Report%20(public%20draft%2006-24-10)%20-%20complete[1].pdf
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Education NeededSurvey of Dairy Farmers in Lower Fox by UW
( February 2007)
168 (58%) responded (CAFOs not in survey) 86% agreed it is their responsibility to
protect WQ. Only 14% would be willing to pay moreto improve WQ.
Twice as many (36%) identifiedWaterfowl droppings as more seriousthan Agriculture (18%).
Respondents see water pollution asgenerated principally by non Agsources.
Two most influential factors areprofitability (88%) and out of pocket
expense (87%). 75% will maintain or expand herd size
in next 5 years.
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Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs)
TMDLs require that best
management practices bedesigned to meet the waterquality objectives of animpaired water body.
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Total Maximum Daily
Loads (TMDLs) TMDL means the amount of
pollutants specified as a
function of one or more waterquality parameters, that can bedischarged per day into awater quality limited segment
and still ensure attainment ofthe applicable water qualitystandard.
Phosphorus
Sediment
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BMP #1
Reduce phosphorus in dairy cow feedby 25%
Phosphorus feeding recommendations for
lactating dairy cows.*
Milk yield
(lb/cow/day)
Ration P(%, dry
basis)
55 0.32
77 0.35
99 0.36
120 0.38
*Assumes feed intake rates of the NRC
(2001) model.
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BMP #1 (continued)
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Dairy Ration Phosphorous Trends
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BMP #2
Manure Incorporation Increase the proportion of
applied manure that is
incorporated within 72 hours How did we approach this
BMP?
Surveyed the 5 county area
Increase manure storage
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BMP #2Manure Incorporation
Storage Survey
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BMP #3
Nutrient Management Stabilize soil test phosphorus
at 40PPM
Examines crop removal versusphosphorus production fromlivestock
Largest challenge is theuneven distribution of livestock
We will go into more detail aswe review BMP #7
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BMP #4
Conservation Tillage Mulch tillage versus zone
tillage
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BMP #5
Cover Crops Utilized on low residue fields
There is a great deal of corn
silage chopped in conjunctionwith a decreasing amount ofalfalfa
The financial overview of thispractice was interesting toexamine
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BMP #6
Vegetative Buffer Strips Impacted by NR151 revisions
We have a unique situation in
that Brown County has anordinance for VBSs
This yields a wide variety ofestablishment costs
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BMP #7
Nutrient Management Reduce soil P from 40 PPM to
25 PPM
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BMP #7
Nutrient Management Hyperlink to the online
Phosphorous Balancer for
Brown, Calumet, Manitowoc,Outagamie, and WinnebagoCounties
http://www.co.brown.wi.us/departments/page_4b3351439d09/?department=68d3c3d55278&subdepartment=9207c5a3d3d5
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BMP #8
Bio-Fuel Crops Adding switch grass to the
typical cash-crop rotation of
alternating soybean and corn-grain
No where to go with the endproduct shy of dairy
replacement and dry cow feed
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BMP #9Water And Sediment COntrol
Basins
Affectionately referred to as aWASCOB
Expensive to construct Limited opportunities to utilize
Not a lot of interest
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BMP #10
Anionic Polyacrylamides
New technology to help controlrunoff, soil erosion, and
nutrient loss Proprietary technology
Has been used in reseedingwildfire areas and forestablishment of cover growthat construction sites
Indications are that it is
expensive and little use inproduction agriculture
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Wrap-up for the day!
Opportunities/benefits
Challenges
Questions