tinh dau.docx

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TINH DU V DC LIU CHA TINH DU

I. I CNG

1. nh ngha

Tinh du l mt hn hp ca nhiu thnh phn, thng c mi thm, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc

dung mi hu c, bay hi c nhit thng v c th iu ch t tho mc bng phng php ct

ko hi nc.

2. Thnh phn cu to

V thnh phn cu to ca tinh du kh phc tp, c th chia thnh 4 nhm chnh:

1. Cc dn cht ca monoterpen

2. Cc dn cht ca sesquiterpen

3. Cc dn cht c nhn thm

4. Cc hp cht c cha nit (N) v lu hunh (S)

2.1. Mt s dn cht monoterpen:

* Cc dn cht cha oxy* Cc dn cht khng cha oxy

2.2.. Mt s dn cht sesquiterpen:

* Cc hp cht Azulen:
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2.2. Mt s dn chtsesquiterpen:

* Cc sesquiterpenlacton:

Theo nh ngha, ccsesquiterpenlactonkhng phi l tinh du, v nhng hp cht ny khng bay hi

nhit thng, do khng iu ch c bng phng php ct ko hi nc, ch c th chit xut bng

dung mi hu c. Nhng theo mt s tc gi, cc hp cht ny c th l nhng tin cht ca azulen. Do

chng c cu to sesquiterpen v c tc dng sinh hc quan trng, nn c xp vo nhm ny.

2.3. Mt s dn cht c nhn thm:

2.4. Mt s dn cht c cha N v S:
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* Cc dn cht isothiocyanat: R - N = C = S

R = Alkyl: CH3- ; C2H5 - ; C3H7 -; R = Alkenyl: CH2 = CH - CH2 - ; CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH2 -

* Alicin: CH2 = CH - CH2 - S - S - CH2 - CH = CH23.Tnh cht l ho ca tinh du

* Th cht: a s l cht lng nhit thng, mt s thnh phn th rn: Menthol, borneol, camphor,

vanilin, heliotropin.

* Mu sc: Khng mu hoc vng nht. Do hin tng oxy ha mu c th sm li. Mt s c mu c

bit: Cc hp cht azulen c mu xanh mc

* Mi: c bit, a s c mi thm d chu, mt s c mihc, kh chu (tinh du giun).

* V: cay, mt sc v ngt: Tinh du qu, hi.

* Bay hi c nhit thng.

* T trng: a s nh hn 1. Mt s ln hn 1: Qu, inh hng, hng nhu.T l thnh phn chnh (aldehyd cinnamic, eugenol) quyt nh t trng tinh du. Nu hm lng cc thnh

phn chnh thp, nhng tinh du nyc th tr thnh nh hn nc.

* tan: Khng tan, hay ng hn t tan trong nc, tan trong alcol v cc dung mi hu c khc.

* si: Ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to, c th dng phng php ct phn on tch ring tng

thnh phn trong tinh du.

* Nng sut quay cc cao, t tuyn hoc hu tuyn.

* Ch s khc x: 1,4500 - 1,5600

* Rt d oxy ho, s oxy ho thng xy ra cng vi s trng hip ho, tinh du s chuyn thnh cht

nha.* Mt s thnh phn chnh trong tinh du cho cc phn ng c hiu ca nhm chc, to thnh cc sn

phm kt tinh hay cho mu, da vo c tnh ny nh tnh v nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong

tinh du.

4. Trng thi thin nhin v vai tr ca tinh du i vi cy

4.1. Phn btr ong th in nhinTinh du c phn b rt rng trong h thc vt, c bit tp trung nhiu mt s h: H Hoa tn -

Apiaceae, h Cc - Asteraceae, h Hoa mi - Lamiaceae, h Long no - Lauraceae, h Sim - Myrtaceae, h

Cam - Rutaceae, h Gng - Zingiberaceae v.v..

Mt sng vt cng c cha tinh du: Hu x, c cung...4.2. Tinh du c trong tt c cc b phn ca cy:

L: Bc h, trm, bch n B phn trn mt t: Bc h, hng nhu

Hoa: Hoa hng, hoa li, hoa bi Nhoa: inh hng

Qu: Sa nhn, tho qu, hi V qu: Cam, chanh

V thn: Qu G: Long no, v hng

R: Thin nin kin, thch xng b Thn r: Gng, ngh

Trong cng mt cy, thnh phn ho hc tinh du cc b phn khc nhau c th ging nhau v mt nh

tnh: V d nh tinh du v v l quCinnamomum cassia thnh phn chnh u l aldehyd cinnamic,
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c: Thtch xylen cho vo trc khi nh lng (tnh theo mililit).

b: Khi lng dc liu ( trm) (tnh theo gram).

Chring Dc in M1990, Dc in VII ca Lin X c, Dc in Vit Nam I c gii thiu thm b

dng cnh lng tinh du c d > 1.

Hnh 1: S dng cLTD theo D Anh v D VN IV (2010)

Hnh 2: S dng cLTD ci tin Bmn Dc liu H Ni

6. Ch to tinh du

C 4 phng php c p dng ch to tinh du:

1. Phng php ct ko hi nc.

2. Phng php chit xut bng dung mi.

3. Phng php p.

4. Phng php p.

Nguyn tc ca s la chn trong sn xut l: Yu cu v cht lng trong s dng, bn cht ca dc liu

v gi thnh. Phng php 1 c p dng rng ri nht.

6.1. Phng php ct ko hi nc:

a. Nguyn tc:

Da trn nguyn tc ct mt hn hp 2 cht lng bay hi c khng trn ln vo nhau (nc v tinh du).

Khi p sut hi bo ho bng p sut kh quyn, hn hp bt u si v hi nc ko theo hi tinh du.

Hi nc c tha t bn ngoi do cc ni hi cung cp hoc t to trong ni ct.

b. Cc b phn ca mt thit b ct tinh du:

Ni ct: Hnh tr, lm bng thp khng g, tn m km, ng. iu kin ct th cng c th s dng thng

phuy ng xng.

Cn lu t l gia ng knh (D) v chiu cao ca ni (H). Thng thng

D = _____1____

H 1,2-1,5

Vi ni ct cng nghip hi nc c a vo bng cc ng dn hi, qui m thcng, nc cha sn

trong ni, v dc liu c t trn mt tm v, trnh tip xc vi y ni (Hnh 4 v 5).

ng dn hi: (thng c gi l vi voi): ng dn hi c nhim v dn hi nc v hi tinh du qua b

phn ngng t. Ngoi ra di tc dng ca khng kh lnh bn ngoi lm ngng t mt phn hinc v

hi tinh du thnh th lng. V vy ng dn hi nn c dc nghing v pha b phn ngng t.

Hnh 2
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B phn ngng t: B phn ngng t c nhim v ho lng hi nc v hi tinh du t ni ct chuyn

sang. Gm 2 b phn: Thng cha nc lm lnh v ng dn hi. ng dn hi c ngm trong thng

nc lnh v c lm lnh theo qui tc ngc dng.

Cc kiu ng dn hi c lm lnh thng dng:

- Kiu ng xon rut g: Din tch lm lnh ln nhng kh lm vsinh, nc v tinh du hay ng li

cc on gp khc.

- Kiu ng chm: L kiu thng dng nht.

- Kiu hnh a: L s kt hp gia ng chm v ng xon rut g (Hnh 6).

B phn phn lp: B phn phn lp c nhim v hng cht lng l nc v tinh du v tch ring tinh

du ra khi nc: Tinh du nng hn nc pha di, tinh du nhhn nc pha trn. C nhiu kiu

bnh (hay thng) phn lp khc nhau nhng u c cng mt nguyn tc: Nguyn tc kiu bnh florentin

(Hnh 7.7).

Mt strng hp c bit

Ni ct 2 thn: (thit k ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa): Thn ni 1 c gn cnh trong l, c nhim

v cha nc v chuyn lng nc ny thnh hi trong sut qu trnh ct. Thn ni 2 di ng c, c

nhim v cha dc liu. S ci tin ny to iu kin thun li khi tho b ra khi b phn ct. ch to

tinh du c cha cc thnh phn chnh l cc hp cht kt tinh nhit thng (long no, i bi), ngi

ta cn thit k b phn ngng t tinh du theo kiu hnh n xp.

Mt slu khi chto tinh du bng phng php ct:

1. chia nhdc liu phi ph hp vi bn cht dc liu. Nhng dc liu cha tinh du nm trong t

bo su trong cc m, cn chia nhn t l thch hp.

2. Thi gian ct tu theo bn cht ca dc liu v tnh cht ca tinh du. Vi tinh du giun cn ct nhanh,

nu khng tinh du s b phn hu (30 pht).

3. Tinh du sau khi thu c cn phi loi nc trit bng phng php ly tm.

Hnh 4. S ni ct tinh du th cng NC77

Hnh 5. S thit b ct tinh du trong cng nghip

Hnh 6. S b h n lm l nh
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Hnh 7. S b phn phn lp

A: tch tinh du nhhn nc C, D: tch tinh du nh v nng hn nc

B: tch tinh du nng hn nc

6.2. Phng php dng dung mi:

- Dung mi khng bay hi: Du bo hoc du paraphin. Ngm dc liu (thng l hoa) trong dung mi

c lm nng 60-700 C, trong 12-48 gitu theo tng loi hoa. Lm nhiu ln cho n khi dung mi bo

ho tinh du (10-15 ln). Dng alcol tch ring tinh du khi du bo v ct thu hi alcol di p lc

gim sthu c tinh du.

- Dung mi dbay hi: Phng php ny hay dng chit xut tinh du trong hoa hoc chit xut 1

thnh phn nht nh no y. Dung mi thng dng l ete du ho, xng cng nghip v.v.. Sau khi chit,

ct thu hi dung mi di p lc gim sthu c tinh du c ln sp v mt s tp cht khc v thng

thc. Loi tinh du ny trn thtrng c tn Concrete oil. Ho tan Concrete oil bng mt t cn cao

, tinh du s tan trong cn, lnh, lc b phn sp, phn dung dch cn li c em ct ko hi nc.

Tinh du thu c sau khi ct c tn trn thtrng l Absolute oil. Nhng tinh du c iu ch bng

phng php ny thng rt thm, gi thnh cao v c dng iu ch m phm v nc hoa cao cp.

Trn thtrng ta thng gp mt s tinh du nh Cassie flower absolute oil (tinh du hoa Keo thm,

Acacia farnesiana), Genet absolute oil (tinh du u mng iu, Spartium junceum), Orange flower

absolute oil (Tinh du Hoa cam ng, Citrus aurantium ssp. amara), Rose concrete oil v Rose absolute oil

(Tinh du hoa hng, Rosa damascena) vv...

Trong mt strng hp tinh du hoa c iu ch bng phng php ct, v d tinh du hoa cam ng,

Nerioli oil, mt lng ng k tinh du tan trong nc di dng nh dich, khng tch ra c, sc

chit xut bng dung mi, ct thu hi dung mi, ta s c tinh du vi tn trn thtrng l Water absolute

oil, v d Orange flower water absolute oil l tinh du Hoa cam ng c iu ch bng phng php

ny.

- Phng php chit xut tinh du tt nht hin nay l phng php chit xut bng dung mi kt hp vi

kh CO2 lng. Phng php ny cho hiu xut cao, tiu tn t dung mi, cho tinh du cht lng tt,thng

p dng chit xut cc tinh du ca hoa, tinh du qu him. Hn ch ca phng php ny l i hi thit

bt tin, v vy n nay cha c ng dng rng ri.

6.3. Phng php p:

Dng khun bng g c kch thc 58 x 80 x 5cm gia t tm thutinh c pht mln c 2 mt, mi

lp dy 3mm. t ln trn b mt cht bo mt lp la mng, ri ln trn 30 - 80g hoa ti, kh ro, khng

b gip nt, loi bl i. Khong 35 - 40 khun gc xp chng ln nhau ri trong phng kn.

Sau 24 - 72 gitu theo tng loi hoa, ngi ta thay lp hoa mi cho n khi lp cht bo bo ho tinh

du. C th dng mc cha tinh du, hoc tch ring tinh du bng alcol v t dch chit alcol c thiu

ch thnh dng Absolute oil nh nu trn

6.4. Phng php p:
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Phng php ny ch p dng iu ch tinh du v qu cc loi Citrus v nhng l do sau:

- Tinh du v cam, chanh ch yu dng trong k ngh sn xut ung v vy cn c mi ging nh mi

t nhin, m tinh du iu ch bng phng php ct khng t c yu cu ny.

- Trong v cam, chanh tinh du nm trong ti tit lp v ngoi, ch cn tc ng 1 lc c hc l c th

gii phng ra. V vy phng php p rt ph hp.

- Cc ti tit tinh du trong vcc loi Citrus c bao bc bi cc mng pectin. Cng gia nhit mng cng

ng cng li. Nu mun iu ch tinh du bng cc phng php ct, trc ht phi ph vmng ny. C

th dng cc tc nhn sau:

+ Chc: Chia nhdc liu

+ Ho hc: Dung dch acid hydrocloric hoc acid oxalic long.

+ Enzym

Dch p c cha nhiu pectin, sau khi p phi lc, li tm v bo qun tinh du nhit thp.

7. Kim nghim tinh du:

7.1. Phng php cm quan:ngi mi ca tinh du.

7.2. Xc nh cc hng s vt l:

T trng, nng sut quay cc (D), Ch s khc x nD, tan trong alcol 70, 800...

7.3. Xc nh cc ch s ho hc: ch s acid, ch s ester, ch s acetyl...

7.4. nh tnh cc thnh phn trong tinh du:

a. Phng php sc k lp mng (SKLM)

- Cht hp ph: Silica gel Vin kim nghim (B y t, H Ni), silicagen G Merck, silica gel HF254 v.v..)

- Dung mi: Cyclohexan; n-Hexan; Ether du ho ( si 40-700); Benzen; Cloroform v.v..

tch cc thnh phn hydrocarbon terpenic, khng c cha oxy thng dng cc dung mi n c, t

phn cc. tch cc thnh phn c cha oxy thng dng cc hn hp dung mi. V d:

+ Benzen - ethyl acetat 95 : 5; 90 : 10

+ Etherdu ho - Ether 95 : 5; 90 : 10

+ n-Hexan - ethyl acetat 85 : 15

+ Toluen - ethyl acetat 95 : 5

- Hin mu:

+ Thuc th hin mu chung: Vanilin/H2SO4, anisaldehyd/ H2SO4, H2SO4c.

+ Thuc th hin mu cc nhm chc: Thuc th 2, 4-DNPH (cc hp cht carbonyl), thuc th Diazo

(cc hp cht phenol).

- Phng php nh tnh:

+ Da vo gi tr Rfv mu sc cc vt. So snh vi cc gi tr ny ca cht chun.

+ Phng php chm chng vi cht chun (Co-chromatography).

Vic nh tnh c th tin hnh trn sc k lp mng 1 chiu hoc 2 chiu vi cc tm knh c kch c khc

nhau t 2,5 x 7,5cm n 20 x 20cm.

b. Phng php sc k kh(SKK):

Nguyn tc ca phng php SKK l da trn s phn chia ca cc thnh phn trong tinh du gia 2 pha

khng trn ln vo nhau. Pha c nh l cc cht lng c tm ln trn b mt ca cht mang (ct nhi)

hoc trng thnh mt lp phim mng trong lng ct tch (ct mao qun). Pha di ng l cc cht kh: H 2,

He, Ar, N2...

Phng php nh tnh:
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+ Da vo gi tr thi gian lu Rt. So snh vi thi gian lu ca cht chun. Thi gian lu ca mt cu t

l thi gian cht c lu li trong ct tch, c tnh t khi bm vo my n khi xut hin detector,

c tnh bng pht.

Phng php ny c th gy nhm ln, v c nhiu thnh phn khc nhau c cng mt thi gian lu nh

nhau. V vy phi tin hnh so snh trn nhiu ct tch c tnh cht khc nhau (phn cc v khng phn

cc).

+ Phng php phn tch cng: Trn cht cn so snh vo tinh du, v tin hnh chy sc k. So snh 2 bn

sc k (SK), nh ca cht d kin s c tng ln nhiu so vi bn sc k nguyn mu.

+ Phng php phn tch tr: Loi cht cn nh tnh bng cc phng php ho hc. So snh 2 bn SK

tinh du nguyn bn v tinh du loi cht cn nh tnh. bn sc k th 2, nh s b mt i hoc

cn li rt nh. Phng php ny c th p dng nh tnh cc thnh phn phenol hoc aldehyd hay

ceton.

+ Phng php chuyn dch nh: To cc dn cht mi bng cc phn ng ho hc vi cht d kin nh

tnh. So snh 2 bn sc k. bn sc k th 2, nh cht d kin nh tnh s mt i (hoc cn li rt nh),

trong khi li xut hin mt nh mi. Phng php ny hay p dng xc nh cc thnh phn alcol, so

snh vi sn phm sau khi ester ho.

+ Kt hp gia SKK v cc phng php phn tch ph: SKK v ph khi (MS), SKK v ph cng hng

t ht nhn (NMR). Phng php SKK kt hp vi khi ph (GC/MS) hin nay c p dng ph bin

phn tch nh tnh v nh lng tinh du. chnh xc ca phng php ph thuc vo s lng ph

mu trong th vin ca my i km theo. Tuy nhin kt qu phn tch cng c th nhm ln. V vy ngi

ta khuyn l nn phn tch t nhn trn hai ct tch c phn cc khc nhau. Ngoi ra yu t kinh nghim

ca ngi phn tch kt qu cng rt quan trng.

c. Phng php ho hc:

Thng thng l to cc dn cht kt tinh bng cc phnng ho hc. o chy ca cc dn cht ny v

i chiu vi ti liu.

d. Phng php phn tch ph

Tch ring tng cu t bng cc phng php sc k ct, SKLM ch ho, cc phng php ho hc v

dng cc phng php phn tch ph gii thch cu trc .

7.5. nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du:

Ngoi phng php nh lng bng SKK, ni chung cc Dc in u qui nh cc phng php vt l,

ha l v ho hc c th p dng nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du. Nguyn tc ca

phng php l da trn cc phn ng c hiu ca cc nhmchc. Cc nhm chc c th l:

a. Alcol:

Alcol ton phn: Phng php thng thng c ghi trong Dc inca nhiu nc l phng php

acetyl ho. Qu trnh nh lng c tin hnh qua 3 giai on:

- Giai on 1: acetyl ho alcol bng lng d anhydrid acetic:

Ra b phn acid tha, lm kh tinh du.

- Giai on 2: X phng ho mt lng chnh xc tinh du acetyl ho bng mt lng d dung dch

kimchun (NaOH 0,5N hoc KOH 0,5N trong ethanol)

R-OH-CO-CH3 + KOH -> ROH + CH3COOK
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- Giai on 3: nh lng dung dch kim chun d bng mt dung dch acid chun c nng tng

ng. T lng kim tiu th trong qu trnh x phng ho tnh ra c hm lng alcol ton phn c

trong tinh du.

Alcol di dng este:

X phng ho mt lng chnh xc tinh du bng lng kim chun v c tin hnh tng t nh giai

on 2 v giai on 3" trn.

Alcol t do:

Cn c vo hm lng alcol ton phn v alcol este s tnh c lngalcol t do c trong tinh du.

Mt s Dc in gii thiu phng php nh lng alcol t do nh sau :

Cn chnh xc mt lng tinh du (G) g v acetyl ho bng mt lng tha anhydrid acetic. nh lng

anhydrid acetic tha bng mt dung dch kim chun (V2)ml. Song song tin hnh vi mu trng (V1)ml.

Hm lng alcol t do c tnh theo cng thc:

Hm lng % alcol = (V1 - V2). M x 100

G

M l ng lng gam tng ng ca alcolvi 1ml dung dch kim chun.

Mt s iu cn lu :

- Vi alcol bc 1 v 2 vic acetyl ho d dng, ch cn cht xc tc l natri acetat khan, thi gian un 2 gi

trn bp cch ct, cch du, bp in hay ngn la gas.

- Vi alcol bc 3 vic acetyl ho lu hn, tc nhn acetyl ho l acetyl cloridvi s c mt dimethyl alanin.

- i vi tinh du s Citronella (Citronella oil), nu nh lng geraniol bng phng php acetyl ho th

khng ch geraniol vcc alcol bc 1 khc phn ng, m c citronelal cng tc dng vi anhydrid acetic,

ng vng v to dn xut isopulegyl acetat. V vy cm t geraniol ton phn trong tinh du s

Citronella l bao gm c hm lng geraniol v citronelal.

b. Aldehyd v ceton:

- Phng php to sn phm bisulfitic: C 2 con ng dn n sn phm bisulfitic:

Trong trng hp th 2, phi trung ho lng NaOH bng acid (thng dng acid acetic) th phn ng mi

xy ra hon ton.Phn ng ny hay dng trong nh lng cc hp cht carbonyl c dy ni i v tr -

so vi nhm carbonyl, v d citral, aldehyd cinnamic.

Sn phm bisulfitic l cht kt tinh, c th tch ra khi phn tinh du khng tham gia phn ng, v vy c

th p dng phng php cn hoc dng bnh cassia nh lng.

-Phng php dng hydroxylamin hydroclorid:

C ch phn ng:
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nh lng acid hydroclorid gii phng ra bng dung dch kim chun, t tnh ra c hm lng

carbonyl c trong tinh du.

- Phng php tc dng vi 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazin (2,4-DNPH):

Cc hp cht carbonyl tc dng vi 2,4-DNPH to thnh dn cht hydrazon ta mu da cam. C th

dng phng php cn hoc phng php o quang nh lng.

c. Cc hp cht oxyd- cineol

- Phng php xc nh im ng c: nhit rt thp, cineol c th kt tinh, nhit kt tinh t l thun vi hm lng cineol. V d hm

lng cineol l 72% c im ng c 140C, 82% - 80C v 85% -60C. Ngi ta thit lp 1 th

nu ln s lin quan gia nhit ng c v hm lng cineol trong tinh du. Tuy nhin phng php t

c p dng, v tinh du phi c hm lng cineol > 64%.

- Phng php Orto - cresol:

Cineol kt hp vi orto-cresol to thnh mt sn phm kt tinh, c nhit kt tinh t l thun vi hm

lng cineol trong tinh du. V d nhit kt tinh l 240C hm lng cineol l 45,6%, 400C l 66,8%

550C l 99,3% v. v.. o nhit kt tinh ca hn hp v i chiu vi ti liu, s bit c hm lng

cineol trong tinh du.

- Phng php Resorcin:

Cineol kt hp vi dung dch resorcin bo ho, to thnh sn phm kt tinh. Dng bnh cassia c tinh

du khng tham gia phn ng, t tnh c lng cineol trong tinh du.

- Phng php Acid phosphoric:

Cineol kt hp vi acid phosphoric c (t trng 1,750) to thnh sn phm kt tinh (C 10H18O.H3PO4).

Lm sch sn phm ri cn, hoc cho vo bnh cassia, gii phng cineol bng nc nng, v c lng

cineol trn phn chia vch c bnh.

d. Cc hp cht peroxyd- ascaridol:

Phng php thng dng nht l da vo tnh cht oxy ho ca cc hp cht perosxyd: Trong mi trng

acid, ascaridol oxy ho kali iodid gii phng iod t do. Iod gii phng ra c nh lng bng dung dch

natri thiosulfat chun.

Ngoi ra cn c th p dng cc phng php vt l khc nh cc ph, ph t ngoi nh lng.

e. Cc hp chtphenol:

Phng php nh lng thng dng nht da trn nguyn tc: phenol tc dng vi kim, to sn phm

phenolat: ArOH + NaOH -> ArONa + H2O

Cc hp cht phenolat tan trong nc, v vy c th dng bnh cassia nh lng. Hoc p dng phng

php cn: Tch ring phn tan trong nc, dng acid gii phng phenol. Tch ring phenol bng dung

mi hu c, bc hi dung mi, cn.

Ngoi ra c th p dng cc phng php o quang. V d i vi thymol v carvacrol c th dng 4-

aminoantypyrin to mu.

Ngoi nhng v d nu trn, c th p dng cc phng php vt l, ha l khc: Phng php o

ng (nh lng anethol trong tinh du hi), phng php ph t ngoi ( nh lng cc hp cht ether

phenolic), phng php SKK v.v..

7.6. Pht hin tp cht v cht gi mo:

Tp cht thng gp trong tinh du l ncv cc ion kim loi nng. S c mt nhng yu t ny l do k

thut ct khng m bo tiu chun, thng hay gp trong tinh du mua ca cc c s sn xut tinh du t
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nhn. Tuy lng khng nhiu, nhng l cc tc nhn thc y qu trnh oxy ho, lm cho tinh du

chng b hng.

Cc cht gi mo c a vo trong tinh du l do c lm gim gi thnh.Vic gi mo l c mt

ngh thut ht sc tinh vi, tuy vy s c mt cc hp cht ny thng lm thay i cc ch s l, ho ca

tinh du nh tan, t trng, nng xut quay cc v.v.. C th da vo cc c tnh ny pht hin ra cht

gi mo.

a. Pht hin cc tp cht:

* Tm nc:

Lc tinh du vi CaCl2khan hoc CuSO4, khan nu c nc CaCl2s chy hoc CuSO4s chuyn t mu

xanh nht sang xanh nc bin.

* Tm ion kim loi nng:

Lc tinh du vi nc, tch ring lp nc, ri cho sc mt lung kh H 2S, nu c ion kim loinng s c

ta sulfur mu en.

b. Pht hin cc cht gi mo:

Cht gi mo c th l cc hp cht tan trong nc hoc tan trong du.

1. Cc hp cht tan trong nc: Ethanol v glycerin.

* Ethanol v glycerin rt hay c cho vo trong tinh du c thnh phn chnh l alcol, v d nh tinh du

bc h. Phng php xc nh chung l: lc vi nc, nu c th tch gim chng t c s gi mo. Dng

c xc nh c th dng bnh cassiahoc loi ng ong c nt mi.

* C th nh tnh ethanol bng cc phng php sau:

+ To snphm iodoform c mi c bit.

+ Gi tng git nc vo trong mt ng nghim c cha khong 5ml tinh du. Lc, nu c ethanol tinh du

s c nh sa.

* nh tnh glycerin: Bc hi tinh du trn ni cch thu, cho vo cn mt t tinh th kali sulfat, un trc

tip. Sc mi c trng ca acrolein.

Phn ng ny cng p dng xc nh s c mt ca du bo trong tinh du.

2. Cc cht gi mo tan trong du:

* Du m

- Cho 1 git tinh du ln giy bc hay giy bng knh m hay giy pluya (pelure). H nhanh trn bp

in cho tinh du bay hi m giy khng b chy, nu li vt l c du m.

Tuy nhin mt s tinh du c cha cc thnh phn cc hp cht sesquuiterpen, mt s b ho nha, khi h

vn li vt, nn cn c nhng phng php kim nghim khc.

- Bc hi tinh du trn ni cch thu, xc nh ch s x phng ca cn hoc lm phn ng to ra

acrolein nh mc xc nhglycerin.

* Du ho, xng, du parafin:

Nhng thnh phn ny khng tan trong alcol, c th kim tra tan ca tinh du trong ethanol 800.

Trong mt ng ong dung tch 100ml, cho vo 80ml ethanol 800. Gi tng git tinh du cho n ht 5ml.

Tinh du s tan ht trong alcol, cn cht gi mo s ni ln trn b mt. Phng php ny c th xc nh

c cht gi mo t l 5%.

* Tinh du thng: Cch pht hin d dng nht l dng SKK. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du thng l - v

pinen hoc -caren, s xut hin ngay phn u ca sc k . Cng c th pht hin bng SKLM: - v -

pinen s xut hin tin tuyn, khi khai trin vi cc h dung mi thng thng.
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C th da vo c tnh l tinh du thng khng tan trong ethanol 70 0: cho 2ml tinh du vo ng nghim,

nh tng git ethanol 700. Nu c tinh du thng s c hin tng c.

Phng php ny c th pht hin s gi mo tinh du thng trong tinh du bc h t l 5%.

8. Tc dng sinh hc v ng dng ca tinh du: Tinh du v cc dc liu cha tinh du c mt phm vi s dng rt rng ln trong i sng hng ngy ca

con ngi, trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau.

8.1. Trong Y dc hc:

* Mt s tinh du c dng lm thuc. Tc dng ca tinh du c th hin:

- Tc dng trn ng tiu ho: Kch thch tiu ho, li mt, thng mt

- Tc dng khng khun v dit khun: Tc dng trn ng h hp nh tinh du bch n, bc h. Tc

dng trn ng tit niu nh tinh du hoa cy Barosma betulina.

- Mt s c tc dng kch thch thn kinh trung ng: Dc liu cha tinh du giuanethol: i hi...

- Mt s c tc dng dit k sinh trng:

+ Tr giun: Tinh du giun, santonin.

+ Tr sn: Thymol,

+ Dit k sinh trng st rt: Artemisinin.

- Rt nhiu tinh du c tc dng chng vim, lm lnh vt thng, sinhc v.v.. khi s dng ngoi da.

* Mt s dc liu va s dng dng tinh du va s dng dng dc liu nh qu, hi, inh hng, tiu

hi, bc h, ht mi, bch n dng lm thuc. Nhng cng c nhng dc liu ch s dng tinh du

nh: Long no, mng tang, du giun v.v.. V cng c rt nhiu dc liu cha tinh du ch s dng dc

liu lm thuc m khng s dng tinh du nh ng qui, bch trut,thng trut, phng phongv.v..

* Trong y hc c truyn, cc dc liu cha tinh du thng gp trong cc nhm thuc sau:

- Thuc gii biu, cha cm mo phong hn (tn n gii biu) v cm mophong nhit (tn lng gii

biu). Nhm tn n gii biu gm: Qu chi, sinh khng, kinh gii, ta t, khng hot, hnh, hng nhu,

t tn, bch ch, phng phong, mi... Nhm tn lng gii biu gm:Cc hoa, hoc hng, bc h...

- Thuc n l tr hn, hi dng cu nghch, c tc dng thng kinh, hot lc, thng mch, gim au, lm

m c th trong cc trng hp chn tay lnh, h thn nhit, au bng d di, nn ma, tru tim mch:

Tho qu, i hi, tiu hi, ring, inh hng, sa nhn, can khng, xuyn tiu, ng th du, nhc qu.

- Thuc phng hng khai khiu: C tc dng kch thch, thng cc gic quan, khai khiu trn c th, tr

m thanh ph, khai thng h hp, trn tm khi phc li tun hon: Xng b,x hng, cnh kin

trng, mai hoa bng phin.

- Thuc hnh kh, c tc dng lm cho kh huyt lu thng, gii ut, gim au: Hng ph, trn b, hu

phc, ut kim, sa nhn, mc hng, ch thc,ch xc, thanh b, trm hng.

- Thuc hnh huyt v b huyt:Xuyn khung, ng qui.

- Thuc tr thp: c hot, thin nin kin, hoc hng, hu phc, sa nhn, tho qu, mc hng.

8.2. ng dng trong cc ngnh k ngh khc:

* K ngh thc phm:

- Mt lng ln dc liu cha tinh du c tiu th trn th trng th gii di dng gia v: Qu, hi,

inh hng, ht ci, mi, th l, tho qu, ht tiu v.v.. Tc dng ca nhng dc liu ny l bo qun thc

phm, lm cho thc phm c mi thm, kch thch dy thn kinh v gic gip n ngon ming. Ngoi ra cn

kch thch tit dch v gip cho s tiu ho thc n d dng.
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- Mt s tinh du v thnh phn tinh du c dng lm thm bnh ko, cc loi mt, ng hp ...:

vanilin, menthol, eucalyptol v.v..

- Mt s dng pha ch ru mi: Tinh du hi, tinhduinh hng...

- Mt s c dng trong k ngh pha ch ung: Tinh du v cam, chanh ...

- Mt s tinh du c dng trong k ngh sn xut ch, thuc l: Tinh du Bc h, hoa nhi, ht mi...

Mt iu cn lu khi s dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du trong thc phm l khng nn qu lm

dng, v khng phi tinh du khng c. V th ngi ta c nhng quy nh rt cht ch khis dng tinh

du: quy nh liu thng dng, liu ti a trong thc n cng nh trong ung hoc v cc ch phm

khc vi tng loi tinh du.

* K ngh pha ch nc hoa, x phng, m phm, cc hng liu khc:

y l mt ngnh cng nghip rt ln, s dng ch yu l ngun tinh du trong thin nhin, ngoi ra cn

c nhng cht thm tng hp hoc bn tng hp. Xu hng ngy cng s dng cc hng liu t nhin,

i hi phi i su nghin cu pht hin ngun ti nguyn tinh du nhm tho mn yu cu ca lnh vc

ny.

II. MT DC LIU CHA TINH DU

A.Dc Liu Cha Tinh Du C Thnh Phn Chnh L Cc Dn Cht Monoterpen:

Chanh, Cam, Qut,Bi,S,S Java,S hoa hng,S chanh,S du,Tho qu, Mi,Bc h,Bc h

Bc h u, Thng, Long no, Sa nhn, Trm,Bch n,Bch n giu cineol,Bch n giu citronelal,

Du giun

1. QUT: Tn khoa hc: Citrus sp.H Cam - Rutaceae.

1.1.c im thc vt vphn b

Qut c nhiu loi. Trong nng nghip v thng mi ngi ta phn thnh 4 nhm theo cch sp xp ca

S.Wingle:

-Nhm qut thng thng, c ngun gc Philipin: Citrus reticulata Blanco, cy c gai nh, qu mng hnh

cu, y lm, v qu xp khi chn c mu vng cam hoc ti, loi ny pht trin tt vng nhit i.

-Nhm qut snh, hay qut King: Citrus nobilis Loureiro, c ngun gc ng Dng, qu to, v dy.

-Nhm qut Satsuma: Citrus unshiu Marcovitch, c ngun gc Nht Bn. Cy hu nh khng c gai,

qa ctrung bnh, khi chn c mu vng da cam, khng c ht.

-Nhm qut a Trung Hi: Citrus deliciosa Tenore, c ngun gc Italia, l c dng hnh mc, qa c

trung bnh, nhiu ht.

1.2. Trng trt vthu hi

Qut c trng bng phng php ghp mt hoc chit cnh. Sn lng hng nm trn th gii khong 8

triu tn. ng u l Nht Bn (48%), Ty Ban Nha (16%), Brazin (8%), Italy 6%), Marc (5%), Hoa K

(4%). Thi lan hng nm sn xut 561.000 tn.

Sn lng qut cc nc ng Nam l 5 tn qu/ha. Cc ni khc trn th gii l 25 tn/ha, c khi t

n 50 tn/ha.

Vit Nam , mt squt c trng ph bin: L Nhn (H Nam), qut B H (Bc Giang), cam canh

(H Ni), qut Hng Cn (Hu), qut ng v qut Xim (cc tnh pha Nam).

1.3. B phn dng

- V quphi kh gi l trn b - Pericarpium citri deliciosae.

- Tinh du v qu - Oleum Mandarinae.
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- Ht

1.4. Thnh phn ho hc

Trong phn n c qu qut c cha nc 90%, protein 0,6%, lipid 0,4%, ng 8,6%, vitamin C 0,42%.

Tinh du v qut, Oleum Mandarinae, tn thng phm l Mandarin oill, l cht lng mu vng c

hunh quang xanh nh. Hunh quang s xut hin r rng nu pha long tinh du trong alcol. d15: 0,854 -

0,859, D20: + 650 n + 750, nD20: 1,475 - 1,478.

Thnh phn chnh tinh du v qut l limonen ( > 90%), methylanthranilat (1%).

1.5. Cng dng

Trn b l v thuc thng dng trong Y hc c truyn, c tc dng hnh kh ho v, dng trong trng hp

au bng do lnh, cha ho, vim ph qun mn tnh. Ht qut dng cha au rut non, au tinh hon, thot

v bn

Tinh du vqut c dng trong k ngh thc phm v k nghhng liu.

B. Nhng dc liu c cha tinh du c thnh phn chnh l cc dn cht sesquiterpen

Gng, hoc hng, thanh cao

1.Gng:Tn khoa hc: Zingiber officinale Rosc.H Gng - Zingiberaceae.

1.1.c im thc vt vphn b

Cy tho, sng lu nm, cao 0,6 - 1m. L mc so le khng cung, hnh mc di, c mi thm. Trc hoa

xut pht t gc, di khong 20 cm. Hoa mu vng. Thn r mp, phng ln thnh c. Gng c trng

Vit Nam v nhiu nc trn th gii: Cc nc ng Nam , Trung Quc, n v c.

1.2. Trng trt vthu hoch

Gng c trng bng cc nhnh ca thn r c mang mm. Trng v ma xun, ma thu cy s ra hoa v

thu hoch khi cy bt u li. Cc nc trng v xut khu chnh: n , Trung Quc, Indonesia, Phi;ipin,

Thi Lan, Nigeria.

1.3. B phn dng:Gng ti, Gng kh, Gng ch bin, Tinh du gng - Oleum Zingiberis,Nha

du gng.

* Gng ti: Bao gm c gng non v gng gi. Gng non c thu hoch khi c cn non, t x v t cay,

thng c dng ch bin cc sn phm. Gng gi thng dng ch bin gng kh, tinh du gng

v nha du gng.

* Gng c ch bin: Thng c ch bin t c gng non, bao gm cc sn phm: gng ch bin

ngm trong nc mui, gng ch bin ngm trong sir, ch gng... Trung Quc v Australia l hai nc

xut khu nhiu nht mt hng ny

* Gng kh: c ch bin t c gng gi c th c v ri phi kh gi l gng xm hoc b v ri

phi kh gi l gng trng.

* Tinh du gng: Tn thng phm l Ginger oil c sn xut t gng ti bngphng php ct ko hi

nc, vi hiu sut t 1,0 - 2,7%. V cha nhiu tinh du hn (4 - 5%); v vy c th kt hp khi ch bin

gng kh sn xut tinh du.

* Nha du gng: c ch bin t bt gng kh bng cch chit vi dung mi hu c vi hiu sut 4,2 -

6,5%.

Hng nm ton th gii sn xut khong 30 tn tinh du gng v 150 - 300 tn nha du gng. Cc nc

sn xut tinh du v nha du chnh: n v Trung Quc. Cc nc tiu thu chnh: USA, Canada, Anh,

c.
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16/16

1.4. Thnh phn ho hc:Gng cha tinh du (2-3%), nha du (4,2 - 6,5%), cht bo (3%) v cht cay:

Zingerol, zingeron, shagaol v.v...

Tinh du gng l cht lng khng mu hoc mu vng nht, d30: 0,868 - 0,880; nD30: 1,4890 - 1,4894;

D30: - 280 n450. Tinh du gng c mi c trng ca gng nhng khng cha cc cht cay. Thnh

phn ch yu ca tinh du l hp cht hydrocarbon sesquiterpenic: -zingiberen (35,6%, ar-curcumen

(17,7%), - farnesen (9,8%); ngoi ra cn c cha mt lng nh cc hp cht alcol monoterpenic: geraniol

(1,4%), linalol (1,3%), borneol (1,4%) v.v...

Nha du gng c cha 20 - 25% tinh du v 20 - 30% cc cht cay. Cc cht cay chnh c cng thc:

+ R = - CH3: zingeron: cht kt tinh, chy 40410C.

+ R = - CH =CH-(CH2)4 - CH3: shagaol: cht lng, rt cay.

+ R = - CH(OH) - (CH2)n -CH3: gingerol: n = 3, 4, 6, 8: cht lng, rt cay

1.5. Cng dng

- Gng ti c s dng nh mt gia v trong ba n hng ngy, dng ch bin cc sn phm gng

mn, mt gng v ch gng.

- Gng kh dng ch bin gia v (bt Cary), dng lm cht thm trong k ngh thc phm v trong k

ngh pha ch ung.

- Tinh du gng lm cht thm trong k ngh thc phm v k ngh pha ch ung, thng cho vo

nha du gng gim cay ca nha du.

- Nha du c dng lm cht thm v cay trong k ngh thc phm, pha ch ung.

Trong Y hc c truyn gng ti c gi l sinh khng l v thuc tn n gii biu, tc dng vo kinh

ph, v, t, c tc dng pht tn phong hn, cha cm mo phong hn, lm m ddy trong trng hp

bng y trng, khng tiu, kh huyt ngng tr, chn tay lnh. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng ho m, ch ho,

li niu, gii c, kh khun.

Gng kh c gi l can khng, v cay, tnh m, tc dng vo kinh tm, ph, t, v, c tc dng n trung

hi dng, n trung ch t, chnn, trong trng hp t vh hn, chn tay lnng

h, au bng i ngoi. Can khng tn tnh c tc dng m v, ch huyt trong cc trng hp xut huyt do

h hn.

C. NHNG DC LIU CHA TINH DU C THNH PHN CHNH L CC DN CHT

C CC NHN THM

inh hng,Hng nhu trng,Hng nhu ta,i hi,Qu,Qu Vit Nam,Qu Srilanka

D. MT DC LIU C KH NNG KHAI THC V DNG TINH DU VIT NAM

Vng vang,Nhn trn - Adenosma bracteosumBonati.;Nhn trn- Adenosma caeruleumR. Br.; Nhn

trn - Adenosma glutinosum(L.) Druce var. caeruleum (R.Br.) Tsoong;Th hoc hng;Cy D (Trm

hng);Chi xu;i bi;V hng, X x; Hng chanh;Ngh;Kinh gii ni;Kinh gii trng; Cha d

Kinh gii t;Chu th;Thin nin kin; ln trng;Hi ni;Hi nc; Mng tang; Trm tr;Men ru

Vng tng;Hng qu;Tr tin ( trng);S
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hoi-nui-illicium-griffithii-hook-et.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nui-illicium-griffithii-hook-et.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nuoc-limnophila-rugosa-roth-merr.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nuoc-limnophila-rugosa-roth-merr.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nuoc-limnophila-rugosa-roth-merr.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/mang-tang-litsea-cubeba-pers.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tram-tra-melaleuca-alternifolia-maiden.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/men-ruou-mosla-chinensis-maxim-syn.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/men-ruou-mosla-chinensis-maxim-syn.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/men-ruou-mosla-chinensis-maxim-syn.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/vuong-tung-murraaya-sp.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/vuong-tung-murraaya-sp.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hung-que-ocimum-basilicum-l-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hung-que-ocimum-basilicum-l-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hung-que-ocimum-basilicum-l-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tra-tien-e-trang-ocimum-basilicum-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tra-tien-e-trang-ocimum-basilicum-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tra-tien-e-trang-ocimum-basilicum-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/so-camellia-sasanqua-thunb.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/so-camellia-sasanqua-thunb.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/so-camellia-sasanqua-thunb.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/so-camellia-sasanqua-thunb.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tra-tien-e-trang-ocimum-basilicum-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hung-que-ocimum-basilicum-l-var.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/vuong-tung-murraaya-sp.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/men-ruou-mosla-chinensis-maxim-syn.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tram-tra-melaleuca-alternifolia-maiden.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/mang-tang-litsea-cubeba-pers.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nuoc-limnophila-rugosa-roth-merr.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hoi-nui-illicium-griffithii-hook-et.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/e-lon-trong-hyptis-suaveolens-l-poit.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/thien-nien-kien-homalomena-aromatica.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/chau-thu-gaultheria-procumbens-l-syn.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/kinh-gioi-at-elsholtzia-winitiana-craib.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/chua-du-elsholtzia-penduliflora-w-w.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/kinh-gioi-trong-elsholtzia-ciliata.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/kinh-gioi-nui-elsholtzia-blanda-benth.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/nghe-curcuma-longa-l.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/hung-chanh-coleus-aromaticus-lour.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/vu-huong-xa-xi-cinnamomum-parthenoxylon.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/ai-bi-blumea-balsamifera-dc.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/choi-xue-baekea-frutescens-l.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/cay-do-tram-huong-aquilaria-malaccensis.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/cay-do-tram-huong-aquilaria-malaccensis.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/tho-hoac-huong-agastache-rugosa-fisch.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/nhan-tran-adenosma-glutinosum-l-druce.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/nhan-tran-adenosma-glutinosum-l-druce.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/nhan-tran-adenosma-caeruleum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/nhan-tran-adenosma-bracteosum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/vong-vang-abelmoschus-moschatus.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/mot-so-duoc-lieu-co-kha-nang-khai-thac.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/que-srilanka-cinnamomum-zeylanicum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/que-viet-nam-cinnamomum-cassia.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/que-cinnamomum-sp.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/ai-hoi-illicium-verum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/huong-nhu-tia-ocimum-sanctum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/huong-nhu-trang-ocimum-gratissimum.htmlhttp://www.duoclieu.org/2012/02/inh-huong-syzygium-aromaticum.html

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