EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT ON

INTRODUCTION :-

What is an earthquake ?

What can we do ?

EARTHQUAKE THEORY :-

An earthquake also known as a quake, tremor or temblor

The seismicity, seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers.

EARTHQUAKE THEORY :-

Earthquake waves P-Wave S-Wave Rayleigh wave Love wave

Analysis

EARTHQUAKE THEORY :-

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY :-

Relationship between Richter Scale magnitude and energy released.

Magnitude in

Richter Scale

Energy Releas

edin

Joules

Comment

2.0 1.3 x 108

Smallest earthquake detectable by people.

5.0 2.8 x 1012

Energy released by the Hiroshima atomic bomb.

6.0 - 6.9 7.6 x 1013 to 1.5 x 1015

About 120 shallow earthquakes of this magnitudeoccur each year on the Earth.

6.7 7.7 x 1014

Northridge, California earthquake January 17, 1994.

7.0 2.1 x 1015

Major earthquake threshold. Haiti earthquake of January 12, 2010 resulted in an estimated 222,570 deaths

7.4 7.9 x 1015

Turkey earthquake August 17, 1999. More than 12,000 people killed.

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY :-

Relationship between Richter Scale magnitude and energy released.

Magnitude in

Richter Scale

Energy Release

din

Joules

Comment

7.6 1.5 x 1016

Deadliest earthquake in the last 100 years. Tangshan, China, July 28, 1976. Approximately 255,000 people perished.

8.3 1.6 x 1017

San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906.

9.1 4.3 x 1018

December 26, 2004 Sumatra earthquake which triggered a tsunami and resulted in 227,898 deaths spread across fourteen countries

9.5 8.3 x 1018

Most powerful earthquake recorded in the last 100 years. Southern Chile on May 22, 1960.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:-

Shaking and ground rupture

THESE MEN BARELY ESCAPED WHEN THE FRONT OF THE ANCHORAGE J.C. PENNY'S COLLAPSED DURING THE 1964 GOOD

FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:-

ONE SIDE OF THIS ANCHORAGE STREET DROPPED DRASTICALLY DURING THE 1964 GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Landslides and Avalanches

TAIWAN

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:-

AVALANCHES HIT INDIAN KASHMIR

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Fires

SAN FRANCISCO BURNING AFTER THE 1906 EARTHQUAKE

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Soil liquefaction

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Tsunami

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:-

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:-

TSUNAMI.mp4

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Flood

THE SEWARD, ALASKA, RAILROAD YARD WAS A TWISTED MESS AFTER BEING HIT BY A TSUNAMI IN 1964. THE TSUNAMI WAS

TRIGGERED BYTHE GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES:- Human impacts

MAJOR EARTHQUAKES :-Date Location Fatalities

Magnitude

January 23, 1556 Shensi, China  830,000 ~8

November 1, 1755  Lisbon, Portugal  70,000 ~8.7

December 16, 1920 Ningxia-Gansu, China 

200,000 7.8

January 13, 1934 Bihar, India  10,700 8.1

May 22, 1960 Chile 1,655 9.5

March 28, 1964 Prince William Sound, AK 

128 9.2

July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China  255,000* 7.5

January 26, 2001 Gujarat, India 20,085 7.6

December 26, 2004 Off west coast northern Sumatra

227,898 9.1

October 8, 2005 Pakistan 86,000 7.6

January 12, 2010 Near Port-au-Prince, Haiti

222,570 7.0

HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS DIFFERENT :-

Seismic forces are difficult to quantify for the purposes of design, but in this construction we are trying to reduce the seismic force on the building.

In other buildings we do not take the seismic force in to account

Earthquake resistant design have post yield inelastic behavior.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and vertical members (columns and walls) and supported by foundations that rest on the ground.

The system consisting of RC columns and connecting beams is called a RC frame.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

Total horizontal earthquake force in a building increases downwards along its height.

ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS :-

Floor slabs are horizontal like elements, which facilitates functional use of buildings.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

Floor bends with the beam but moves all columns at that level together

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

Infill walls move together with the columns under earthquake shaking

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

For a building to remain safe during earthquake shaking columns (which receive forces from beams) should be stronger than beams and foundations (which receive forces from columns) should be stronger than columns.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS :-

Two distinct designs of buildings that result in different earthquake performances- columns should be stronger than

beams

EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY :-

Under minor, but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and horizontal forces should not be damaged; however the building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.

Under strong but rare shaking, may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse.

Performance objectives under different intensities of earthquake- Seeking low repairable damage under minor shaking and collapse-prevention under

strong shaking

REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES :-

Building planning Foundation Arches and domes Staircases Beam column joints

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM) :-

Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load-bearing walls for gravity loads and also as shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely withstand the earthquakes.

This structural system of construction is known as shear wall-diaphragm concept, which gives three-dimensional structural integrity for the buildings.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES :-

Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and concrete grouts fill, at regular intervals, through the continuous vertical cavities of hollow blocks .

Similarly, each masonry element is horizontally reinforced with steel bars and concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as continuous RC bands using U-shaped concrete blocks in the masonry course, at repetitive levels.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES :-

Grid of reinforcement can be built into each masonry element without the requirement of any extra shuttering and it reduces the scope of corrosion of the reinforcement.

As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions can be continued into the roof slab and lateral walls respectively, the structural integrity in all three dimensions is achieved.

STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES :-

In this construction system structurally, each wall and slab behaves as a shear wall and a diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability of disastrous damage to the structure during natural hazards.

Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical and horizontal directions, through each masonry element, increased tensile resistance and ductile behavior of elements could be achieved

CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES :-

No additional formwork or any special construction machinery is required for reinforcing the hollow block masonry.

Only semi-skilled labour is required for this type of construction.

It is faster and easier construction system, when compared to the other conventional construction systems.

It is also found to be cost-effective.

ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES :-

This constructional system provides better acoustic and thermal insulation for the building.

This system is durable and maintenance free.

STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM :-

Structural scheme cost per sqm in Rs

Reinforced hollow concrete block masonry

Rs.1822 

RC framed structure with brick masonry infill

Rs.1845 

Load bearing masonryRs.1782 

STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM :-

RHCBM has structural advantages of lighter dead weight and increased floor area.

RHCBM is built of 20cm thick hollow block wall, when compared to the 23cm thick one brick wall of RCC framed structure and 34cm thick one and half brick wall of load bearing structure.

MID-LEVEL ISOLATION :-

This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the buildings are still being used.

First improvement in west japan (the kansai region) of attaching rubber bearings by cutting columns on the intermediate floors an existing building.

MID-LEVEL ISOLATION :-

There are three types of base isolation systems, depending on the location where rubber bearings are incorporated :-

Pile head isolation Foundation isolation Mid-level isolation

Cutting horizontally all columns and walls on a specific intermediate floor and installing rubber bearings in the columns

MID-LEVEL ISOLATION :-

In the head office of Himeji Shinkin Bank, columns with rubber bearings incorporated.

Vibration control units incorporating viscous materials with high energy absorption performance were installed in walls, to play the role of dampers.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE :-

These system devices can be mounted to the structure interposed between the foundation and superstructure, allowing freedom of relative movement between the two structural components.

Isolation systems based on sliding along concave surface in order to achieve improved earthquake energy consumption through dry friction force.

Schematic representation of isolation system with sliding on concave surface

The schematic representation and physical modeling on principle of Operation for sliding surface isolation system based on dry friction( Coulomb

model of friction )

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE :-

The three main components engaged in the operation of the isolation system

Axial force Shear force Displacement

Building base isolation system

DESCRIPTION :-

One type of base isolation system is Friction Pendulum Bearing in which the superstructure is isolated from the foundation using specially designed concave surfaces and bearings to allow sway under its own natural period during the seismic events.

In past decades designs are done based on a ductility design concept but its performance is below the expectation level.

CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING :-

During an earthquake, the articulated slider moves along the concave surface causing the structure to move in small simple harmonic motions, as illustrated in Fig

CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING :-

Seismic isolation system consist ofBearing top plateArticulated sliderConcave surfaceBearing bottom plateSpecial coating

CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING :-

Cross-section of a friction pendulum bearing

CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING :-

Deflection and forces acting on the slider surface

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION :-

It consist of a concave spherical or cylindrical surfaces, and sliders.

The friction, which occurs between the sliders and the concave surfaces, serves the important function of dissipating the energy associated with the seismic movement.

This mechanism of the bearings are connected in parallel by the structure for a pure horizontal displacement of the structure.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION :-

For both spherical and cylindrical sliding pendulum mechanisms, for lateral movements of the supported structure, the energy dissipated through friction in the bearings is in direct linear proportion to the total cumulative displacement travel of the supported structure.

Effective friction of the bearings would be selected to achieve the target seismic forces

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION :-

Invention claimed hear in method Concepts Uses Implementation Advantages & Disadvantages

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION :-

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION :-

BI system.mp4

ESTIMATION :-

GROUND FLOOR Earth work excavation in foundation cost 16,940 Sand filling in foundation in foundation including all cost 5,999 P C C in foundation 24,474.80 First class KB brick work 2,57,039 R C C work in slab, beam, lintel, chajja, staircase 5,34,064.94 Inside, outside, ceiling plastering

1,20,016.42 Other decorative works 3,89,436.53

Total Rs. 13,47,970.69

ESTIMATION :-

GROUND FLOOR Rs. 13,47,970.69 FIRST FLOOR Rs. 10,10,586.43 SECOND FLOOR Rs. 10,10,586.43 P.H. WORKS L.S. Rs. 2,10,000.00 ELECTRIC WORK L.S. Rs. 2,10,000.00

Total Rs. 37,89,143.55 or say Rs. 37,89,144.00

Conclusion :-