Timeline - Intel Processor

8/12/2019 Timeline - Intel Processor

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Usually

called

Brain

of

Computer

.

Carry

out

instructions

in

a

computer

program

.

Perform

arithmetic/logic

operations

along

with

input/output

operations

.

This term has been in use in the computer

industry

at

least

since

the

early

1960

s

.


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Instruction

: A sequence of bits in a specific format to instruct the

computer to perform a specific operation.

Program

: A sequence of instructions to perform a specific task on the

computer.

Clock

: It is the frequency of the crystal oscillator of the computer. It

determines how the processor is.

Word Length

:It

is basically a fixed sized group of bits that are

handled as a unit by the instruction set and/or hardware of the

processor

.

Transistor Count

: It is the no. of transistors fabricated in the processor.

It is a measure of complexity of the processor.


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Given by Gordon Moore, co

-

founder and former chairman of

Intel Corporation.

It states :

The number of transistors that can be placed

inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately

every two

years.

This trend has continued for more than half a century and is

expected to continue until 2015 or 2020 or

later.

The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly

linked to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity,

sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital

cameras.


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Intel 4004

:

o

First

single

-

chip

microprocessor.

o

Introduced November 15, 1971o

Clock rate 740

kHz

.

o

0.07 MIPS

o

Instruction set contained 46

instructions

o

Number

of Transistors 2,300 at 10 m

o

Addressable Memory 640

bytes

o

Bus

Width 4 bits (multiplexed address/data due to limited

pins

)

o

Originally

designed to be used in

Busicom

calculator


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Intel 8008

:

o

Introduced April 1, 1972.

o

First 8

-

bit processor.o

Clock rate

800 kHz

o

Instruction set contained

48 instructions

o

Number

of Transistors

3,500

at 10 m

o

Addressable Memory

16 KBo

Originally intended for use in

Datapoint

2200

microcomputer


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Intel 8086 :

o

Introduced June 8, 1978.o Introduction of x86 architecture.

o Clock rate 4.77 - 10 MHz

o 16-bit data bus, 20-bit address bus

o Number of Transistors 29,000 at 3 mo Addressable Memory 1 MB.

o Used in portable computing, and in the IBM PS/2

computers


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Intel 8088 :

o

Introduced June 1, 1979.o Backward compatible 8086.

o Internal architecture 16-bit.

o External architecture 8-bit.

o Address bus 20-bit.o Highly successful due to pivotal sale of IBM-PC.


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Intel 80386 :

o

Introduced October 17, 1985.o Clock rates : 16 33 MHz.

o 32-bit data & address bus

o Addressable Memory 4GB

o Virtual Memory 64 TBo No. of transistors : 275,000 at1 m

o Backward compatible with x86 (16-bit)

o Used in Desktop Computing


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Intel Pentium :

o Introduced March 22,1993.

o

Clock rates : 60 - 66 MHz.o 64-bit data bus

o 32-bit address bus

o Addressable Memory 4GB

o Virtual Memory 64 TBo No. of transistors : 3.1 million at 0.8 m

o Superscalar Architecture

o 273 pin PGA package

o 16 KB L1 cache


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Pentium MMX:

o Introduced January 8, 1997.o Clock rates : 66 MHz

o 32 KB L1 cache

o 296/321 pin PGA.

o No. of transistors : 4.5 million at 0.35 mo Intel MMX (SIMD Instruction set) support


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Pentium Pro (1995):

Pentium II (1997):

Pentium III (1999):

o Introduction of L2 cache (512 KB).

o Clock rates : upto 600 MHz.

o Introduction of Internet Streaming SIMD Instruction

o No. of transistors : 9.5 million at 0.25 m


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Pentium IV (2000 - 2008):

o Clock rate : upto 3.8 GHzo L2 cache increased upto 512 KB

o Introduction of SSE2 SIMD Extension

o No. of transistors : 42 million at 0.18 m

o In 2004, the 32-bit x86 architecture was extended to64-bit x86-64 set

o Used greatly in the desktop & laptop computers.


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Two Line of Processors:

The Core 2 series:

Core 2 Duo Core 2 Quad

Core 2 Extreme

The Core i Series:

Core i3

Core i5

Core i7

Core i7 Extreme


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Features:

o Pure 64-bit architecture

o

Introduction of SSSE3 SIMD Instructionso Multiple cores on single die.

o Large L2 cache (2 12 MB)

o Use of LGA packaging

o Fabrication process in nm (65/45/32 nm)o Introduction of L3 cache (core i series)

o Technologies such as hyper-threading, turbo-boost,etc.


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Hyper-Threading:

It is a technology used to improve parallelization of computations

performed on PC microprocessors. For each processor core that is

physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual

processors. In short, one core handles 2 threads at once.

Turbo-Boost:

It is a technology in latest Intel processors to dynamically increase

the performance of the processor at the need of the user.Otherwise it saves energy/power by operating at a lower

frequency.


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The clock rates have increased upto 3.8 GHz.

The Fabrication Process has reduced upto 32nm, thus

saving power and space.

L3 caches have been introduced, as large as 12 MB.

The no. of cores on a single die has reached upto 6.

Even the memory controllers have been integrated intothe processor die itself.


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Timeline - Intel Processor