tipuri energie solara

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University of Sydney

Fresnel Reflector Solar PowerFresnel Reflector Solar Power

PlantsPlantsD.R. MillsD.R. Mills

Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd.Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd.

Head, Solar Energy Group, School of Physics, University of SydneHead, Solar Energy Group, School of Physics, University of Sydneyy




Trough Collector Field in KramerTrough Collector Field in KramerJunction, California. (Source: W.Junction, California. (Source: W. GretzGretz;;http://www.http://www.nrelnrel..govgov /data/ /data/ pixpix /) /)

Visualisation of DukeVisualisation of Duke Solar’sSolar’s PowerPowerRoof. (Source: Duke Solar)Roof. (Source: Duke Solar)

Existing Linear ConcentratingExisting Linear Concentrating

TechnologyTechnology




ParaboloidalParaboloidal dish,dish, EuroDishEuroDish. (Source:. (Source:http://www.http://www.dlrdlr.de/PSA/central/ .de/PSA/central/ stirlingstirling / / eueurodishrodish / index.html) / index.html)

Solar Tower Test Site CESASolar Tower Test Site CESA--1 at1 at PlataformaPlataformaSolar, PSA,Solar, PSA, AlmeríaAlmería, Spain., Spain.

(Source:(Source:http://www.dlr.de/TT/solartherm/solargasturbine/ http://www.dlr.de/TT/solartherm/solargasturbine/ picturespictures))

Existing TwoExisting Two--axisaxis

TrackingTracking

ConcentratingConcentrating

TechnologyTechnology




••Reflectors called Heliostats illuminate receiver on top ofReflectors called Heliostats illuminate receiver on top oftower from below.tower from below.

••Often only one large tower.Often only one large tower.

••Spaced apart to avoid blocking, poor ground efficiency.Spaced apart to avoid blocking, poor ground efficiency.

••Advantages are a fixed receiver, large focal length (nearlyAdvantages are a fixed receiver, large focal length (nearlyflat reflectors) and separation of optical and thermalflat reflectors) and separation of optical and thermal

components, lower reflector support costs.components, lower reflector support costs.

Classical Fresnel Reflector OperationClassical Fresnel Reflector Operation




••Reflectors can be alternated between receivers permanentlyReflectors can be alternated between receivers permanently

or at different times of year to minimise blocking andor at different times of year to minimise blocking and

maximise effective aperturemaximise effective aperture

Compact Fresnel Reflector OperationCompact Fresnel Reflector Operation

••Field now is highly compact, retaining advantages of LFR, butField now is highly compact, retaining advantages of LFR, butallowing high ground efficiency to optimise collection fromallowing high ground efficiency to optimise collection from

limited available land.limited available land.

••Results in land and pipe savings, lower thermal losses.Results in land and pipe savings, lower thermal losses.




Small segment of large scale CLFR intended for central power genSmall segment of large scale CLFR intended for central power generation;eration;

the 15 m. high towers can be scaled to half size fhe 15 m. high towers can be scaled to half size for urban use.

Compact Linear Fresnel ReflectorCompact Linear Fresnel ReflectorTechnology: CLFRTechnology: CLFR

••150150 -- 360°C360°C

operationoperation(Rankine(Rankinecycles)cycles)

••Half landHalf land

area of trougharea of trougharraysarrays

••Low costLow cost

••SuitableSuitablecentralcentralgenerationgeneration

and processand process

steamsteam




Compact Linear Fresnel TechnologyCompact Linear Fresnel Technology!! Aimed at large overall cost reductionsAimed at large overall cost reductions

!!Low cost primary optics, because inexpensiveLow cost primary optics, because inexpensiveglass sizes can be used without heat saggingglass sizes can be used without heat sagging

!! Fixed, spectrally selective coated receiverFixed, spectrally selective coated receiver

!! Direct boiling used because tubes illuminatedDirect boiling used because tubes illuminatedfrom below, so that fluid is in contact with wetfrom below, so that fluid is in contact with wet

surface, eliminating hot spots and fatiguesurface, eliminating hot spots and fatigue

!!

Easy interface to conventional plant usingEasy interface to conventional plant usingsteel boiler tubessteel boiler tubes

!! Minimal structural requirementsMinimal structural requirements

!! Simplicity of maintenance, manual cleaningSimplicity of maintenance, manual cleaning




••25 MW(e) array planned for25 MW(e) array planned forLiddell power station inLiddell power station inNSW.NSW.

••Thermal energy supplied toThermal energy supplied toreheat cycle to existingreheat cycle to existingpowerplant, uses existingpowerplant, uses existingpower block infrastructure.power block infrastructure.

••Only 270°C required.Only 270°C required.

••First plant cost EURO 0.04First plant cost EURO 0.04per kWh(e).per kWh(e).

••Maximised greenhouseMaximised greenhousesavings, direct coalsavings, direct coalreplacement.replacement.

••Two other 25MW(e) sitesTwo other 25MW(e) sites

nearby. Many possible innearby. Many possible inEurope.Europe.

CLFR as Coal SaverCLFR as Coal Saver

Proposed Site: Adjacent toProposed Site: Adjacent toLiddel Power Station in theLiddel Power Station in theHunter Valley in NSW.Hunter Valley in NSW.

Bayswater Power station isBayswater Power station isnearby.nearby.




••Projected now cost competitive with Australian baseload coalProjected now cost competitive with Australian baseload coal

using accessible microclimates and current green certificates.using accessible microclimates and current green certificates.••Storage at Euro $20 per daily kWh(th) feasible in:Storage at Euro $20 per daily kWh(th) feasible in:

••Molten Salt in Thermocline Tank 250°CMolten Salt in Thermocline Tank 250°C -- 370°C (USA)370°C (USA)

••Solid Ceramic Storage (DLR, Germany)Solid Ceramic Storage (DLR, Germany)••Mineral Oil < 310°C in Thermocline Tank (USA)Mineral Oil < 310°C in Thermocline Tank (USA)

••Coal baseload replacement possible in Europe from southernCoal baseload replacement possible in Europe from southern

European base, and USA from South/SouthEuropean base, and USA from South/South--west base.west base.••NSW accessible sites grid connected to majority of AustralianNSW accessible sites grid connected to majority of Australianpopulation.population.

••Developing country firm capacity can be installed under GEF.Developing country firm capacity can be installed under GEF.

CLFR as Baseload Central PlantCLFR as Baseload Central Plant




AustralianAustralianOpportunitiesOpportunities

•• ~100000 km~100000 km22 with >9 hours sunshinewith >9 hours sunshine

per day in two microclimatesper day in two microclimates

••1000 km1000 km22 required for entire electricityrequired for entire electricityproduction of Australiaproduction of Australia

••15% reduction required in NSW grid15% reduction required in NSW grid

emissions by 2007 (new laws)emissions by 2007 (new laws)

••300MW can be installed without grid300MW can be installed without gridupgradeupgrade

Australian Bureau of MeteorologyAustralian Bureau of Meteorology

New South Wales TransgridNew South Wales Transgrid




AustralianAustralianOpportunitiesOpportunities

••A$0.07 per kWh(e) as a coal saver on the coast of NSWA$0.07 per kWh(e) as a coal saver on the coast of NSW

••A$0.084 per kWh(e) unsubsidised price as a baseload 100% solar pA$0.084 per kWh(e) unsubsidised price as a baseload 100% solar plantlantwith 10% gross profit marginwith 10% gross profit margin

••Green certificates worth about A$0.040 currently, which can be sGreen certificates worth about A$0.040 currently, which can be subtractedubtractedfrom the above price based on 10% discount rate and 6.7% deprecifrom the above price based on 10% discount rate and 6.7% depreciationationrate.rate.

••Resultant price A$0.044 is comparable to daytime cost of coal fiResultant price A$0.044 is comparable to daytime cost of coal fired power,red power,but requires discount rate of 8% to match baseload coal price ofbut requires discount rate of 8% to match baseload coal price of A$0.03.A$0.03.Similar to infrastructure lending rates.Similar to infrastructure lending rates.

••Renewable electricity is a mandatory buy by the grid company TraRenewable electricity is a mandatory buy by the grid company TransGrid,nsGrid,by federal law.by federal law.

••Opportunities in other StatesOpportunities in other States




AustralianAustralianFuture PotentialFuture Potential

••Resource is far higher than entire current electricity generatioResource is far higher than entire current electricity generation; potentialn; potentialfor replacement of majority of current coal capacity.for replacement of majority of current coal capacity.

••Can also easliy carry future electric/hybrid vehicle load requirCan also easliy carry future electric/hybrid vehicle load requirments.ments.

••Grid load can be addressed by superimposing 15 hour plants on 2Grid load can be addressed by superimposing 15 hour plants on 24 hour4 hourplant base.plant base.

••Generation isGeneration is out of sightout of sight on flat dry land currently unoccupied.on flat dry land currently unoccupied.

••Potential limited in winter because of seasonal performance declPotential limited in winter because of seasonal performance decline;ine;would require some winter supplementation from hydroelectricitywould require some winter supplementation from hydroelectricity and otherand otherrenewables (wind, biomass).renewables (wind, biomass).

••Australian current consumption is about 7Australian current consumption is about 7--8000 MW(e) continuous8000 MW(e) continuousequivalent; perhaps 4equivalent; perhaps 4--5000 MW(e) can be carried by CLFR technology.5000 MW(e) can be carried by CLFR technology.




European OpportunitiesEuropean Opportunities••German Law Euro 0.43 per kWh(e) by 2004. Max plant 5 MW(e) butGerman Law Euro 0.43 per kWh(e) by 2004. Max plant 5 MW(e) but24 hour operation permitted.24 hour operation permitted.

••Spanish Law Euro 0.16 per kWh(e) by 2003, no limit on size.Spanish Law Euro 0.16 per kWh(e) by 2003, no limit on size.

••Cost of CLFR baseload 100% electricity in Spain including 24 houCost of CLFR baseload 100% electricity in Spain including 24 hourr

storage ~EURO 0.06 per kWh(e) including 10% gross profit using 8storage ~EURO 0.06 per kWh(e) including 10% gross profit using 8

%%

finance.finance.

••Cost of CLFR electricity in Germany including 24 hour storage ~ECost of CLFR electricity in Germany including 24 hour storage ~EUROURO0.20 per kWh(e) including 10% gross profit using 8% finance. ERP0.20 per kWh(e) including 10% gross profit using 8% finance. ERP andand

others offer 5% part finance.others offer 5% part finance.

••Highly favourable EU Infrastructure grants available for southerHighly favourable EU Infrastructure grants available for southern Italy,n Italy,suitable for coal saver plants from 2004.suitable for coal saver plants from 2004.

••Solar Laws developing in other countries (Switzerland, Austria).Solar Laws developing in other countries (Switzerland, Austria).




Raytrace ofRaytrace of

MTSAMTSA

Multi Tower Solar Array: MTSAMulti Tower Solar Array: MTSA




A SolarA Solar TowerTower consistsconsists ofof manymany Reflectors,Reflectors, trackingtracking thethe sunsun,,

calledcalled HeliostatsHeliostats, which focus the solar radiation onto a, which focus the solar radiation onto aTowerTower mountedmounted ReceiverReceiver..

CONVENTIONAL SOLARCONVENTIONAL SOLARTOWERTOWER




WhatWhat is new about theis new about the MultiMulti TowerTower SolarSolar

Array (MTSA)Array (MTSA) comparedcompared to a conventionalto a conventional

SolarSolar TowerTower??

MTSAMTSA




An MTSA consists of several small Towers (Height ca. 4-10m),

which are that close to each other that the heliostat fields partly

overlap (Distance ca. 16-40m).

This allows a much

higher utilization ofthe given groundarea and thereforeenables applications

in anurban environment.

MTSAMTSA




•Allows minimal annual beam blockage at high reflector densities; allowsexceptionally high land use efficiency

•Latest estimate is 95% annual beam collected in Newcastle

Heliostats

ReceiverReceiver

TowerTower

A) The heliostats close to the towers are directed to the next tower.

B) More distant from the towers, the heliostat fields overlap and theheliostats are alternately directed to different towers.

A AB

MTSA Multi Absorber AimingMTSA Multi Absorber Aiming




MTSA Research ProjectMTSA Research Project

Technology Innovations:Technology Innovations:

••MultiMulti --Tower with several absorber targets allowingTower with several absorber targets allowing

optical blocking avoidanceoptical blocking avoidance••NewNew heliostatheliostat design allowing close packingdesign allowing close packing

••Beam splitting with silicon PV and heat engineBeam splitting with silicon PV and heat engine

••Medium sized solar CHP for citiesMedium sized solar CHP for cities

••Detailed advances in uniform illumination, PV, beamDetailed advances in uniform illumination, PV, beam

splitter design.splitter design.




MTSA Beam SplittingMTSA Beam Splitting

Gas Turbine

Unit

Silicon PV

Beam splitter

strutPV spectrum

IR Spectrum

•PV silicon at 36% efficiency

•Initial Brayton turbine at 24%

•Net ~30% Electricity+

•MT heat 290°C•LT heat ~50°C

Total collector efficiency ~60-70%

Total efficiency for beam falling onroff or ground ~50-60%.

•Later Stirling cycle (or triple junction PV) to improve electricalefficiency




BRAYTONBRAYTONMICROTURBINESMICROTURBINES

Currently around 21Currently around 21 --25% efficiency in25% efficiency in solarisedsolarised formformExcellent part load characteristicsExcellent part load characteristics

Require some gasRequire some gas




MTSA Research ProjectMTSA Research Project

Project:Project: MTSA prototype Term: 3 yearsMTSA prototype Term: 3 yearsFunding granted:Funding granted: Australian Research Council, internalAustralian Research Council, internal

University funds (combined more than Euro 1 million).University funds (combined more than Euro 1 million).

Aims:Aims: Produce single tower example of MTSA, operateProduce single tower example of MTSA, operatewith PV, beam splitter and characterise separate thermalwith PV, beam splitter and characterise separate thermalfocus.focus.

Partners:Partners: University of Sydney, UniversityUniversity of Sydney, University ofof FerraraFerrara,,CSIRO, UNSW, AvtronicsCSIRO, UNSW, Avtronics

Market Development:Market Development: New Australian company beingNew Australian company beingformed to assist project.formed to assist project.




MTSA for IndustryMTSA for Industry




MTSA for Parking LotsMTSA for Parking Lots




Visualisation of an MTSAVisualisation of an MTSAinstalled over a parking site,installed over a parking site,shading the parked vehicles,shading the parked vehicles,

while utilising solar energy.while utilising solar energy.Towers are almost invisibleTowers are almost invisibleunderneath. Poles can beunderneath. Poles can beused also for night lightingused also for night lighting

mounts.mounts.

Multi TowerMulti Tower

Solar ArraySolar Array

over Parkingover Parking

LotLot






•• Central PowerplantsCentral Powerplants••Coal saver CLFR from 2003 (Australia)Coal saver CLFR from 2003 (Australia)

••Stand alone baseload from 2005Stand alone baseload from 2005••Large tower MTSA a possibility laterLarge tower MTSA a possibility later

••Distributed PowerplantsDistributed Powerplants••MTSA from 2005 for CHP; many plantsMTSA from 2005 for CHP; many plants

11--10MW(e) after 200510MW(e) after 2005

••CLFR for process heat from 2004CLFR for process heat from 2004

ConclusionsConclusions




EuropeEurope

••Finance for CLFR coal saver projects (Italy, 2004, approxFinance for CLFR coal saver projects (Italy, 2004, approxEuro 10 million each).Euro 10 million each).

••Finance for 100 MW(e) CLFR Baseload plants (Spain,Finance for 100 MW(e) CLFR Baseload plants (Spain,

2005, approx Euro 250 million each).2005, approx Euro 250 million each).

••First MTSA has backer, approx Euro 1 million (German,First MTSA has backer, approx Euro 1 million (German,2005). Large shopping centre type projects will follow after2005). Large shopping centre type projects will follow after

2005.2005.

AustraliaAustralia••Finance for 3 CLFR Baseload plants for NSW (approx EuroFinance for 3 CLFR Baseload plants for NSW (approx Euro

250 million each), buyers for electricity already found.250 million each), buyers for electricity already found.

Partnerships SoughtPartnerships Sought

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tipuri energie solara