The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric Socratean Rhetoric,
founded school in 393 B.C. As a response to the Sophists
Intellectuals who taught philosophy and the art of persuasion (or
deception), for a fee Socrates did not charge for his tutelage
Sophists are accredited as being the first lawyers Instrumental in
shaping Athenian democracy Socrates
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A sophisticated approach?
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric Socratean Rhetoric The
Practical Educational Approach Removed manipulative rhetoric from
his educational program Rhetoric which serves unification and
consensus Seeks to build relationships where both parties win In
the hands of Isocrates rhetoric is gradually transformed into
ethics Marrou (1956) Interested in tackling moral concepts the
virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice
Socrates
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric The Socratic method A
debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints Based on asking
and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to
illuminate ideas A method of hypothesis elimination, in that better
hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those
that lead to contradictions Socrates
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric Platos Academy, founded
in 385 B.C. The Moral Philosophical Approach In the service of
absolute truth Plato was an elitist, believing that rhetoric could
only serve best in the realm of philosophers, who had discovered
divine, ultimate truths The enlightened few were to use rhetoric to
lead the unenlightened masses toward those truths Plato
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric In his work Phaedrus
Plato provides an ethical framework for acceptable rhetoric The
non-lover model: Shows no affection for the object of its
symbolizing and therefore incapable of inducing bias The evil-lover
model: making the beloved inferior to himself. Motivated by selfish
appetite and desire for exploitation. The noble-lover model: This,
of course, is the model that Plato offers as the framework for an
ethical rhetoric. The noble lover strives to improve his beloved.
Plato
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric Aristotles Lyceum,
founded in 335 B.C. Philosophical Scientific Approach Devises
system for applying rhetoric: Three Means of Persuasion (logos,
pathos, and ethos) Three Genres of Rhetoric (deliberative,
forensic, and epideictic) Rhetorical topics Parts of speech
Effective use of style Aristotle
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric His treatise, The Art of
Rhetoric A speaker or writer has three ways to persuade his
audience: Ethos (appeal to the speakers character) Pathos (appeal
to emotion) Logos (appeal to logic) He believed Logos was superior,
ideally all arguments should be won or lost on reason alone Errors
in reasoning are easy to make These errors are called logical
fallacies Aristotle
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The Three Schools of Athenian Rhetoric Formal Logical Fallacies
Aristotle was a big fan of formal syllogisms A formal fallacy in
syllogisms occurs whenever the structure of the argument itself is
flawed and renders it invalid. All men are mortal. Socrates is
mortal. Therefore, Socrates is a man. Just because Socrates is
mortal, doesnt necessarily mean hes a man Aristotle