Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant

8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant

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p a r t n

I S O - 8

Se a r c

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Tips toDesign

Earthquake

Resistant StructuresDesigning Earthquake

Resistant Structures isindispensable. Every year,

earthquakes take the lives ofthousands of people, and

destroy property worthbillions and not everyone

has home insurance, somany really suffer and havea hard time to recover. It is

imperative that structuresare designed to resist

earthquake forces, in order

to reduce the loss of life.Structural design plays an

important role. Here, we willdiscuss different tips and

techniques used in designingEarthquake Resistantstructures.

What is anEarthquake?

Tips to

DesignEarthquak

eResistant

Structures

Earthquak

es and

NaturalCalamities

Types of

Seismic

Waves

Earthquak

e Hazards

SeismicEffect on

Structures

Building

Stiffnessand

Flexibility

Effect of

Deformations in

Structures

How

Earthquak

es affectReinforced

Concrete

Buildings?

Planningfor

Earthquak
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tructures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.norwichunion.com/home-insurance/


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An earthquake is a sudden,rapid shaking of the Earth

caused by the breaking and

shifting of rock beneath the

Earth's surface. Forhundreds of millions ofyears, the forces of plate

tectonics have shaped theEarth as the huge plates

that form the Earth's surface

move slowly over, under,and past each other.

Sometimes the movement isgradual. At other times, the

plates are locked together,

unable to release theaccumulating energy. When

the accumulated energygrows strong enough, the

plates break free causing the

ground to shake. Mostearthquakes occur at the

boundaries where the platesmeet; however, some

earthquakes occur in the

middle of plates.

Ground shaking from

earthquakes can collapsebuildings and bridges;

disrupt gas, electric, andphone services; and

sometimes trigger

landslides, avalanches, flashfloods, fires, and huge,

destructive ocean waves(tsunamis). Buildings with

foundations resting on

unconsolidated landfill andother unstable soil, and

trailers and homes not tiedto their foundations are at

e

Resistant

Structures

Earthquake

ResistantTechnique

s and

DesignPhilosoph

y

Construction

Materials

forEarthquak

e

Resistanc

e

Base

IsolationTechnique

s For

Earthquake

Resistanc

e

EnergyDissipatin

g Devicesfor

Earthquake

Resistanc

e

ActiveControl

Devicesfor

Earthquake

Resistanc

e

CaseStudy -

BaseIsolation
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risk because they can beshaken off their mountings

during an earthquake. When

an earthquake occurs in a

populated area, it maycause deaths and injuriesand extensive property

damage.

It is for this reason that it is

often said,

"Earthquake don't kill people,

buildings do."

The dynamic response

of building to earthquake

ground motion is the mostimportant cause of

earthquake-induced damageto buildings. The damage

that a building suffers

primarily depends not upon

its displacement, but uponacceleration. Whereasdisplacement is the actual

distance the ground andbuilding may move during

an earthquake, acceleration

is a measure of how quicklythey change speed as they

move. The conventionalapproach to earthquake

resistant design of buildingsdepends upon providing thebuilding with strength,

stiffness and inelasticdeformation capacity which

are great to withstand a

given level of earthquake-

System

CaseStudy -

EnergyDissipatin

g Devices

Site Map
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generated force. This isgenerally accomplished

through the selection of an

appropriate structural

configuration and thecarefully detailing ofstructural members, such as

beams and columns, and theconnections between them.

In contrast, we can say that

the basic approachunderlying more advanced

techniques for earthquakeresistance is not to strength

the building, but to reducethe earthquake-generated

forces acting upon it. By de-

coupling the structure fromseismic ground motion it is

possible to reduce theearthquake-induced forces

in it. This can be done in two

ways:

Increase natural period of

structure by "BASEISOLATION".

Increase damping of the

system by "ENERGYDISSIPATING DEVICES".

Next:Earthquakes and

Natural Calamities

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Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine

~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -

Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~

Bibliography

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANTBUILDINGS

Go to BOTTOM of PAGE

PAGE INDEX:

Background

Procedure

Building with base isolator

Building with buttresses

Conclusion

BACKGROUND:Earthquake-proof versus Earthquake

Resistant

Engineers would liketo make every building

earthquake-proof, but

can't because it's too

expensive. Instead, they

recommend making

Transamerica

Building, San

Francisco
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


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dams and public

buildings earthquake-

proof. All other buildings

should be earthquake

resistant to avoid

deaths. The cost of

repair is a fraction of the

cost of earthquake-

proofing these buildings

(Knowing Earthquakes,

p. 2-3). The

Transamerica PyramidBuilding in San

Francisco is earthquake-

proof. It swayed more

than one foot in the

1989 earthquake but

wasn't damaged.

(Left) Tuned mass

damper system


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PROCEDUREA) A nine layer overlapped building

with a cross brace inside was made

on the earthquake machine. Straight

buttresses and a roof attached with

plasticine were added. The handles

of the earthquake machine were

pulled back to the line then let go.

When the machine had stopped

shaking, the handles were pulled

again and again until the building

collapsed. Each pull of the machine

was timed to last two seconds. Three

trials were done. At the end of each

trial, the building was rebuilt. The

data for each trial was recorded.

Earthquake building

with buttresses

B) A nine layer overlapped building

with a cross brace inside was made

and a roof was attached using

plasticine. The building was built on

a marble base isolator on the

earthquake machine. The handles of

the earthquake machine were pulled

back to the line then let go. When the

machine had stopped shaking, the

handles were pulled again and again

until the building collapsed. Each pull

of the machine was timed to last two

seconds. Three trials were done. At

Earthquake resistantbuilding with base

isolators


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the end of each trial, the building

was rebuilt. The data for each trial

was recorded.

RESULTS (A)EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING WITH BASE ISOLATOR

9 LAYER OVERLAPPED BLOCKS

nine layercross

bracedroo

fbase

isolator

cross braced/roof/

base isolator10 20 10 28 36

12 22 14 28 40

12 16 16 24 34

averag11.3 19.3 13.3 26.7 36.7

%improvedstability 71 18 136 225


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RESULTS (B)EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING WITH BUTTRESSES

9 LAYER OVERLAPPED BLOCKSNine layer

Crossbraced Roof

Buttresses

Buttresses/Roof/Cross braced

10 20 10 12 2012 22 14 10 24

12 16 16 12 18

AVERAG11.3 19.3 13.3 11.3 20.7

% 71 18 0% 83


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Improvedstability

CONCLUSIONIt is possible to make modifications to a building to make it

earthquake resistant.

The nine layer overlapped cubic building with buttresses, a

roof, and cross braces was 83% more stable than the plain


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nine layer building. The nine layer overlapped cubic building

with cross braces, a roof and a marble base isolator was

226% more stable then a plain nine layer building. The base

isolator is more effective at stabilizing the building than the

buttresses because it actually absorbs more of the

earthquake's energy.

Click here

to go BACK

to

INDEX

Click here

to go BACK

to

ROOFS

Click here

to go to the

TOP of the

PAGE

Click here to go to NEXT:

PROBLEMS WITH THE

EXPERIMENT

MATERIALS

E a r t h q u a k e M a c h i n e :25 71/2 cm compression springs

Duct tape

Staples

Carpenter's stapler

Wire

25 screw eyes

Bamboo sticks

Pliers

Cutting shears

Ply wood

Circular saw

Exper i menta t i on :
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htm


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Plasticine

Bamboo sticks

Crate wood for blocks

Marbles

Scissors




Bibliography

PROBLEMS WITH THE EXPERIMENT


1. THE EARTHQUAKE MACHINEThe holes drilled in the bottom board didnt match the

position of the springs in the top board so all the springs

couldnt stand up straight when the top piece of plywood

was put on. The testing surface was too small so it wascovered with a larger piece of Styrofoam. The marble base

isolator was too heavy for the springs and made the

machine top lean slightly to one side. It was hard to pull the

handles in the same way every time so that the machine

would shake the same.

2. STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS AND BUILDINGSTABILITYa) Overlapping and Stability -The blocks couldnt be

attached together because then the buildings wouldnt fall

when being tested on the earthquake machine. The only

way it was possible to do this experiment was if the blocks

were not attached to each other. This meant that buildings
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


13/75

could only be stabilized to a certain point.

b) Height and Stability - There were no problems with this

experiment except it would be good to see what happens to

buildings with more layers.

c) Buttresses and Stability -Using the blocks as buttresses,

it was only possible to put buttresses on the first three

layers of the buildings. Stacking more blocks to make a

higher buttress didn't work. It toppled over. This left the top

layers without a buttress.

d) Base Isolators and Stability - As mentioned above the

marbles were too heavy for the machine causing it to bendover slightly to one side. Larger buildings such as a cross

were too heavy to be placed on the marble base isolator at

all because it would be too heavy for the machine. Many

lighter substitutes were tried, such as peas, beads and

Styrofoam balls but they all had their own problems.

e) Roofs and Stability - The roof couldnt be attached well

enough to the rest of the building, so after a couple of

shakes of the earthquake machine, it just fell off especially

since the rest of the blocks in the building werent attached.

The roof needs to be attached to the rest of the building to

make sure the building stays together during an earthquake.

If the roof starts to fall off, gravity and the forces of the

earthquake could topple the building.

f) Cross bracing and Stability - It was hard to find the right

materials to make the cross braces and to fit the crossbraces into the buildings. It was also difficult to attach the

cross braces to the blocks. In some trials the building and

the cross brace fell over because they werent attached to

the earthquake machine well enough.


14/75

Nine layer building with

buttresses-

the top layers are not buttressed

Cross shaped building-

too big for base isolator

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RESISTANT

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FURTHER

EXPERIMENTATION




Bibliography
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


15/75

STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:

CROSS BRACING AND STABILITY


PROCEDURE

A cross brace structure was constructed from plasticine

and bamboo skewers. It was in the shape of either a cube or

a rectangular prism depending on the building height to be

tested. The cross brace structure was placed inside the

buildings to be tested to see if it would stabilize thebuilding. Cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine

layers of blocks were tested. The handles of the earthquake

machine were pulled back to the line then let go. When the

machine had stopped shaking, the handles were pulled

again and again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the

machine was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were

done. At the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The

data for each trial was recorded.


16/75

Rectangular cross brace

Nine layer building cross braced

RESULTSCROSS BRACING AND STABILITY

BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS 3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER

no crossbracing crossbracing no crossbracingcrossbracin

g

nocrossbracin

gcross

bracing4 8 6 8 10 20

6 6 10 8 12 22

6 8 8 10 12 16AVERAG

5.3 7.3 8 8.7 11.3 19.4

%improvedstability 38 9 72


17/75

CONCLUSION

Cross bracing made a lot of difference in the stability of the

three layer building and the nine layer building but not the

six layer building. The stability of the nine layer building was

increased by almost 75%. Neither the cubic nor therectangular cross brace fit in the six layer building properly.

It wasn't braced well enough and so little improvement was

shown.


18/75

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ISOLATORS

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ROOFS




Bibliography


BASE ISOLATORS AND STABILITY

Go to BOTTOM of PAGE.

PROCEDUREA flat box with a layer of marbles in it was used as a base

isolator. Cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine

layers of blocks were placed in turn on top of the marbles

and tested on the earthquake machine for stability. The

handles of the earthquake machine were pulled back to the

line then let go. When the machine had stopped shaking,

the handles were pulled again and again until the building

collapsed. Each pull of the machine was timed to last two

seconds. Three trials were done. At the end of each trial,

the building was rebuilt. The data for each trial was

recorded.
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


19/75

Marble base isolator

Nine layer overlapped

building on

marble base isolator

RESULTSBASE ISOLATOR AND STABILITY

BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER

No BaseIsolator

BaseIsolator

NoBaseIsolator

BaseIsolator

NoBase

Isolator

BaseIsolator

4 8 10 286 8 6 20 14 28

6 8 8 22 16 24

Averag5.3 8 8 20.7 11.3 26.7

%Improvedstability 51 159 136


20/75

CONCLUSIONA marble base isolator made a lot of difference to the

stability of the buildings. It works because the marbles

absorb the energy made when the earthquake machinevibrates and release it by rolling around. Without the base

isolator, the bottom of the building sways faster than the

top of the building. With the base isolator, the entire

building moves as one unit and moves more slowly than the


21/75

base isolator.

The base isolator improved the stability of the three layer

building by 51%, the six layer by 159% and the nine layer

building by 136%. This was unexpected because the ninelayer building should increase the stability more than the six

layer. This may be because it is already more stable

because of its weight and the base isolator can't improve it

much more.

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BUTTRESSES

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Click here to go to NEXT:CROSS BRACES




Bibliography


BUTTRESSES AND STABILITY


PROCEDURE

On the earthquake machine, buttresses were added to a

rectangular building. The blocks were not overlapped.

Three blocks were stacked on each of the four corners to

act as buttresses. The handles of the earthquake machine

were pulled back to the line then let go. When the machine
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


22/75

had stopped shaking, the handles were pulled again and

again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the machine

was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were done. At

the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The data foreach trial was recorded. Three trials were done. Tests were

done using straight buttresses and then slanted buttresses.

Buttresses were also tested on cubic buildings where the

blocks were overlapped. The same procedure as above was

used.

Straightbuttressesoverlapped building

Slanted buttresses

overlapped building Straight buttresses

non-overlapped building

RESULTS


23/75

BUTTRESSES AND STABILITYNON-OVERLAPPED AND OVERLAPPED BLOCKSNO BUTTRESSES

STRAIGHTBUTTRESSES SLANTED BUTTRESSES

NON-OVER

LAPPEDOVER

LAPPEDNON-OVER

LAPPEDOVERLAPPE

D

NON-OVERLAPPE

DOVERLAPPED

2 4 8 12 16 6

2 6 11 6 12 8

2 6 10 8 14 10

AVERAGE 2 5.3 9.7 8.7 14 8%

Improvedstability 385 64 600 51


24/75

CONCLUSION

Reinforcing the structure with buttresses makes the

building more stable. For buildings where the blocks are not

overlapped, straight buttresses improved the stability by

385%. For buildings with slanted buttresses, the increase instability is 600%. For buildings with straight buttresses, the

building pushed the buttresses forward until they fell off the

earthquake machine. The slanted buttresses are harder to

move because they are pressing against one another.

For the building where the blocks were overlapped and had


25/75

straight buttresses, the stability is improved by 64%.

Buttresses dont stabilize the overlapped buildings as much

as the non-overlapped buildings. This is because of the

arrangement of the blocks in the overlapped buildingsalready makes them more stable.

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HEIGHT

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BUILDING HEIGHT AND STABILITY

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PROCEDURE

The effect of building height on stability was tested by

making cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine

layers of blocks. The handles of the earthquake machine

were pulled back to the line then let go. When the machinehad stopped shaking, the handles were pulled again and

again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the machine

was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were done. At

the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The data for
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


26/75

each trial was recorded.

Three Layer Building

Six Layer Building Nine Layer

Building

RESULTSBUILDING HEIGHT

BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS

4 6 10

6 10 12 6 8 12AVERAGE 5.3 8 11.3% improvedstability 51 113


27/75

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OVERLAPPING

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BUTTRESSES




Bibliography


OVERLAPPING AND STABILITY


PROCEDURE

Four blocks were centered on the

earthquake machine but not

overlapped. A small rectangular

building, three stories high, was

built using more blocks. The

handles of the earthquake machine

were pulled back to the line then

let go. When the machine hadstopped shaking, the handles were

pulled again and again until the

building collapsed. Each pull of the

machine was timed to last two

seconds. Three trials were done. At

Three layer non-overlapped
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the end of each trial, the building

was rebuilt. The data for each trial

was recorded.

Then another building was made

but this time the blocks were

overlapped and the building was

square. The same procedure was

followed as for the non-overlapped

blocks. Three layer overlapped

RESULTS

OVERLAPPED BLOCKS AND STABILITYNON-OVERLAPPED AND OVERLAPPED BLOCKS 3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER

non-

overlappedoverlapped

non-overlap

pedoverlappe

dnon-overlapped overlapped

2 4 2 6 2 10 2 6 2 10 2 12 2 6 2 8 2 12

AVERAGE 2 5.4 2 8 2 11.3

% improved stability 170 300 465


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CONCLUSION

Overlapping increased the stability of buildings because the

blocks were all touching and the force from the earthquake

machine was distributed evenly. The friction from the blocks

rubbing one another stops them from falling down as quickly

as when the blocks are not overlapped. The percent

improved stability for the six layer overlapped building was

300% more than the non-overlapped one. The nine layer

overlapped building was 465% more stable than the non-


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overlapped.

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Bibliography

BibliographyGo to BOTTOM of PAGE

Agrawal, D.P. and Manikant Shah,

"Earthquake Resistant Structures of Himalayas."

www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_quake.htm

"ArchNet Discussion Forum, Conflict and Natural Disasters."

archnet.org/forum/veiw.tel?message_id=118715

"Design: Tuned Mass Damper."

www.canberrasec.net/~fuyh/hchallenge/finalpro/structural.htm

"Earthquake Protection: The Earth May Move, But Parliament Stays

Put". http://www.ps.parliament.govt.nz/quake.htm

FEMA,

"Buildings: Structural Concepts." www.conservationtech.com/fema-

web/fema-subweb-eq/02-02-earthquake...

Horton, Robyn,
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm


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"K-State Researchers Shake Things up for Earthquakes."

www.mediarelations .ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/

earthquakebuilding71300.html

Japan Atlas,"Historic Sites: Todaiji Temple. web-

japan.org/atlas/historical/his13.html

Morris, Neil,

Earthquakes. Crabtree Publishing Company. 1998

Pendick, Daniel,

"Savage Earth: Building Safer."

www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/earthquakes/html/sidebar3.html

Schwartz, Karyn,

"Predicting Earthquakes."

www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/buildings.html

Simon, Seymour,

The Wonders of Our World: Earthquakes. Morrow Junior Books. 1991.

"Structural Control System."www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/quake_e/seishin/.htm

TIFAC,

"Knowing Earthquakes," www.tifac.org.in/news/eqknow.htm

Walker, Sally M.,

Earthquakes: A Caroirhoda Earth Watch Book. Cariorhuda Books. 1996.

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Source: Japan Society of Seismic Isolation

Base Isolated HouseWhat is Base Isolated House?Base isolated structure fends off violent shakings of quakes while earthquake-resistant housing usesthe building itself to resist such tremors. Its isolation mechanism absorbs the earthquake force toconvert severe vibrations into much smaller and slower ones. Thus it can protect your loved ones andproperty by preventing secondary damage caused by falling or dropping of the furniture or breakageof window glasses.'Base isolated house' absorbs the earthquake energy and changes it to slower swaying.'Earthquake-resistant house' secures your safety by holding out the tremors leveraging its ownstrength and resilience.


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Base isolated House

Earthquake Resistant HouseThe technology called 'seismic isolation structure' which turns destructive seismic shakings into slowerand softer ones prevents possible damage. This structure can evade the tremors, taking them in strideand safeguarding the building, not mention the human lives and property inside.'Earthquake-resistant' technology enables the building to counter quakes by making its strength andresilience great enough to resist shakings. Although it can protect the building safely, it is ac-companied by a risk that the fur-niture inside could fall or drop.

Hybrid seismic isolation system,the first of its kind forhouses in japan

The hybrid seismic isolation system that incorporates ultra-low elastic multi-rubber with a specially-coated slider is the first of its kind for houses in Japan.. Our efforts to untiringly and repeatedlyconduct experiments have come to fruition at last, allowing us to provide quake-proof houses ofoutstanding performance at low cost


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Multi-rubberSliderThe laminated rubber plays a role in oscillating the building at a low frequency in the event of anearthquake and will bring it back to its original position after the quake.This absorbs the energy of an earthquake by sliding the building freely 360 degrees.

High performance was verified after 300 shakes,reducing earthquakes acceleration by 1/4 or 1/3.
http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/BaseCG.html


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In our development of seismic isolation systems, we carried out tests that actually shook a wooden 2-story house built on the device about 300 times. As a result, we confirmed that our system is capableof easing quakes acceleration (intensity of vibrations) by 1/4 or 1/3 as well as securing safety to thepoint that even glasses on tables are prevented from trembling.We conducted public experiments applying actual oscillations at Hazama Technology Institute, whichhas large testing equipment of the highest standard in Japan. This has proven our credible quakeisolation performance and high security.

Our performance in JapanWe have developed our base isolated houses, making their popularity our prime goal, and we havesucceeded in cutting the cost substantially to one-half or to 1/3 of that of traditional isolationstructures. Realizing this cost-reduction, we have already built 1,900 houses in Japan (as of April2006). We are very proud that this accounts for more than 70% of Japans seismic isolation house

market. "We want all the houses to be seismically isolated" We have a passion for creating safehouses every day.


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Examples of base isolated buildings in the U.S.


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San Francisco City Hall(The state of California)


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Oakland City Hall(The state of California)USC University Hospital(The state of California)

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Results of vibration of tests

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EARTHQUAKES

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EARTHQUAKES
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San Francisco, April 18, 1906 at 5-15 AM a massive earthquake measuring 8.25 on the Richter

scale devastated most parts of the city. The havoc was magnified in its intensity by the fire that

erupted resulting in the collapse of nearly 25000 buildings and the death of about 700 people. The

human misery was even greater---about 250,000 became homeless and the damage was estimated

to be more than $350,000,000. Eighty three years later (1989) San Francisco was hit by anotherearthquake this time measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale. It is predicted that earthquakes of 1906

magnitude usually take place at intervals of 200 years, but the probability of earthquakes of 6.7 on

the Richter scale before 2032 is about 62%. We cannot avert these acts of nature nor can we be

complacent about it. So what can we do when nature strikes? This can answered only when we

understand why and how earthquakes occur.

WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES

Part of the earth called plates; move in opposite direction due to forces acting upon it. This stretches

the rock resulting in the formation of faults. When distortion reaches breaking point, the rocks begin

to break. This break rapidly spreads along the fault releasing immense amount of energy. Themovement of the rock can sometimes be up and down too. The origin of the earthquake where the

initial break takes place is called the FOCUS. The point on the earth's surface directly above the

focus is called the EPICENTRE.

Sometimes earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. But the problem is that it can be identified as

one, only after the main earthquake has taken place. Aftershocks however are more common, which

may continue for weeks or months and occurs due the readjustments in the position of rocks.

CLASSIFICATION OF EARTH QUAKES

Earthquakes are measured on the logarithm of the energy released and is expressed in Richter

scale.

Slight : Magnitude up to 4.9 on the Richter scale

Moderate : Magnitude 5.0 to 6.9

Great : Magnitude 7.0 to 7.9

Very great : Magnitude 8.0 and more

INSTRUMENTS MEASURING EARTHQUAKES

A Seismograph is the instrument which is used for measuring earthquakes. The first seismograph

was invented in 132 AD by the Chinese astronomer Chang Heng. It was called Earthquakeweathercock". The modern seismograph was however invented by the British geologist John Milne

in 1880 who along with Sir James Alfred Ewing and Thomas Gray formed the Seismological Society

of Japan which had funded the invention of seismograph.

DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES


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The deadliest earthquake in recorded history took place in Shansxi, China on January 23, 1556. It is

estimated that around 830,000 people perished in the great calamity and had a magnitude of 8 on

the Richter scale. However one of the largest earthquake in the twentieth century was on May 22,

1960 which took place in Chile. Quite often fallouts of earthquakes are tsunamis as in the case of the

Indonesian earthquake of 2004, where an undersea earthquake of the magnitude of 9.1 on theRichter scale triggered a tsunami which killed nearly 150,000 people and released energy equivalent

to 23000 Hiroshima type A-bombs.

WHEN EARTHQUAKES STRIKES

Remain cool and don't panic. Survival depends upon how you react in such emergencies.

WHEN INSIDE

DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON. This means that you should take cover under some heavy

piece of furniture like a table and continue to remain there until the shaking stops. Ensure that

you are not near a window or door and don't move around unnecessarily.

If you are in bed, you may either seek cover under the bed or continue to remain there. But

cover you head with a pillow.

Never use an elevator.

WHEN OUTSIDE

Move away from buildings, trees or power lines and stand in a clear spot

Drop to the ground and remain like that until the shaking stops.

IF YOU ARE IN A CAR

Slow down and find a clear space to stop. Avoid stopping under bridges, power lines or

collapsing buildings.

Switch off the engine, turn on emergency flashers and continue to remain inside.

AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

Listen to emergency information on your battery operated radio.

If your home is unsafe, get every one out.

If there is a gas leak, open the windows and leave the building.

If your electricity system is damaged, see sparks or smell hot insulation, switch of the electricity

mains, but don't go near it if you have to step into water.

Help your neighbors, particularly children, elderly people and those who are physically

handicapped.

It is not earthquake however that kill, people but buildings around us. Modern earthquake resistant

buildings try to increase the natural period of the structure by base isolation and increase damping

by energy dissipating devices.


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Links

The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire

http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.html

Early films on San Francisco earthquake

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html

Library of Congress collection

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html

Dos and don'ts during earthquakes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGs

The San Francisco earthquake of 1989

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=related

Sumatra earthquake

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=related

Asian Tsunami 2004

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoE

Dos and don'ts when insuring your home.

http://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.html

Designing earth quake resistant buildings

http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_

structures.html
http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoEhttp://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoEhttp://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.html


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San Francisco earthquake 1906


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How earthquakes happen

Cheng Heng's Earthquake weathercock


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Charles Richter

Earthquake resistant building


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Probability of another earthquake in San Francisco

Seismic zoning in US


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seismometer

Earthquakes: 2006 Centennial Update

Price: $53.35

Nature Tech - Earthquakes (History Channel)

Price: $2.06

List Price: $24.95

Earthquakes (reillustrated) (Let's-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2)

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Nova: Earthquake the Science Behind the Shake

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Ecology: WATER, WATER NOWHERE AND NOT A DROP TO DREAM
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starcatchinfo says:

13 months ago

WHAT A DEVASTATING AN EARTHQUAKE WILL BE

umkeyra says:

7 months ago

Good informational hub.

Lots of resource links and videos. Also facts about earthquakes are useful too.

If you think it would be helpful to your readers, you can link to my earthquake maps which show the

recent 'swarms' for up to the past 30-60 days and the current hot spots in the world. These come as

different layers on a map so you can turn them on or off. Check out my hubs.

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T A G S

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