Confined SpaceSafe Work

Permit Required

Theme - 1

Confined Space Safetyindustrial Disaster Risk Management

For further information Contact:

Prayavaran Parisar,E-5, Arera Colony, PB No. 563,Bhopal-462 016 MP (India),Fon +91-755-2466715, 2461538, 2461348, Fax +91-755-2466653 dmi@dmibhopal.nic.inwww.dmibhopal.nic.in

Disaster Management Institute

International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbHCapacity Building International, GermanyFriedrich-Ebert-Allee 4053113 BonnFon +49 228 4460-0Fax +49 228 4460-1766www.inwent.org

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gtz-ASEMThe Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) Programme, is a joint programme of the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supports several environment related projects in India through GTZ. ASEM focuses on seven major thrust areas -Sustainable Industrial Development, Sustainable Urban Development, Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Protection, Sustainable Environmental Governance and the cross cutting areas. Climate Change and Human Resource Development. Public PrivatePartnership (PPP) project with Indian and German companies contribute towards identified project activities. Detailed Information can be explored using our WEB sites:

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InWEnt - Qualified to Shape the FutureInWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany, is a non-profit organisation with worldwide operations dedicated to human resource development, advanced training, and dialogue. Our capacity building programmes are directed at experts and executives from politics, administration, the business community, and civil society. We are commissioned by the German federal government to assist with the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. in addition, we provide the German business sector with support for public private partnership projects. Through exchange programmes, InWEnt also offers young people from Germany the opportunity to gain professional experience abroad.

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Disaster Management Institute(DMI) BhopalThe Disaster Management Institute (DMI) was set up in 1987 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) as an autonomous organization in the aftermath of the industrial disaster in Bhopal.Since inception, DMI has built vast experience in preparation of both On-site and Off-site Emergency Management Plans, Safety Audit, Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment, Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), etc.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) constituted under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister selected DMI as a member of the Core Groupfor preparation of the National Disaster Management Guidelines- Chemical Disaster.It is a matter of pride that NDMA has selected DMI for conducting Mock Exercises onchemical (industrial) Disaster Management at key industrial locations in the country.The Ministry of Environment and Forests, InWEnt and gtz-ASEM Germany have recognized DMI as a Nodal Training Institutes for capacity building in industrial DisasterRisk Management.

www.HRDP-iDRM.in

MoEFThe Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrativestructure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, coordination andoverseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programmes.The Ministry also serves as the nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and for the follow-up of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The Ministry is also entrusted with issues relating to multilateral bodies suchas the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and of regional bodies like Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) and South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) on matters pertaining to the environment.

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

Capacity Building InternationaleGermany

in ent

DisclaimerThough all care has been taken while researching and compiling thecontents provided in this booklet. DMI-InWEnt-gtz-ASEM accept noliability for its correctness.The reader is advised to confirm specifications and health hazardsdescribed in the booklet before taking any steps, suitability of actionrequires verifications through other sources also.Information provided here does not constitute an endorsement orrecommendation.

Chief Editor

Editors

Support

Published under

InWEnt

Disaster Management Institute

GTZ ASEMAdvisory Service in Environmental Management

Praveen Garg, IAS, Executive Director, DMI, Bhopal, India

Dr. Rakesh Dubey, Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaFlorian Bemmerlein-Lux, Sr. Advisor, InWEnt, Germany

Sudheer Dwivedi, Dy. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaDr. Asit Patra, Asstt. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaNeeraj Pandey, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaAmit Kumar Dadhich, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaHuda Khan, Content Manager, InWEnt India

InWEnt-gtz-ASEM Capacity Development Programme for industrial Disaster Risk Management (iDRM)

Edition 2, 2010

International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbHCapacity Building International, Germany Division for Environment, Energy and WaterLützowufer 6-9, 10785 Berlin, GermanyDr. Christina KamlagePhone +49 30 25487-117christina.kamlage@inwent.orgSteffi MallingerPhone +49 30 25487-116steffi.mallinger@inwent.org

Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, PB No. 563Bhopal-462 016 MP (India),Fon +91-755-2466715, 2461538, 2461348, Fax +91-755-2466653 www.hrdp-iDRM.in

A-33, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi 110049Fon +91-11-26528840Fax +91-11-26537673www.asemindia.com

Imprint

1. What is a confined space ?

Generally speaking, a confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:

is not primarily designed or intended for human occupancy, has a restricted entrance or exit by way of location, size or means, can represent a risk for health and safety of anyone who enters, due to one or more of the following factors:

its design, construction, location or atmosphere, the materials or substances in it, work activities being carried out in it, or mechanical, process and safety hazards present.

Confined spaces can be below or above ground. Confined spaces can be found inalmost any workplace. A confined space, despite its name, is not necessarily small. Examples of confined spaces include silos, vats, hoppers, ESPs, reaction vessels, utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, access shafts, truck or rail tank cars, aircraft wings. Ditches and trenches may also be a confined space when access or egress is limited.

Tunnels

Contents

1. What is a confined space ?

2. What are the hazards in a confined space ?

3. Why is working in a confined space more hazardous

than working in other work spaces ?

3.1. Oxygen-deficient Atmosphere

3.2. Flammable Atmosphere

3.3. Toxic Atmospheres

4. What should be done when preparing to enter the

confined space ?

4.1 Air quality testing

4.2 How are hazards controlled in confined spaces ?

4.3 How is air quality maintained ?

4.4 How are fire and explosion prevented ?

4.5 How are energy sources controlled ?

5. What should happen when work is being done in a

confined space ?

6. What are some emergency response precautions ?

7. Is worker training important ?

8. What are other safety precautions ?

9. What is an Entry Permit System (EPS) ?

10. Other points to consider

11. Standby/Rescue

12. Checklist

13. Glossary

14. References

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1 2

O Enriched2

Mi imum fornSafe Entry

Impaired Judgementand Breathing

ty udge ntFaul J meR pi t guea d Fa i

i i a hD ff cult Bre t ingat i nDe h n Mi utes

6%

14%

16%

19.5%

21%

yge alOx n Sc e

The e nc / x t f o ne pa e mi n a low rk r o t ut n ntra e e i o the c nfi d s c ght ot l the wo e t ge o i tim fi the e a fl d ol ps f e owing id r z rdous se . e re b oo or c la e o fre -fl sol o ha a ga s Re cue of vic m s ore d ff c t T nt ri onfigura of the c i d s the ti i m i i ul . he i e or c tion onf ne spa e oft n s ow a ov m nt f op e or e pme wi hi it. c e doe not all e sy m e e o pe l qui nt t n S l s ue b rk r o cule f-re c y the wo e is m re diffi t. N tura e a o alone wil fte not be suffic e m intain e hi q ty a l v ntil ti n l o n i nt to a br at ng uali a r The i rior o g ti o the confined s ace doe not l e s e e i . nte c nfi ura on f p s a low a y mov m nt of a r n i withi it. Cond tions can c e v ry quic l to he ic l phy ic l re c . i hang e k y due c m a / s a a tions The s ac utsi c ne p e can i pa t on o tions nsi he p e o de the onfi d s ac m c the c ndi i de t c nfi d s c nd ic e a o ne pa e a v e v rs . W k acti i i s ay intro e ha a not pre nt niti l . or v t e m duc z rds se i a ly

ne s ul no ignore th lowing:O ho d t e fol

. . Ox n-de i i t osphere3 1 yge f c ent A m

n x ge de i ient at ospheA o y n- f c m rel ss n v ahas e tha 19.5% a ail ble

y n 02 . Anyox ge ( ) m p re wi h e han at os he t l ss t

y en 19.5% ox ghould t no nt rta nes be e e i d

thout a ap ve wi n pro dl - i d B e hiSe f Conta ne r at ng

pp at S BA)A ar us ( C .

he ox g n e e a T y e l v l in onfined space c n c a bede re sed be a c a c use of

e ng donework b i , uc a we ding, utt ng,s h s l c ior ra i g; or i a b z n , t c n

c e d y c rta n be de r ase b e ihe i a re t onsc m c l ac irus i r ugh ( t ng) o thro

c rial c on ba te a tife e tion)( rm nta .

The ox g n e e s y e l v l ia o de re s d ils c a e f o y n s i p a ex ge i d s l c db nothe sy a r ga ,

2 What are the hazards in con d ce . a fine spa ?

3 Why is or g in con d ce mor ha a tha. w kin a fine spa e z rdous n ork ng in o e ork spaces? w i th r w

A z rds ound n a reg a wor space c n l o be fo in confined space.ll ha a f i ul r k a a s und a H v r the an be e e m re ha a us in confined space than i a re ul r owe e , y c v n o z rdo a n g aworks te.i

H rds n onf ne spa e c n nc ol o ng, or x m l :aza i c i d c s a i lude the f l wi f e a p e

oor a r uali : The a e an uff c ent m o oxyg n t ker P i q ty re m y b ins i i a ount f e for he wor to re the T tm s here i ht onta n a poi us substa e tha coul make the b a . he a o p m g c i sono nc t d ork r l o e e c use the worker to l e consc ousne s. at l v ntil ti n a w e il r v n a os i s N ura e a o lone i l o n ot e s fi ient to ma n i br at bl uali i . w l fte n b uf c i ta n e ha e q ty a r m cal x s s o ki c ntact nge on as ll a l ti n o 'ba ' a r Che i e po ure due t s n o or i sti we s inha a o f d i . ire H z rd: The a e an expl v / nflamm bl tmos her nflamm l F a a re m y b osi e i a e a p e due to i ab e quids s s nd ombusti l us whi h, i igni ed, woul le d f re o li and ga e a c b e d ts c f t d a to i r xpl on. e osi roc ss l te ha a ds suc a re idua he ic l re e se of ont nts a supply P e -re a d z r h s s l c m a s, l a c e of ne li . ois . N e af ty ha a suc as o i pa ts o e e structura z rds, S e z rds h m v ng r f quipm nt, l ha a nta l m nt, li s fa ls, tc e ng e e s p , l e . di tion. Ra a m ra e extre e i luding tm ric and surfa e Te pe tur m s nc a osphe c . hi ti o c l a b k materi l S f ng r o l pse of ul a . rrier fa lure re u ting n a l d r l ase of fre -fl sol Ba i s l i f oo or e e e owing id. ncontroll d ene gy i ludi g l c i k U e r nc n e e tr c shoc . ibil ty. Vis i o ogic l ha a s Bi l a z rd .

Ma factors e to be e a ua d when l king for z rds n a c ned p ce. The ny ne d v l te oo ha a i onfi s a rei s a le m rgin r rror. An rro in ide i i e a ua ng pot nti l ha a ds can s m l r a fo e e r nt fy ng or v l ti e a z r hav o ri us c ns que e I som a es the conditi ns in confined space are e m re se o o e nc s. n e c s , o a always e trem l z rdous. n the c ses, o tions re l f a ning r an x e y ha a I o r a c ndi a i e thre te undeunus al com i ti n ci um nc s. Due to hi va i bi ty a unp dic bil ty, u b na o of rc sta e t s r a li nd re ta i thehazar a se sm nt i extre e y im rta a m b k n e ri us y e c ad s s e s m l po nt nd ust e ta e v ry se o l a h nd ever me.y ti

Some exampl s nc u :e i l de

3 4

such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen or chlorine. Total displacement of oxygen by another gas, such as carbon dioxide, or nitrogen or chlorine will result in unconsciousness, followed by death.

Two things make an atmosphere inflammable: 1) the oxygen in air; and2) an inflammable gas, vapour, or dust in the proper mixture. Different gases have different inflammable ranges. If a source of ignition (e.g. a sparking electrical tool) is introduced into a space containing an inflammable atmosphere, an explosion will result.

An oxygen-enriched atmosphere (above 21%) will cause inflammable materials, such as clothing and hair, to burn violently when ignited. Therefore, never use pure oxygen to ventilate a confined space. Ventilate with normal air.

3.2. Flammable Atmospheres

The Ignition Triangle

AIR

Source ofIgnition

Gas, Vapour,or Dust

FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE

3.3. Toxic Atmospheres

- The product stored in the space:

- The work being performed in a confined space:

- Areas adjacent to the confined space:

Most substances (liquids, vapours, gases, mists, solid materials, and dusts) should be considered hazardous in a confined space. Toxic substances can come from the following:

The product can beabsorbed into the wallsand give off toxic gases,when removed or whencleaning out the residueof a stored product,toxic gases can be givenoff. Example: Removalof sludge from a tank -decomposed material cangive off deadly hydrogensulfide gas.

Examples of such includewelding, cutting, brazing,painting, scraping, sanding,degreasing, etc.Toxic atmospheres aregenerated in variousprocesses. For example,cleaning solvents areused in many industriesfor cleaning/degreasing.The vapours from thesesolvents are very toxicin a confined space.

Toxicants produced by work in the area of confined spaces can enter and accumulate in confined spaces.

5 6

Piston-Type Bellows-Type

Oxygen DetectorOxygen/CombustibleGas Detector

4. What should be done when preparing to enter the confined space ?

4.1 Air quality testing

The important thing to remember is that each time a worker plans to enter any work space, the worker should determine if that work space is considered a confined space. Be sure that the confined space hazard assessment and control program has been followed.

The next question to ask - Is it absolutely necessary that the work be carried out inside the confined space? In many cases where there have been deaths in confined spaces, the work could have been done outside the confined space.

Before entering any confined space, a trained and experienced person should identify and evaluate all the potential hazards within the confined space. An important step in determining the hazards in a confined space is air testing.

The air within the confined space should be tested from outside of the confined space before entering into the confined space. Care should be taken to ensure that air is tested throughout the confined space side-to-side and top to bottom. A trained worker using detection equipment which has remote probes and sampling lines should do the air quality testing. The sampling should show that:

The oxygen content is within safe limits - not too little and not too much. A hazardous atmosphere (toxic gases, flammable atmosphere) is not present. Ventilation equipment is operating properly.

7

The results of the tests for these hazards are to be recorded on the Entry Permit (as discussed in section 9) along with the equipment or method(s) that were used in performing the tests.

Air testing may need to be ongoing depending on the nature of the potential hazards and the nature of the work. Conditions can change while workers are inside the confined space and sometimes a hazardous atmosphere is created by the work activities in the confined space.

It is important to understand that some gases or vapours are heavier than air and willsettle to the bottom of a confined space. Also, some gases are lighter than air and will be found around the top of the confined space. Therefore, it is necessary to test all areas (top, middle, bottom) of a confined space with properly calibrated testinginstruments to determine which gases are present. If testing reveals oxygen-deficiency, or the presence of toxic gases or vapours, the space must be ventilated and re-tested before workers enter. If ventilation is not possible and entry is necessary (for emergency rescue, for example), workers must have appropriate respiratory protection.

NEVER TRUST YOUR SENSES TO DETERMINEIF THE AIR IN A CONFINED SPACE ISSAFE! YOU CAN NOT SEE OR SMELL MANYTOXIC GASES AND VAPOURS, NOR CAN YOUDETERMINE THE LEVEL OF OXYGENPRESENT.

Carbon Monoxide( same as air)

Methane( lighter than air)

Hydrogen Sulfide( heavier than air)

8

4.2 How are hazards controlled in confined spaces?

4.3 How is air quality maintained ?

The traditional hazard control methods found in regular worksites can be effective in a confined space. These include engineering controls, administrative controls and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Engineering controls are designed to remove the hazard while administrative controls and Personal Protective Equipment try to minimise the contact with the hazard.

However, often because of the nature of the confined space and depending on the hazard, special precautions, not normally required in a regular worksite, may also need to be taken. The engineering control commonly used in confined spaces is mechanical ventilation. The Entry Permit system is an example of an administrative control used in confined spaces. Personal protective equipment (respirators, gloves, ear plugs) is commonly used in confined spaces as well.

Natural ventilation (natural air currents) is usually not reliable and sufficient to maintain the air quality. Mechanical ventilation (blowers, fans) is usually necessary to maintain air quality.

If mechanical ventilation is provided, there should be a warning system in place to immediately notify the worker in the event of a hazard or a failure in the ventilation equipment. Care should be taken to make sure the air being provided by the ventilation system to the confined space is 'clean'. Ease of air movement throughout the confined space should be considered, because of the danger of pockets of toxic gases still remains even with the use of mechanical ventilation. Do not substitute oxygen for fresh air. Increasing the oxygen content will significantly increase the risk of fire and explosion. The use of mechanical ventilation should be noted on the entry permit.

The following paragraphs provide information on ventilation, isolation and respirators. All these are important for air quality maintenance and safety of workers. All these are monitored and regulated as per regulations of industrial health and hygiene.

Ventilation

Ventilation by a blower or fan may be necessary to remove harmful gases and vapours from a confined space. There are several methods for ventilating a confined space. The method and equipment chosen are dependent upon the size of the confined space

9

openings, the gases to be exhausted (e.g. are they inflammable?), and the source of makeup air.

Under certain conditions where inflammable gases or vapours have displaced theoxygen level, but are too rich to burn, the forced air ventilation may dilute them until they are out of the explosive range. Also, if inert gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon) are used in the confined space, the space should be well ventilated and re-tested before a worker enters.

A common method of ventilation requires a large hose, one end attached to a fan and the other lowered into a manhole or opening. For example, a manhole would have the ventilating hose run to the bottom to blow out all harmful gases and vapours (see diagram). The air intake should be placed in an area that will draw in fresh air only.Ventilation should be continuous where possible, because in many confined spaces the hazardous atmosphere will be formed again when the flow of air is stopped.

Isolation

Isolation of a confined space is a process where the space isremoved from service by:

Locking out by electrical sources, preferrably at disconnected switches remote from the equipment Blanking and bleeding of pneumatic and hydraulic lines Disconnecting belt and chain drives, and mechanical linkages on shaft— driven equipment where possible, and

DONOT

OPERATE

DANGER

Rged byDate

DONOT

OPERATE

DANGER

Examples of Lockout

Ventilating with Fan and Trunk Hose

10

Respirators

Respirators are devices that can allow workers to safely breathe without inhaling toxic gases or particles. Two basic types are air-purifiers, which filter dangerous substances from the air, and air-suppliers, which deliver a supply of safe breathing air from a tank or an uncontaminated area nearby.

Selecting the proper respirator for the job, the hazard, and the person is very important, as is thorough training in the use and limitations of respirators. Questions regarding the proper selection and use of respirators should be addressed to a certified industrial hygienist.

Method of Blanking Hydraulic/Pneumatic Lines

Securing mechanical moving parts within confined spaces with latches, chains,

chocke, blocks, or other devices.

ONLY AIR-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS SHOULD BEUSED IN CONFINED SPACES WHERE THERE IS NOT

ENOUGH OXYGEN

11

Air-Supplying Respirators

Supplied Air Respirator withAuxiliary, Escape-only SCBA

Self-contained BreathingApparatus (SCBA)

Half-mask Full-Facepiece

Air-Purifying Respirators(Do Not Use in Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere)

12

Continuous Monitorfor Oxygen and Combustible Gases

If a potential flammable atmospheric hazard identified during the initial testing, the confined space should be cleaned or purged and ventilated and tested again before

is

4.4 How are fire and explosion prevented ?

Work, where a flame is used or a source of ignition may be produced (hot work), should not normally be performed in a confined space unless:

All inflammable gases, liquids and vapours are removed prior to the start of any hot work. Mechanical ventilation is usually used to:

keep the concentration of any explosive or flammable hazardous substance less than 10% of its Lower Explosive Limit. make sure that the oxygen content in the confined space is not enriched. Oxygen content should be less than 23% but maintained at levels greater than 18%. (These numbers can vary slightly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction).

Surfaces coated with combustible material should be cleaned or shielded to prevent ignition.

While doing the hot work, the concentrations of oxygen and combustible materials must be monitored to make certain that the oxygen levels remain in the proper range and the levels of the combustible materials do not get higher than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit. In special cases it may not be possible, and additional precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the worker prior to entering the confined space.

13

entry to the confined space is allowed. Only after the air testing is within allowable limits entry should occur as the gases used for purging can be extremely hazardous.

All potentially hazardous energy sources must be de-energised and locked out prior to entry to the confined space so that equipment cannot be turned on accidentally.

There should be warning signs to prevent unauthorised entry to the confined space.

4.5 How are energy sources controlled ?

confined space?

5. What should happen when work is being done in a

Anyone working in a confined space must be constantly alerted for any changingconditions within the confined space. In the event of an alarm from monitoringequipment or any other indication of danger, workers should immediately leave the confined space.

Another device, the Safety Watch or Standby, must be posted outside the confined space and continuously monitor the workers inside the confined space. The

Alarm HornStandby Worker

Gas andFume Extractor

Gas andFumeCollectedat source

Lifeline toSafety Harness

Emergency SCBA

14

Safety Watch has the following duties:

Understands the nature of the hazards that may be found inside a particular confined space and can recognise signs, symptoms and behavioral effects that workers in the confined space could experience. Monitors the confined space and surrounding area and is on the look out for dangerous conditions. Remains outside the confined space and does no other work which may interfere with their primary duty of monitoring the workers inside the confined space. Maintains constant communication with the workers in the confined space. Orders the immediate evacuation if a potential hazard, not already controlled for, is detected. Calls for emergency assistance immediately if an emergency develops. Is immediately available to provide non-entry emergency assistance when needed. Can provide entry rescue only after the most stringent precautions are taken and another Safety Watch is immediately available.

Should a worker leave a confined space for a short time (for example, coffee break, getting additional material for their work.), the confined space should be re-tested,before the worker re-enters. If the confined space has been continuously monitored by equipment that can show the details of the atmosphere during the time absent from the confined space and this information can be seen from outside the confined space, it can be re-entered without retesting. If there is not continuous air monitoring then the hazard assessment needs to be repeated.

Confined space should not be closed off until it has been verified that no person is inside it.

After exiting the confined space, the time of exit should be noted on the entry permit.

If a situation arises where there is a hazardous condition and the worker does not leave or is unable to leave the confined space, rescue procedures should begin immediately.

The Safety Watch should be qualified in confined spaces rescue procedures and will be available immediately outside the confined space to provide emergency assistance if needed. The Safety Watch should be familiar with the structural design of the confined space. The Safety Watch is in constant communication with the worker inside the confined space and will:

6. What are some emergency response precautions?

15

Have an alarm for calling for help. Have all required rescue equipments (for example, safety harnesses, lifting equipment, a lifeline) immediately available and must be trained in its use. Hold a basic first aid certificate. Can do Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

The detailed plan for emergency response to an injury or other emergency within the confined space should be described in detail in the Confined Space Hazard Assessment and Control Programme.

Rescue the victims from outside of the confined space, if possible. No other worker should enter a confined space to attempt a rescue unless that worker is fully trained in the rescue procedures and is wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment. More than 60% of deaths in confined spaces are due to rescuers, who are not fully trained and adequately equipped.

Another worker qualified in confined spaces the rescue procedures must be present outside the confined space before the first rescuer enters the confined space. Do not use the same air as the workers in confined space you are rescuing. Wear SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus) or supplied air respirator with an escape bottle.

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7. Is workers training important ?

8. What are other safety precautions?

Yes, appropriate training is extremely important for working safely in confined spaces.Hands-on training should be an essential part of the confined space training.

Every worker that enters a confined space must be fully trained on the following:

Recognition and identification of potential hazards associated with the confined spaces that will be entered. Evaluation and control procedures for the identified or potential hazards. All equipment such as ventilation equipments (blowers), harnesses and air quality monitors (e.g., Oxygen/combustible meters) that will be used while in the confined space. All personal protective equipments (e.g., respirators) that the worker will be using while in the confined space. All procedures for entering the confined space as outlined in the employer's Confined Space Hazard Assessment Programme. Procedures to follow in the event of a situation developing that could present additional risk to the worker or in emergency. The specific work to be done while in the confined space.

Workers with emergency rescue responsibilities will need additional specialisedtraining. All confined space training should include some hands-on training with the safety equipments including the personal protective equipment and safety harnesses. Rescue procedures should be practiced frequently so there is a high level of proficiency. Employers should keep records of all confined space trainings including refresher courses.

Many other situations or hazards may be present in a confined space. Be sure that all hazards are controlled including:

Any liquids or free-flowing solids are removed from the confined space to eliminate the risk of drowning or suffocation. All pipes should be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in place. Closing valves are not sufficient. A barrier is present to prevent liquids or free-flowing solids from entering the confined space. The opening for entry into and exit from the confined space must be large enough to allow the passage of a person using protective equipments.

17

An Entry Permit is an administrative tool used to document the completion of a hazard assessment for each confined space entry. Someone fully trained and experienced in confined space work should complete the Entry Permit. Before entering a confined space, an entry permit should be written. It should contain at least the following information:

The length of time the permit is valid for. The name(s) of the worker(s) that will enter the confined space. The name(s) of the attendant(s) (safety watch) and/or supervisor. The location of the confined space. The work that is to be done in the confined space. The date and time of entry into the confined space and the anticipated time of exit. The details of any atmospheric testing done of the confined space - when, where, results, date monitoring equipment was last calibrated. Ideally, calibration would be done just before each use. If this is not possible, follow the equipment manufacturers guidelines for frequency of calibration. The use of mechanical ventilation and other protective equipment needed and any other precautions that will be followed by every worker who is going to enter the confined space. The protective equipment and emergency equipment to be used by any person who takes part in a rescue or responds to other emergency situations in the confined space A signature of a worker who did the confined space testing. The signature on the permit would indicate that adequate precautions are being taken to control the anticipated hazards. The entry permit should be posted at the confined space and remain so until the work is completed. The employer should keep a copy of the completed permit on file.

A checklist is given in section 11.

9. What is an Entry Permit System (EPS)?

10. Other points to consider

Loose, granular material stored in bins and hoppers such as grain, sand, coal or similar material, can engulf and suffocate a worker. The loose material can crust or bridge over in a bin and break loose under the weight of a worker. Figure below showsthe engulfment hazard and it is very common in silos and effluent treatment areas.

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The Hazard of Engulfment in Unstable Material

1 2 3

In certain working environments such as confined spaces, an inadequateamount of oxygen can lead to simple asphyxiation and death

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Entry with Hoist andStandby Personnel

11. Standby/Rescue

A standby person should be assigned to remain outside of the confined spaceand be in constant contact (visual or speech) with the workers inside. The standbyperson should not have any other duties but to serve as standby and know whoshould be notified in case of emergency. Standby personnel should not enter a confined space until help arrives, and then only with proper protective equipments,life lines, and respirators.

Over 50% of the workers who die in confined spaces are attempting to rescue otherworkers. Rescuers must be trained in and follow established emergency proceduresand use appropriate equipment and techniques (lifeline, respiratory protection, standby persons, etc.). Steps for safe rescue should be included in all confined space entry procedures.Rescue should be well planned and drills should be frequently conducted on emergency procedures. Unplanned rescue, such as when someone instinctively rushes in to helpa downed co-worker, can easily result ina double fatality, or even multiplefatalities if thereare more thanone would-berescuers.

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REMEMBER: AN UNPLANNED RESCUE WILL PROBABLY BE YOUR LAST.

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Use the following checklist to evaluate the confined space.

DO NOT ENTER A CONFINED SPACE UNTIL YOUHAVE CONSIDERED EVERY QUESTION, AND HAVEDETERMINED THE SPACE TO BE SAFE.

YES NO

Were toxic, flammable, or oxygen-displacinggases/vapours present?

Hydrogen Sulfide

Carbon Monoxide

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Other (list) ___________________ ___________________

Is entry necessary?

TESTING

Are the instruments used in atmospheric testingproperly calibrated?

Was the atmosphere in the confined space tested?

Was Oxygen at least 19.5% - not more than 21%?

Which of the following gases are

identified

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE ENTRY: A CHECKLIST

12. Checklist

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YES NO

MONITORING

Will the atmosphere in the space be monitored while work is going on?

Continuously?

Periodically? (If yes, give interval:________________)

REMEMBER - ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES OCCURDUE TO THE WORK PROCEDURE OR THEPRODUCT STORED. THE ATMOSPHERE MAYBE SAFE WHEN YOU ENTER, BUT CANCHANGE VERY QUICKLY.

CLEANING

Has the space been cleaned before entry is made?

Was the space steamed?

If so, was it allowed to cool?

VENTILATION

Has the space been ventilated before entry?

Will ventilation be continued during entry?

Is the air intake for the ventilation system located inan area that is free of combustible dusts and vapoursand toxic substances?

If atmosphere was found unacceptable and thenventilated, was it re-tested before entry?

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YES NO

ISOLATION

CLOTHING/EQUIPMENT

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Is respiratory protection required (e.g., Air—purifier, suppliedair, self-contained breathing apparatus.etc.)?

(If so, specify type:.___________________)

Are approved respirators of thetype required available at the worksite?

Are special tools required (e.g., Sparkproof)?

(If so. specify: __________________________

Is special clothing required (boots, chemical suits,glasses. etc.) ?

(If so, specify: __________________________

Is special equipment required (e.g. rescue equipment,communications equipment, etc.)?

(If so. specify: __________________________

Has the space been isolated from other systems?

Have disconnects been used where possible?

Has electrical equipment been locked out?

Has mechanical equipment been blocked, chocked, and disengaged where necessary?

Have lines under pressure been blanked and bled?

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YES NO

Can you get through the opening with a respirator on?(If you don’t know, find out before you try toenter.)

TRAINING

Have you been trained in confined space entry and doyou know what to look for?

STANDBY/RESCUE

Have you been trained in proper use of a respirator?

Have you received first aid/CPR training?

Do you know who to notify and how, in the event of an emergency?

Are you familiar with emergency rescue procedures?

Are company rescue procedures available to befollowed in the event of an emergency?

Will safety lines and harness be required to remove aperson?

Has the standby person(s) been trained in rescue procedures?

Will the standby person be able to see and/or hear theperson inside at all times?

Will there be a standby person on the outside forconstant visual or auditory communication with theperson inside?

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PERMIT

(The permit is an authorisation in writing that statesthat the space has been tested by a qualified person,that the space is safe for entry; what precautions,equipment, etc. are required ; and what work is to bedone.)

Has a confined space entry permit been issued?

Does the permit include a list of emergency telephonenumbers?

For further information on confined spaces, occupational hazards, safe work practices, and other topics which could affect your well-being, write to or consult to Chief Inspectorate of Factories/Directorate of Industrial Safety and Health of your state.

YES NO

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This glossary defines term likely be encountered in material safety data sheets (MSDS)

the effect caused by a single short term exposure to a high amount of concentration of a substance.

A condition whereby oxygen is replaced by an inert gas such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, hydrogen or helium to a level where it cannot sustain life. Normal air contains 21 percent of oxygen. If this concentration falls below about 17 percent, the human body tissue will be deprived of supply of oxygen, causing dizziness, nausea and loss of coordination. This type of situation may occur in confined work places.

The minimum temperature at which a material ignites without application of a flame.

An adverse effect on a human body with symptoms development slowly over a long period of time.

A chronic effect resulting from repeated doses of or exposure to a substance over a relatively prolonged period of time.

Any area that has limited opening for entry or exit that would make escape difficult in an emergency, has a lack of ventilation, contains known and potential hazard, and is not normally intended or designed for continuous human occupancy (e.g. A storage tank, manhole of collection conveyances systems in effluent treatment plants.)

Apparatus or device enclosed in a case capable of withstanding an explosion of specified gas of vapour and preventing the ignition of specified gas or vapour surrounding the enclosure by spark, flash or explosion andoperating at an external temperature so that surrounding flammable atmosphere will not be ignited.

A flammable liquid is defined as a liquid with a flash point between 21 and 55 degrees celsius. It may catch fire on contact with a source of ignition.

Flammable/explosion limits produce a minimum and a maximum concentration of gases/vapours/fumes in air that will support combustion. The lowest concentration is known as the lower flammable/explosion limit (LEL), the highest concentration is know as upper flammable/explosion limit (UFL).

Acute:

Asphyxiation:

Auto-ignition temperature:

Chronic (health) effect:

Chronic toxicity:

Confined space:

Explosion proof-equipment:

Flammable:

Flammable/explosion limits:

13. Glossary

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Hazard:

Local exhaust:

Poisoning:

Risk:

Toxicity:

A potential that cancause danger to life, health, property or the environment.

A system or device for capturing and exhausting contaminants from the air the point where the contaminants are produced (e.g. Dust in shaving andbuffing).

Normally the human body is able to cope with a variety of substances within certain limits. Poisoning occurs when these limits are exceeded and the body is unable to deal with a substance (by digestion, absorption or excretion).

the measured probability of an event to cause danger to life, health, property orthe environment.

the inherent potential of a chemical substance to cause poisoning.

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14. References

Indian Factories act 1948 and subsequent amendements.

A guide to safety in confined spaces by US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1987.

Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2002.

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Notes

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Notes

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Notes

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