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Managerials Skills of Administrators of Bicol College Daraga, Albay: AnAssessment
A Research Presented to
The Faculty and Members of the Research CouncilBicol CollegeDaraga, Albay
Marlene L. RaveloAnnabel De Vera
2012
Chapter 1
The Problem and its Setting
Introduction
Native has made a direct distinction between and the lower creatures in terms of skills. Unlike
lower creatures which develop their skills quite instinctively or simply by imitating their elders, men
develop their skills by formal and or informal education and by experience. So much so that human
organization have invested so much in the training and development of their manpower as a policy
designed to make them effective and efficient.
Writing on the importance of human education, Douglas has this to say: “It is an accepted fact
that training and development are necessary for the spirit, survival and performance of an organization
and that workers must be develop to manage the organization effectively and in the years to come.”1
Trainings and development are designed for all levels of management. Basically, the focus of
management training is the development of cognitive, technical and human relations skills. Studies
have been conducted to determine the type of skills which every level of management must develop. At
the lower level of management, the major focus is the development of technical and human relation
skills. At the middle level, the administrator’s effectiveness depends more on human and conceptual
skills, while at the top level administrators need more conceptual skills.2
Administrators are expected to develop their skills or competencies in their work as provider of
knowledge. They need more technical skills in the use of tools, techniques, procedures or approaches in
the areas of their professional practice. And since their profession deals with the management of
teachers and non teaching staff and students they need to develop human skills, they need to develop
human skills in relating with a variety of clients.” School administrator or mangers need the ability to
select, motivate, work with and lead others, either individually or in groups.”3 They must have the
mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations,” which they need in decision making.4
As mentioned earlier, man does not develop the above skills instinctively, but through education
and experience. Teachers undergo a long process of formal education in the classroom where they
perform their practicum. The managerial skills can also be developed through informal trainings like
attendance in conventions, seminar-workshops or graduate study.
Experience also gives the teachers the opportunity to develop the skills. They are exposed to a
variety of situations, problems and demands.5 The teachers can also acquire the skills through mentor
or preceptor. “Percepting occurs when an inexperienced person learn a set of managerial skills from
observing, achieving with and relating to a more experienced person.6
It would therefore appear that for an administration to develop their skills, he or she must have
adequate education and training, must have enough experience or has been under a mentor or preceptor
from whom he or she was given the opportunity to develop their skills.
Many teachers in the school pursue their task unmindful of the skills they need to make them
effective leaders or mangers. Although they are given the opportunity to attend training, they may not
have developed the three basic skills which can make make them effective managers or teachers who
maybe given the opportunity to determine the skills that have been developed as need to be developed
among the adminstrators working in Bicol College Daraga, Albay.
The researchers would like to know what are the skills that the administrators of Bicol College
possesses. Simultaneously, this study ought to contribute relevant and efficient information noteworthy
to the management and to all those who are concerned in the profession.
Setting of the Study
The setting of the study is Bicol College which is located in Daraga, Albay. The school was
founded by the late Engineer Roque F. Tabuena in the year 1941. It has four main departments namely
the graduate school college, high school and the elementary department. The graduate school offers the
following Doctor of Education, Doctor of Philosophy in Management, Master of Arts in Education,
Master of Science in Criminology, Master in Management.
For the college courses, the school has the Bachelor of laws, Bachelor of Science in Nursing,
Bachelor of Elementary Education, Bachelor of Secondary Education, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of
Library Information Sciences, Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Bachelor of Science in
Criminology, Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management. Certificate in teaching in Elementary
Level, Certificate in Teaching Secondary level, 2 year associate in Computer Technology, 2 year
Midwifery, 2 year Computer Hardware Servicing, 2 year Hotel and Restaurant Services, Caregiver and
TESDA courses such as baking, breastfeeding, housekeeping, foods and beverage sciences.
It has special programs like Review for Criminology and Board Review for LET. Bicol College
is a private institution being run by a Board of Trustees headed by Dr. Ma. Luz T. Macasinag as the
President, Dr. Pedro T. Marcellana III the vice president, Mrs. Mary Ann Lachana Corporate Secretary,
Mrs. Milagros T. Arroyo Treasurer and Mrs. Victoria T De Belen.
The institutiton has been producing graduates that occupies higher position in government and
private agencies and others and successful in business. This school will continue to produce graduates
that will cater to the needs globally and law abiding citizens of the country.
Fig. 1 Map of Bicol College
The year 1941 saw the birth of Albay Institute, forerunner of the Bicol College which was founded by
the late Engineer Roque F. Tabuena who at that time was engaged in the construction business,
principally in the province of Albay and Sorsogon. It has the first non secretarian private educational
institutes in the province of Albay.
The first courses offered were Associates in Arts (AA), Associate in Commercial Science
(ACS), and Elementary Teacher’s Certificate (ETC). Branches of Albay Institute were established that
year in Legazpi Port, Malinao and Polangui. Ligao Institute, Bacon Institute and Putiao Institute were
added in 1949. Daraga Institute was founded in 1950; Juban Institute in 1952; Pilar Institute in 1953.
Only Juban Institute remains today, in deference to the wishes of the founder “because my roots are
there”. The name of the Institute was changed to Bicol Junior Colleges in September 1949. At that
time, its offerings included elementary, high school, and four year courses in Education, Liberal Arts,
and Commerce. In 1951 it changed its name to Bicol Colleges. The institution left its Old Albay site in
1957 after initially acquiring a 1, 625 square meters lot in Sagpon, Daraga, Albay along the national
highway. Buildings were constructed as room and additional adjacent site were acquired.
College of nursing started in 2004 which is located at the north campus of Bicol College Daraga
Albay to determine the managerial skills of the administrators of this institution.
Statement of the Problem
This study aim to assesss the management skills of administration of Bicol College Daraga
Albay. Specifically, it will seek to answer the following problems:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Civil status
d. Highest educational attainment
e. Number of years as administrators
2. What is the level of managerial skills of the administrators as perceived by the respondents in
terms of
a. Conceptual
b. Technical and
c. Human relations
3. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the three groups of respondents
4. What recommnendations be proposed to further improve the managerial skills of the
administrators?
Hypothesis of the study
There is no significant difference in the perception of the administrators, the faculty and the non
teaching staff.
Scope and Delimitation
This study will be conducted in Bicol College Daraga Albay this school year 2011-2012 on the
administrators of the above mentioned institution. The administrators who have performed for at least
one year and the teaching and non teaching staff who were employed in the school for at least one year
will be covered in this study. The problem is delimited to the three managerial skills namely
conceptual, technical and human relations skill.
Significance of the study
This study will be beneficial to the following persons:
School Management. The findings of this study will provide the school management with information
regarding the managerial skills of the administrators with the end view of helping them adopt measures
that will improve the skills of their administrators together with other staff who maybe given
managerial management.
Administrators. As the mangers in charge of the activities of the school and the staff (treaching and
nonteaching) they maybe guided in making self assessment of their managerial skills especially the
technical and human relations skills since they are accepting middle level partition in the school.
Teaching Staff. Faculty maybe given the opportunity to perform managerial tasks which require the
knowledge and expertise in decision making, use of tools are dealing with people. This study will
provide them with vital information which they can use for self improvement.
Personnel Officer. The preparation of training and other development programs is usually ne of the
tasks of the personnel officer. The results of this study may be used as input to the training program
which can be given to all staff of the school particularly the administrators.
Schools. Improved managerial skills of the administrators would be advantageous to schools
since both student and faculty will be dealing with administrators who are strong in human relations
skills or factors badly needed to help facilitate the education and training of students.
Students. Under the hands of effective school administrators, students will be placed under the watch of
personnel why places priority on students welfare.
Masteral Students. The finding of this study can be used as related material in conducting
similar studies like leadership or continuing education topics.
Theoretical Framework
This study is guided by the assertion that administrators that administrators need to develop
some managerial skills, foremost among where are technical, human and conceptual or diagnostic
skills. According to Katz (1968), skill is the ability to use the knowledge one has in most effective
ways. Technical skills are the ability to use administrators tools and techniques toward the
accomplishment of one’s task. Human relation skills is the ability to deal with and understand people
and use it in the attainment of any desired goal. Conceptual skills is considered the highest of the three
basic skills. It is the ability to generate and develop ideas, to perceive the enterprise as a whole and to
identify its interpersonal parts. This theory is adapted in this study and basis for defining the
managerial skills of the administrators holding managerial position in the school. This theory is
illustrated in Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework
This study is guided by the concept that administrators must possess managerial skills which
they need in the performance of their tasks as managers in the school where they are working. Using
the input- process- output approach, the researchers consider the following as the input of the study; the
profile of the administrators in terms of age, sex, civil status, highest education, number of years as
administrators, managerial skills along conceptual, human relations and technical skills. The process
consist of an analysis ands interpretation of the profile and managerial skills of the administrators. The
output is the recommendations to enhance the managerial skills of the administrators. The
recommnendations will be feedback to the concerned administrators as indicated by the feedback loop
arrow shown in Figure 2.
Definition of Terms
The following terms will be defined conceptually and operationally for better understanding of
their study:
Administrators. Refer to top and middle level managers who exercises administrative and supervisory
power over the faculty and non teaching staff of the school.
Management. Refers to the process of coordinating actions and allocating resources to achieve
organizational goals
Skills. Refers to the ability to use the knowledge one has in most effective ways. 7 In this study it refers
to those managerial skills used by the administrators in the performance of their functions as school
administrators.
Conceptual Skills- Refers to the ability to generate and develop ideas, to perceive the work as a whole
and to identify its interpersonal parts. The administrators must be able to link the work of the group
with the work of other people and other departments like accounting, registrar, library and records.
Human Relation Skill- Refers to the ability to deal with and understand people and use it in the
attainment of any desired goal. Administrators need the ability to select, motivate, work with and lead
employer either individually or in groups.
Technical Skills- is the ability to use administrative tools and techniques towards the accomplishment
of ones task.
Bicol College- refers to an accredited higher education institution that offers elementary, high school
college and post graduate studies.
Daraga, Albay- refers to a municipality in the province of Albay that belongs to the second district.
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This section gives the highlights of the reviewed literature and studies which are related to the
present study.
Skills are what make people useful in an organization. In hiring a worker, the first consideration
is whether the applicant possesse the skills needed in the position being filled up. Other considerations
like the personality of the applicant, his experience, work attributes are given corresponding points. As
mentioned earlier, skills can be acquired either through formal education, on the job training or through
experience. Since skills may become absolute, organizations spend quite a fortune to finance the
training or retraining of their employees. “Competent employees don’t remain competent forever. Skills
deteriorate and can become obsolete.”
In the United states, corporation with more than one hundered employees spent $52.2
billion on one recent year on formal training for 47.3 million workers.”2 Xerox spent more than $300
million annually on trainings and retraining of its workers.3 Motorola, Federal express,
AndersenConsulting, Corning andSingaporean Airlines all spend a minimum of three percent of their
program of their payroll cones on training.4
Robbins mentioned at least four general categories of skills that can be developed through
training; basic literacy, technical, interpersonal and problem solving. Basic literacy training usually
focuses on fundamental skills like reading mathematics skills. In Americans, The US government of
Education noted that 90 millions Americans have limited literacy skills, about 40 millions can read
little or not at all.5 The Amercian Management Association reports that one out of three applicant
tested for jobs by its member in 1995 tasked sufficient reading or math skills to perform the jobs they
were seeing.6
Most training aims to upgrade and improve the workers technical skills. New technology
necessitates the application of new skills or methods. Managers expected to have or to acquire
proficiency in a broad variety of skills that relate to every part of the human being. Managers with
technical skills can be easily acquired for they can be taught through education or training.
Another skill category that needs to be developed is interpersonal or human relation skills.
Worker’s performance in the organization depend on their ability to effectively interact with their
coworkers and their boss. Some employees have excellent interpersonal skills but others requires
training to improve thers.7 On the part of the administrators, they need the ability to select, motivate,
work with and lead employees, either individually or in groups. According to Robbins, human skills are
much more difficult to acquire because interpersonal relations involves consideration of difference in
attitudes, emotions and cultural characteristics of many individuals and groups.
Conceptual skill is the most difficult to acquire because it involves time and a certain
level of intellectual ability. It depends on the degree to which technical and human relations skill have
been acquired and mastered. It is a mature skill that requires a capacity to learn and a level of
experience in achieving and practicing acceptable behaviors.8
On low management skills are acquired. Douglas mentioned three mechanisms: 1) educating
and training, 2) experience and 3) preceptor/ mentor relationship with a higher level.9
One of these studies conducted locally which analyzed the three management skills was that of
Orobia (1988). In this study management skills are labeled leadership skills which were correlated with
two other management variables, job satisfaction and job conflict. The respondents were fifteen deans
and 400 college instructors of three universities in the Bicol Region. The deans called middle level
administrators were found to have above average or very satisfactory leadership skills. They excelled
best in human relations skills, next in conceptual and third in technical skills. The deans technical skills
was related to sex and salary while conceptual skill was related to salary and college application.10
Conducted a decade ago but still related to the present study was the research of De Chavez
(1990) who examined one aspect of leadership variables, that of leadership skills. The basis of this
study was the skill mix theory which states that different skill requirements are needed for leadership at
different levels of organization and at different times. One hundred sixty four employers representing
the three level of management of the Philippine Airforce made up the respondents. Among the finding
are: 1)the managers were best in technical skills and least in human relation skills 2) the respondents
prefer the Division Chief to the major divisions but relies on the advice of other people of the division.
Perceived and preference decision making structure were found to be significantly different. A fairly
centralized decision making structure is preferred. Human relations play a position or direct
relationship with better human relations. Decision making structure were also found to be dependent to
a large extent on the leadership qualities of the managers.11
Ochoco (1980) wanted to determine the leadership skills of the three branches of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines namely the Philippine Air Force, Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Army.
He had 305 respondents. Among his findings were: there were similarities of human relations among
leaders of the three groups of the Armed Forces especially in the technical, administrative and
institutional skills. Each service called for a particular type of expertise.12
Several studies of the managerial skills of school administrator have been conducted locally.
Since managerial skills transcends the type of profession or position held, some of their sides are
reviewed in this chapter.
Soriano (1988) studied the supervisory practices of school administrators in Pozorubio. The
study revealed that school heads were perceived by their faculty to be performing supervisory functions
very satisfactorily. On the other hand, the administrators perceived themselves to have exemplified
positive attitudes towards their role and functions. A significant difference was likewise found in the
perceptions of both groups along the areas of guidance and human relations.13
In his study of the supervisory effectiveness of principals in the public elementary schools of
the Cordillera administrators region (CAR). Madarang (1996) found that successful principals are goal
oriented, get control of paper work, lead by consensus but take charge when appropriate , develop
people skills, recognize and utilize others expertise, keep in touch with the kids, communicate clearly,
have a concentrate discipline plan, celebrate success, and maintain a sense of humor.14
Rojas (1990) identifies the various duties performed by the school administrators, such as these
offering practical and constructive suggestions concerning the organization procedure relative to their
school wide program and to the classroom teachers situation, connecting with individuals and group of
teachers, working with teachers in classroom through observation, demonstration and consultation,
providing sample instructional and professional materials, maintaining teacher morale.15
The study of Valdez (1995) focused on the leadership behavior of elementary school principals
as affected by organizational climate of their schools. She made use of the leadership behavior
discipline questionnaire as data gathering tool. Among the following were: principals perceived
themselves as high on both, “Coordination and Initiating Structure Styles; the teacher perceived these
principals as high in “Initiating Structure” and low in “Coordination”.
In the study of Cariaga (1995) on the instructional leadership skills of the principals and head
teachers their skills ranged from moderate extent to great extent. The study found that the teachers still
look up to the school principal as an instructional leader more than that of department head. He noted
that factors such as age, sex, civil status, experience in present position, educational attainment and
number of in service trainings have no relationship or bearing on their instructional leader. 19
Penaso- Ho (1990) maintains that supervisors should possess basic human relation skills
coupled with positive attitude to be facilitative. Among new findings: people will express their real
feelings and attitudes better only in an accepting, permissive, and non threatening atmosphere;
acceptance of the person as a worthy individual whose problems and concerns need attention and
acceptance of what the person says as important and of interest; facilitative supervisors trust in the
other person’s capacity; trustworthiness of the supervisor is vital in a facilitating role and should be
communicated to others. 10
The skills displayed by school administrators can be adopted by teacher holding managerial
positions, for after all in any work area, the leaders will be dealing with people, exercising managerial
skills which are classified into cognitive, technical and human relations skills. The above mentioned
studies provided the needed information which helped the researcher in the conceptualization of this
study.
Synthesis of the State of the Art
The literature and studies reviewed in this chapter reveal the importance of certain leadership or
managerial skills which must be developed by middle level managers like administrators of the school.
This was gleaned from the writings of Katz (1986), Atkinson (1978), Robbins (1998), Douglas (1992)
and from the various studies cited.
Orobia (1988) showed the level of skills possessed by college deans with human relations skills
as the number one skill, followed by conceptual and technical skill. The present study was able to
validate this finding among the administrators of Bicol College Daraga Albay. Basically managers need
to possess these skills whether in the Airforce (Dechavez 1980) or Armed Forces (Ochoso 1980) in
education sectors particularly among school administrators (Soriano 1988); Madarang 1996; Rojas
1990; Valdez 1996; Cariaga 1995 and even among school administrators.
Gap Bridged by the Study
In the course of their review, the researchers did not find a study which focused on the
managerial skills of administrators particularly in Bicol College Daraga, Albay. If there was, these
studies were not well disseminated so that future researchers should be able to review them and
conduct a follow up study. Aware of these research gap, the present study will be conducted so that
additional information on managerial skills maybe added to the present body of knowledge.
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This chapter is a description of the method and the procedures use in the analysis and interpretation of
data.
Research Method
The descriptive study method will be used in the interpretation of the data on the managerial
skills of the administrators of Bicol College Daraga, Albay using a questionnaire checklist as the main
data gathering instrument. The method will be used since it describes an existing solution at the time of
the conduct of the study namely the managerial skills possessed by the administrators. 1
Population of the Study
The population of this study consisted of 25 administrators, 86 faculty/ teaching staff and 46
non teaching staff of Bicol College Daraga, Albay. The adminisitrators will be picked out by one
hundred percent enumeration while the teaching and non teaching staff will be randomly selected using
fish bowl technique.
Data Gathering Procedure
The primary data were collected by means of a prevalidated questionnaire checklist
supplemented by informal interview.
Preparation of the Questionnaire
In the preparation of the questionnaire, the researchers consulted some books, literature and
studies which are related to the present study. The questionnaire consists of two parts. Part one is about
the profile of the administrators. Part two pertain to the managerial skills possessed by their
administrators as perceived by their subordinates. The three managerial skills (conceptual, technical
and human relation skills) are the focus of the investigation. Three sets of the questionnaire were
prepared which have parallel questions, one set is for the administrator, another one is for faculty/ this
proposal.
Validation of the Questionnaire
The questionnaire will be validated t osome of the faculty of Immaculate Conception College in
Daraga, albay. They will be asked to evaluate the quality of the questionnaire according to the
following criteria: 1) clarity of the questions, 2) relevance to the research problem, 3) grammatical and
linguistic consistency, 4) freedom from assumption, 5) specificity of the questions. The evaluation will
use the following scale: 3- very satisfactory, 2- satisfactory, 1-fair.
Administration of the Questionnaire. Before the distribution of the questionnaire, the researchers will
ask permission from the school administrators to allow the researchers to distribute the questionnaires
to the respondents. The instrument will be personally distributed and retrieved by the researchers. The
data are then to be tabulated, organized, and interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
Frequency counts, percentage, weighted mean and coefficient of concordance will be use in the
interpretation of the data.
The formula of percentage is as follows:
P = n x 100 Nwhere P= percentage, n= number of respondents who respond to a particular question; N= total number
of respondents.
The weighted mean scale will be used to measure the managerial skills of the administrators.
The formula is as follows:
Weighted Mean = TWF Nwhere: TWF= total weighted frequency
N= number of respondents
To quantify the weighted mean for each indicator, the following rating scale will be used as suggested
by Bolanos (1997).
Scale Verbal Interpretation
5 4.50- 5.49 - excellent
4 3.50-4.45 - very satisfactory
3 2.50-3.49 - satisfactory
2 1.50-2.45 - fair
1 0.50-1.45 - poor
To determine if significant difference exists between the perception of the administrators and
the teaching and non teaching staff, the Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordnace will be used. The
formula is as follows:
H= 12
N (NA)
where:
H= Kruskal Walls Anova
N= no. of cases in each sample
Ri= sum of rank in each column