Confined Space Awarenessgcc.glendale.edu/fire/Documents/ClassMaterials/Confined Space... · Confined Space Awareness ... Permit Required Confined Space ... painting, cleaning-scraping

CONFINED SPACECONFINED SPACE

AWARENESSAWARENESS

CALIFORNIA STATE FIRE MARSHALCALIFORNIA STATE FIRE MARSHAL

PRESENTED BY PRESENTED BY

Captain D. WinklerCaptain D. WinklerDonDon’’t just learn it...t just learn it... know itknow it!!

Confined Space AwarenessConfined Space Awareness

•• Fatality StatsFatality Stats

•• Regulations/ Regulations/ AgenciesAgencies

•• Permit/NonPermit/Non--permitpermit

•• Hazardous Hazardous Conditions Conditions

•• Atmospheric Atmospheric MonitoringMonitoring

•• Entry PermitsEntry Permits


•• VentilationVentilation

•• Communications Communications EquipmentEquipment

•• PPEPPE

•• Space IsolationSpace Isolation

•• Retrieval SystemsRetrieval Systems

•• Positions/FunctionsPositions/Functions

•• First Responder First Responder ActionsActions

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

•• Introduce fire service personnel to the Introduce fire service personnel to the codescodes that impact that impact operations within confined spacesoperations within confined spaces

•• Provide fire service personnel with the information to Provide fire service personnel with the information to identifyidentify confined spaces and permit required confined spacesconfined spaces and permit required confined spaces

•• Introduce fire service personnel to the Introduce fire service personnel to the hazardshazards of confined of confined spacesspaces

•• Introduce fire service personnel to the Introduce fire service personnel to the equipmentequipment and the and the proceduresprocedures required to deal with a confined space rescue required to deal with a confined space rescue safely and safely and legallylegally

•• Introduce fire service personnel to the basic Introduce fire service personnel to the basic operational operational

positionspositions, and their responsibilities as set forth by Cal/OSHA, and their responsibilities as set forth by Cal/OSHA

•• Prepare fire service personnel for confined space Prepare fire service personnel for confined space entry/rescue trainingentry/rescue training


IntroductionIntroduction

IN YOU GO!!!

Typical Reasons to Enter A Typical Reasons to Enter A

Confined SpaceConfined Space

•• Cleaning: to remove sludge and other waste materialsCleaning: to remove sludge and other waste materials

•• Inspection: of physical integrity and process equipmentInspection: of physical integrity and process equipment

•• Maintenance: abrasive blasting & application of surface coatingsMaintenance: abrasive blasting & application of surface coatings

•• Testing: of underground sewage, petroleum, steam & water pipingTesting: of underground sewage, petroleum, steam & water piping

•• Repairing: including welding mechanical equipmentRepairing: including welding mechanical equipment

•• Adjusting and Aligning: mechanical devices and componentsAdjusting and Aligning: mechanical devices and components

•• Checking and Reading: meters, gauges, dials, and chartsChecking and Reading: meters, gauges, dials, and charts

•• Installing and Splicing: electrical, telephone, and fibre optic Installing and Splicing: electrical, telephone, and fibre optic cablescables

•• Rescue: of workers or civilians injured or overcome Rescue: of workers or civilians injured or overcome

Fatality StatisticsFatality Statistics

•• 60 % would60 % would--be be

rescuersrescuers

Causes of DeathCauses of Death

•• 65% Hazardous Atmosphere65% Hazardous Atmosphere

•• 13% Engulfment13% Engulfment

•• 7% Struck by Falling Object7% Struck by Falling Object

•• 6% Heat Stress / Exposure6% Heat Stress / Exposure

•• 4% Others4% Others

RIP

REGULATIONS AFFECTING REGULATIONS AFFECTING

CONFINED SPACESCONFINED SPACES

FDFD’’ss

OSHAOSHA

help?help?

Regulatory AgenciesRegulatory Agencies

•• Fed/OSHA Fed/OSHA -- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

•• Cal/OSHA Cal/OSHA -- California Code of Regulations (CCR)California Code of Regulations (CCR)

** A.N.S.I. A.N.S.I. -- Safety RequirementsSafety Requirements

for Working in Tanksfor Working in Tanksand Other Confined Spacesand Other Confined Spaces

** N.I.O.S.H. N.I.O.S.H. -- Working in Working in

Confined Spaces Confined Spaces

* * Also set standards, compliance may be mandatoryAlso set standards, compliance may be mandatory

Statutes, Regulations and Statutes, Regulations and

StandardsStandards

CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS

““Permit Required Confined SpacesPermit Required Confined Spaces””

Section 29 CFR 1910.146Section 29 CFR 1910.146

-- Effective April 1993Effective April 1993

-- Part 1910 GENERAL INDUSTRY Part 1910 GENERAL INDUSTRY ““ONLYONLY””

-- Intent vs. Intent vs. ““Letter of the LawLetter of the Law””

Fed

/OSH

AFed

/OSH

A


StandardsStandardsFed

/OSH

AFed

/OSH

A

-- Covered by other regulations:Covered by other regulations:* shipyard employment (Part 1915) * shipyard employment (Part 1915)

* construction (Part 1926) * construction (Part 1926) * agriculture (Part 1928)* agriculture (Part 1928)

-- PerformancePerformance--oriented, not specificationoriented, not specification--orientedoriented

-- States adopt federal regulations or draft their ownStates adopt federal regulations or draft their own

-- At least as restrictive as the federal regulationsAt least as restrictive as the federal regulations


StandardsStandards

CALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONSCALIFORNIA CODE OF REGULATIONS““General Industry Safety OrdersGeneral Industry Safety Orders””

Title 8, Article 108,Title 8, Article 108,

Sections 5156, 5157, 5158Sections 5156, 5157, 5158Cal

/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

-- Effective December 1993Effective December 1993

-- Fire departments Fire departments willwill conform to the letter of the lawconform to the letter of the law


StandardsStandardsCal

/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

This Article prescribes This Article prescribes minimum standards for preventing employee exposureminimum standards for preventing employee exposure

to confined space hazards as defined by Section 5156 (b) within to confined space hazards as defined by Section 5156 (b) within such spaces such spaces as silos, tanks, vats, vessels, boilers, compartments, ducts, seas silos, tanks, vats, vessels, boilers, compartments, ducts, sewers, pits, etc.wers, pits, etc.

(b)(b) Application and DefinitionsApplication and Definitions

(1) For operations and industries not identified in subsection ((1) For operations and industries not identified in subsection (b)(2) the b)(2) the

confined space definition along with other def/req. of section 5confined space definition along with other def/req. of section 5157, PRCS 157, PRCS shall apply.shall apply.

(2) The confined space definition along with other def/req. of s(2) The confined space definition along with other def/req. of section 5158, ection 5158, ““otherother”” PRCS shall apply to:PRCS shall apply to:

* construction ops. (sec. 1502) * agriculture ops. (sec. 3437) * construction ops. (sec. 1502) * agriculture ops. (sec. 3437) * marine terminal (sec. 3460) * marine terminal (sec. 3460)

* shipyard ops. (sec. 8437)* shipyard ops. (sec. 8437) * telecomm. (sec. 8616)* telecomm. (sec. 8616) * grain facilities (sec. 5178) * grain facilities (sec. 5178)

* nat. gas utilities (Title 49)* nat. gas utilities (Title 49) * elect. utility ops. (sec. 2700)* elect. utility ops. (sec. 2700)

Section 5156 SCOPE, APPLICATION and DEFINITIONSSection 5156 SCOPE, APPLICATION and DEFINITIONS

(a)(a) Scope Scope



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

This section contains This section contains requirements for practices and proceduresrequirements for practices and procedures to protect to protect employees from the hazards of entry into permitemployees from the hazards of entry into permit--required confine spaces. required confine spaces. This section applies to employers, as specified in section 5156(This section applies to employers, as specified in section 5156(b)(1).b)(1).

(b)(b) DefinitionsDefinitions

Acceptable entry conditionsAcceptable entry conditions…………

AttendantAttendant…………Authorized entrantAuthorized entrant…………Blanking or blindingBlanking or blinding…………Confined spaceConfined space…………Double block and bleedDouble block and bleed…………EmergencyEmergency…… ……EngulfmentEngulfment……

Section 5157 PERMITSection 5157 PERMIT--REQUIRED CONFINED SPACESREQUIRED CONFINED SPACES

(a)(a) Scope and ApplicationScope and Application

http://www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/5157.htmlhttp://www.dir.ca.gov/Title8/5157.html



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(1) evaluate workplace(1) evaluate workplace

(2) inform employees(2) inform employees-- post signspost signs

(3) prevent employee entry(3) prevent employee entry

(4) develop and implement written permit space program(4) develop and implement written permit space program

(5) (A) conditions (B) procedures(5) (A) conditions (B) procedures-- for alternate procedures for alternate procedures ““C5 SPACEC5 SPACE””

(6) when changes increase the hazards, reclassify as PRCS(6) when changes increase the hazards, reclassify as PRCS

(7) (A(7) (A--D) changes that decrease the hazards, reclassify as nonD) changes that decrease the hazards, reclassify as non--permitpermit

(8) (A(8) (A--E) hosts and private contractorsE) hosts and private contractors

(9) (A(9) (A--C) contractor responsibilitiesC) contractor responsibilities


(c)(c) General Requirements General Requirements



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

Under the PRCS Program required in subsection (c)(4), the employUnder the PRCS Program required in subsection (c)(4), the employer shall:er shall:

(1) implement measures to prevent unauthorized entry(1) implement measures to prevent unauthorized entry

(2) identify and evaluate hazards prior to entry(2) identify and evaluate hazards prior to entry

(3) (A(3) (A--E) develop and implement safe entry operationsE) develop and implement safe entry operations

(4) (A(4) (A--I) provide and maintain equipmentI) provide and maintain equipment

(5) (A(5) (A--F) evaluate permit space conditionsF) evaluate permit space conditions

(6) provide an attendant(6) provide an attendant

(7) attendants response to emergencies(7) attendants response to emergencies

(8) designate personnel and train(8) designate personnel and train

(9) develop and implement rescue procedures(9) develop and implement rescue procedures


(d)(d) PRCS Program PRCS Program



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(10) develop and implement system for entry permits(10) develop and implement system for entry permits

(11) develop and implement multi(11) develop and implement multi--use operations system use operations system

(12) develop and implement concluding the entry(12) develop and implement concluding the entry

(13) reviewing and revising the entry operations(13) reviewing and revising the entry operations

(14) reviewing the permit space program and cancelled permits(14) reviewing the permit space program and cancelled permits


(d)(d) PRCS Program PRCS Program



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(1) documentation of safing the space by using the permit(1) documentation of safing the space by using the permit

(2) supervisor authorizing entry by signature (2) supervisor authorizing entry by signature

(3) posting of the permit at portal(3) posting of the permit at portal

(4) duration of the permit(4) duration of the permit

(5) (A) (B) supervisor duty to terminate and cancel entry permit(5) (A) (B) supervisor duty to terminate and cancel entry permit

(6) retaining the permit(6) retaining the permit


(e)(e) Permit System Permit System



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

The entry permit that documents compliance with this section andThe entry permit that documents compliance with this section and authorizes authorizes

entry to a permit space shall identify:entry to a permit space shall identify:

(1) space to be entered(1) space to be entered

(2) purpose (2) purpose

(3) date and duration of entry(3) date and duration of entry

(4) name of authorized entrants(4) name of authorized entrants

(5) name of attendants(5) name of attendants

(6) name of supervisor(6) name of supervisor

(7) hazards(7) hazards

(8) space isolation (8) space isolation

(9) acceptable entry conditions(9) acceptable entry conditions


(f)(f) Entry PermitEntry Permit



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(10) testing results(10) testing results

(11) rescue and emergency services(11) rescue and emergency services

(12) communications procedures(12) communications procedures

(13) necessary equipment(13) necessary equipment

(14) any other info to ensure employee safety(14) any other info to ensure employee safety

(15) any other permits(15) any other permits


(f)(f) Entry PermitEntry Permit



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(1) employer must provide training(1) employer must provide training

(2) (A(2) (A--D) training provided prior toD) training provided prior to……

(3) training to establish employee proficiency(3) training to establish employee proficiency

(4) training must be certified(4) training must be certified


(g)(g) TrainingTraining



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

The employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:The employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:

(1) know the hazards(1) know the hazards

(2) properly use equipment(2) properly use equipment

(3) communicate with attendant as necessary(3) communicate with attendant as necessary

(4) (A) (B) alert the attendant when(4) (A) (B) alert the attendant when……

(5) (A(5) (A--D) exit the permit space whenD) exit the permit space when……


(h)(h) Authorized Entrants DutiesAuthorized Entrants Duties



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

The employer shall ensure that each attendant:The employer shall ensure that each attendant:


(2) aware of exposure(2) aware of exposure

(3) maintains accurate count of entrants(3) maintains accurate count of entrants

(4) remains at portal until conclusion/relieved(4) remains at portal until conclusion/relieved

(5) communicates as necessary(5) communicates as necessary

(6) (A(6) (A--D) monitors activities outside/inside spaceD) monitors activities outside/inside space

(7) initiates on(7) initiates on--site rescue and summons additional as neededsite rescue and summons additional as needed

(8) (A(8) (A--C) secures safe perimeter around entranceC) secures safe perimeter around entrance

(9) performs non(9) performs non--entry rescueentry rescue

(10) performs no duties that interfere with primary duties(10) performs no duties that interfere with primary duties


(i)(i) Attendants DutiesAttendants Duties



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

The employer shall ensure that each entry supervisor:The employer shall ensure that each entry supervisor:


(2) verifies permit is completed(2) verifies permit is completed

(3) terminates/cancels the permit(3) terminates/cancels the permit

(4) verifies rescue services are available(4) verifies rescue services are available

(5) secures safe perimeter(5) secures safe perimeter

(6) verifies entry conditions remain constant(6) verifies entry conditions remain constant


(j)(j) Entry Supervisor DutiesEntry Supervisor Duties



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

The employer shall ensure that at least one standThe employer shall ensure that at least one stand--by person at the site is by person at the site is

trained and immediately available to perform rescue.trained and immediately available to perform rescue.

(1) requirements that apply to employers that employees enter pe(1) requirements that apply to employers that employees enter permit spaces rmit spaces to perform rescueto perform rescue

(A) provided and trained with PPE and necessary equipment(A) provided and trained with PPE and necessary equipment

(B) trained to perform assigned duties(B) trained to perform assigned duties

(C) practice simulated rescue operations(C) practice simulated rescue operations

(D) trained in first aid/CPR(D) trained in first aid/CPR


(k)(k) Rescue and Emergency ServicesRescue and Emergency Services



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

(2) (A) (B) inform rescue services and provide access for prepla(2) (A) (B) inform rescue services and provide access for preplanningnning

(3) non(3) non--entry retrieval systems shall be usedentry retrieval systems shall be used

(A) attached for smallest possible profile(A) attached for smallest possible profile

(B) attached to mechanical advantage type system(B) attached to mechanical advantage type system

(4) exposure require MSDS to be shipped with patient to hospital(4) exposure require MSDS to be shipped with patient to hospital


(k)(k) Rescue and Emergency ServicesRescue and Emergency Services



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A



/OSH

ACal

/OSH

A

For industries and operations specified in section 5156 (b)(2) tFor industries and operations specified in section 5156 (b)(2) this section his section prescribes minimum standards for preventing employee exposure toprescribes minimum standards for preventing employee exposure todangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or deficiencydangerous air contamination, oxygen enrichment and/or deficiency in in confined spaces as defined in subsection (b).confined spaces as defined in subsection (b).

(b)(b) DefinitionsDefinitions

Confined spaceConfined space…………

Dangerous air contaminationDangerous air contamination…………

(c)(c) Operation Procedures and Employee TrainingOperation Procedures and Employee Training

(d) (d) PrePre--entryentry

(e) (e) Confined Space OperationsConfined Space Operations

Section 5158 OTHER CONFINED SPACES OPERATIONSSection 5158 OTHER CONFINED SPACES OPERATIONS

(a)(a) ScopeScope

DEFINITIONS OF CONFINED DEFINITIONS OF CONFINED

SPACESSPACES

•• Confined SpacesConfined Spaces

•• Permit Required Confined SpacesPermit Required Confined Spaces

Super SabreLiteSUBMERSIBLE

PERMIT

ENTRY

M. MOUSE

Confined SpacesConfined Spaces

•• Large enough to Large enough to

bodily enter; bodily enter; andand

•• Limited or restricted Limited or restricted

entry/exit; entry/exit; andand

•• Not designed for Not designed for

continuous occupancycontinuous occupancyPIPELINE

SILO

MANHOLE


•• Large enough to Large enough to

bodily enter; andbodily enter; and

•• Limited or restricted Limited or restricted

entry/exit; andentry/exit; and

•• Not designed for Not designed for

continuous occupancycontinuous occupancyPIPELINE

SILO

MANHOLE

Addresses the configuration of the space ONLY!

Addresses the configuration of the space ONLY!

Large enough to bodily enterLarge enough to bodily enter……

Limited or restricted entry/exitLimited or restricted entry/exit……

Not designed for continuous occupancyNot designed for continuous occupancy……

Potential Locations for Confined Potential Locations for Confined

Spaces Spaces

Industrial, Commercial,Industrial, Commercial,

Institutional Facilities Institutional Facilities

AgricultureAgriculture

MarineMarine

Public ServicePublic Service

Permit Required Confined SpacePermit Required Confined Space( ( A Confined Space that has A Confined Space that has one or moreone or more of the following: of the following: ))

•• Contains potential Contains potential hazardous atmospherehazardous atmosphere

•• Contains potential Contains potential engulfing materialengulfing material

•• Internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate by Internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate by

inwardly converging wallsinwardly converging walls, or a , or a floor that slopes andfloor that slopes and

taperstapers to a smaller cross section; orto a smaller cross section; or

•• Contains any other recognized serious Contains any other recognized serious safety/health safety/health

hazardhazard

Permit Required Confined SpacePermit Required Confined Space( ( A Confined Space that has one or more of the following: A Confined Space that has one or more of the following: ))

•• Contains potential Contains potential hazardous atmospherehazardous atmosphere

•• Contains potential Contains potential engulfing materialengulfing material

•• Internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate by Internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate by

inwardly converging wallsinwardly converging walls, or a , or a floor that slopes and floor that slopes and

taperstapers to a smaller cross section; orto a smaller cross section; or

•• Contains any other recognized serious Contains any other recognized serious safety/health safety/health

hazardhazard

PERMIT REQUIRED = A HAZARD PRESENT !

PERMIT REQUIRED = A HAZARD PRESENT !

……and require special modifications of work procedures to prevent and require special modifications of work procedures to prevent injury/deathinjury/death

Typical Permit Required Typical Permit Required


MixersMixers Under Ground VaultsUnder Ground Vaults Sewers Sewers

Open Topped Water Tanks Enclosures w/ Bottom AccessOpen Topped Water Tanks Enclosures w/ Bottom Access

DegreasersDegreasers Pump Wet WellsPump Wet Wells BoilersBoilers

Water TowersWater Towers Rail Tank CarsRail Tank Cars VesselsVessels

Man HolesMan Holes Grain ElevatorsGrain Elevators TunnelsTunnels

some confined spaces are easy to recognizesome confined spaces are easy to recognize……

some are notsome are not……

Storage TanksStorage Tanks

Storage SilosStorage Silos

Grain SilosGrain Silos

Water TanksWater Tanks

Tapering FloorsTapering Floors

SewersSewers

HoppersHoppers

Tank CarsTank Cars

Paddle MixerPaddle Mixer

Vertical MixerVertical Mixer

TrenchTrench

CollapseCollapse

Open Pit over a SewerOpen Pit over a Sewer

Road TankerRoad Tanker

Ship HullShip Hull

DANGER !!!!!DANGER !!!!!

Empty swimming poolEmpty swimming pool

Below gradeBelow grade

loading dockloading dock

Large container with no bottomLarge container with no bottom

Underground parking garage Underground parking garage

Proceed with caution!Proceed with caution!

DANGERS OF CONFINED DANGERS OF CONFINED

SPACESSPACES

•• Oxygen DeficientOxygen Deficient

•• ByBy--Products of Previously Stored MaterialProducts of Previously Stored Material-- residueresidue

-- absorbed into tank wallsabsorbed into tank walls

•• Accidental Leaks or SpillsAccidental Leaks or Spills-- vapor releasevapor release

-- slip, trip or fall hazardslip, trip or fall hazard


SPACESSPACES

•• Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions-- accidental mixingaccidental mixing-- drying paintdrying paint-- multiple use tanksmultiple use tanks

•• OxidationOxidation-- rusting of metalsrusting of metals-- rotting or decomposing organic materialsrotting or decomposing organic materials


SPACESSPACES

•• Mechanical OperationsMechanical Operations-- welding, painting, cleaningwelding, painting, cleaning-- scraping or sandblastingscraping or sandblasting-- mixing/stirring operationsmixing/stirring operations-- recharging of batteriesrecharging of batteries

•• Inerting ActivitiesInerting Activities-- carbon dioxide (COcarbon dioxide (CO22))-- helium (HE)helium (HE)-- nitrogen (Nnitrogen (N22))

TYPES OF CONFINED SPACE TYPES OF CONFINED SPACE

HAZARDSHAZARDS

• Atmospheric HazardsAtmospheric Hazards-- suffocationsuffocation

-- asphyxiation asphyxiation

-- poisoningpoisoning

•• Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards

-- explosion/fire explosion/fire

-- entrap/crush/maimentrap/crush/maim

-- electrocutionelectrocution

•• Psychological HazardsPsychological Hazards

-- anxietyanxiety

-- phobiaphobia

-- panicpanic

HAZAR

DS CAN A

LSO CH

ANGE

HAZAR

DS CAN A

LSO CH

ANGE

WITH T

IME AN

D USAG

E

WITH T

IME AN

D USAG

E

Atmospheric HazardsAtmospheric Hazards

1. Atmospheric1. Atmospheric oxygen content below 19.5% (oxygen deficiency), oxygen content below 19.5% (oxygen deficiency),

or above 23.5% (oxygen enriched)or above 23.5% (oxygen enriched)

2. Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess 10% of the LEL2. Flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess 10% of the LEL

3. Atmospheric concentration of any toxic contaminant above the 3. Atmospheric concentration of any toxic contaminant above the

OSHA PELOSHA PEL

4. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that obscures 4. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that obscures

vision at a distance of five feet or lessvision at a distance of five feet or less

5. Any IDLH atmosphere5. Any IDLH atmosphere


•• Oxygen Deficient < 19.5 percent Oxygen Deficient < 19.5 percent

-- consumptionconsumption-- which can be caused by:which can be caused by:

* combustion * combustion -- welding or cutting torcheswelding or cutting torches* decomposition of organic matter * decomposition of organic matter -- rotting foods or plant liferotting foods or plant life* oxidation of metals * oxidation of metals -- rustingrusting

-- absorptionabsorption-- which can be caused by:which can be caused by:* vessel itself or the product stored in the vessel* vessel itself or the product stored in the vessel

-- displacementdisplacement-- which can be caused by:which can be caused by:* intentional purging with inert gases (CO* intentional purging with inert gases (CO2, 2, HE, NHE, N2, 2, steam)steam) to to

remove residual chemicals, gases or vaporsremove residual chemicals, gases or vapors* unintentional purging with inert gases that do not support * unintentional purging with inert gases that do not support

life, i.e..... engine exhaustlife, i.e..... engine exhaust


•• Oxygen Enriched > 23.5 Oxygen Enriched > 23.5 percentpercent

-- caused bycaused by……

enriched oxygen atmospheresenriched oxygen atmospheres

vaporization of flammable liquidsvaporization of flammable liquids

byproducts of worksbyproducts of works

chemical reactionschemical reactions

fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces

-- flammable, causing materials to burn violently when ignitedflammable, causing materials to burn violently when ignited

-- oxygen in the air and a flammable gas, vapor or dust in the oxygen in the air and a flammable gas, vapor or dust in the

properproper mixturemixture

-- be aware of the be aware of the LELLEL


•• ToxicToxic

-- caused bycaused by……

product stored insideproduct stored insideproduct absorbed into wallsproduct absorbed into wallscleaning solutionscleaning solutionsimproper isolation proceduresimproper isolation proceduresdecomposing material decomposing material

-- most most ““confinedconfined”” substances substances should be consideredshould be considered hazardoushazardous

-- absorption, ingestion, inhalation, injectionabsorption, ingestion, inhalation, injection


Common GasesCommon Gases-- Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

-- Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide

-- Sulfur DioxideSulfur Dioxide

-- AmmoniaAmmonia

-- MethaneMethane

-- Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

-- OxygenOxygen

�� Atmospheric hazards reduced below Atmospheric hazards reduced below ““flammable levelsflammable levels”” may may

still be still be toxictoxic !!! !!!


MethaneMethane-- colorless & odorlesscolorless & odorless

-- lighter than airlighter than air

-- displaces the breathable air displaces the breathable air

3 Most Common Naturally Occurring 3 Most Common Naturally Occurring

Combustible Gases found in Confined SpacesCombustible Gases found in Confined Spaces


Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide-- colorless & odorlesscolorless & odorless

-- nearly equal to air in vapor densitynearly equal to air in vapor density

-- toxictoxic




Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide-- colorlesscolorless

-- smells like rotten eggssmells like rotten eggs

-- heavier than airheavier than air

-- toxictoxic

-- deadens the sensesdeadens the senses



MethaneMethane

Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide

Hydrogen Hydrogen SulfideSulfide

Physical HazardsPhysical Hazards

•• EngulfmentEngulfment

•• MechanicalMechanical

•• Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes

•• BiologicalBiological

•• Released Energy orReleased Energy or

MaterialsMaterials

•• CorrosiveCorrosive

•• NoiseNoise

•• RadiationRadiation

•• Slick/Wet SurfacesSlick/Wet Surfaces

•• Falling ObjectsFalling Objects

The use and shape of a space can create hazardous conditions

The use and shape of a space can create hazardous conditions


•• EngulfmentEngulfment-- means means ““surrounding and capture by a liquid or finely divided surrounding and capture by a liquid or finely divided

(flowable) solid substance(flowable) solid substance””

-- materialsmaterials

* grains* grains * sand* sand * gravel* gravel * cement* cement

* clay* clay * sawdust* sawdust * coal* coal * flour* flour

-- containerscontainers

* storage bins* storage bins * hoppers* hoppers * silos* silos * bottom dump* bottom dump


-- #2 cause of death#2 cause of death

-- watch for watch for ““bridgingbridging””

-- use retrieval and fall restraint equipment to prevent sinkinguse retrieval and fall restraint equipment to prevent sinking

-- block respiratory system or compress the upper bodyblock respiratory system or compress the upper body

* death occurs due to mechanical asphyxiation (suffocation)* death occurs due to mechanical asphyxiation (suffocation)

-- 19801980’’s Study: 227 deaths due to mechanical asphyxiations Study: 227 deaths due to mechanical asphyxiation

•• EngulfmentEngulfment


•• MechanicalMechanical-- means means ““of or relating to machinery or toolsof or relating to machinery or tools””

-- equipmentequipment* grinding* grinding * agitators* agitators * mulching* mulching * drive shafts* drive shafts* gears* gears * mixers* mixers * rams* rams * presses* presses

-- may have ungaurded componentsmay have ungaurded components

-- powered bypowered by* gas/diesel* gas/diesel * pneumatic* pneumatic * hydraulic* hydraulic * electric* electric* steam* steam * heat (fire)* heat (fire) * gravity* gravity


•• Temperature ExtremesTemperature Extremes-- ambient air and surface temperaturesambient air and surface temperatures

-- hampers rescuer efficiency and safetyhampers rescuer efficiency and safety

-- medical monitoring and fluid replacementmedical monitoring and fluid replacement

•• BiologicalBiological-- molds, mildews and sporesmolds, mildews and spores

-- bacteria and virusesbacteria and viruses

-- insect and animal bitesinsect and animal bites

-- bird, bat and animal fecesbird, bat and animal feces0

50

100


•• Released Energy or MaterialsReleased Energy or Materials-- productproduct

* electricity* electricity * steam* steam * compressed gases* compressed gases* liquids* liquids * hydraulic fluids and flowable solids* hydraulic fluids and flowable solids

-- causescauses* start* start--up of machinery up of machinery in the space in the space * start* start--up of machinery up of machinery outside the spaceoutside the space* opening of valves* opening of valves* stored or residual kinetic energy* stored or residual kinetic energy

•• CorrosiveCorrosive-- by direct contact or contact with emitted by direct contact or contact with emitted fumesfumes

-- some examples are bleach, ammonia, acidssome examples are bleach, ammonia, acids


•• NoiseNoise

•• RadiationRadiation

•• Slick/Wet SurfacesSlick/Wet Surfaces

•• Falling ObjectsFalling Objects

•• Electrical ShockElectrical Shock

Psychological HazardsPsychological Hazards

•• ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia

•• PhobiaPhobia

•• PanicPanic

•• AnxietyAnxiety

•• FatigueFatigue


•• ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia-- is is ““an abnormal fear of a closed or confined spacean abnormal fear of a closed or confined space””

-- signssigns

*elevated pulse*elevated pulse * increased respiration's* increased respiration's

* sweating* sweating * clammy, cold palms* clammy, cold palms

-- symptomssymptoms

* feeling of no air* feeling of no air * feeling the walls are coming in* feeling the walls are coming in

* feeling you are lost* feeling you are lost

•• PhobiaPhobia-- is is ““a fear not proportional to its actual seriousnessa fear not proportional to its actual seriousness””

-- fear or anxiety of real hazards is not a phobiafear or anxiety of real hazards is not a phobia


•• PanicPanic-- ““sudden terror/unreasoning, infectious and uncontrollable fearsudden terror/unreasoning, infectious and uncontrollable fear””

-- symptomssymptoms

* accelerated anxiety* accelerated anxiety

* difficulty breathing* difficulty breathing

* stress* stress

•• AnxietyAnxiety-- is is ““distress or uneasiness of the mind or a reaction when distress or uneasiness of the mind or a reaction when

you feel dangeryou feel danger

•• FatigueFatigue


•• Causes Causes (helps to control)(helps to control)

-- biologicalbiological

* being physically fit reduces sodium lactate * being physically fit reduces sodium lactate -- anxiety attack anxiety attack

chemicalchemical

-- psychologicalpsychological

* subconscious forces* subconscious forces

* personality disorders, abnormal behaviors* personality disorders, abnormal behaviors

•• Control TechniquesControl Techniques-- recognitionrecognition

-- trainingtraining

-- psychological control techniques psychological control techniques

TAKE

A

BREAK

DUNKIN DONUTS

ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC

MONITORINGMONITORING

�� WHY IS IT IMPORTANT ?WHY IS IT IMPORTANT ?

-- Atmospheric conditions are leading cause of death in c.s.Atmospheric conditions are leading cause of death in c.s.

�� WHAT DO MONITOR READINGS TELL US ?WHAT DO MONITOR READINGS TELL US ?

-- Type, level of hazardType, level of hazard

�� HOW DO WE USE THE INFORMATION ?HOW DO WE USE THE INFORMATION ?

-- Selecting PPE, decon procedures, and delineates safe areasSelecting PPE, decon procedures, and delineates safe areas



1. General Site Monitoring1. General Site Monitoring

2. Perimeter Monitoring2. Perimeter Monitoring

3. Confined Space Monitoring3. Confined Space Monitoring

4. Personal Monitoring4. Personal Monitoring

•• Four Categories of MonitoringFour Categories of Monitoring



#1. Oxygen#1. Oxygen

#2. Flammability#2. Flammability

#3. Toxic#3. Toxic

�� Testing SequenceTesting Sequence



•• MonitoringMonitoring

-- prior to lifting hatchesprior to lifting hatches* most accurate reading* most accurate reading* eliminates potential hazard of explosion* eliminates potential hazard of explosion

-- accuracy of monitor readings assured by regular calibrationaccuracy of monitor readings assured by regular calibration

-- stratificationstratification* wind currents* wind currents* temperature* temperature* variation in vapor density* variation in vapor density

* test all levels* test all levels



•• MonitoringMonitoring-- continuously throughout incidentcontinuously throughout incident

-- documentationdocumentation* name, location and reading* name, location and reading* if it was not documented, it didn* if it was not documented, it didn’’t happen!t happen!

-- identify sources and controlidentify sources and control

-- OSHA Regulation OSHA Regulation 5157b 5157b ““Testing Stratified AtmospheresTesting Stratified Atmospheres””* 4 feet in direction of travel, and each side* 4 feet in direction of travel, and each side* sampling probe: slow to accommodate detector responses* sampling probe: slow to accommodate detector responses

ENTRY PERMITSENTRY PERMITS

� A FORM OR TACTICAL WORKSHEET REQUIRED BY A FORM OR TACTICAL WORKSHEET REQUIRED BY

CAL/OSHA THAT MUST BE COMPLETED FOR CONFINED CAL/OSHA THAT MUST BE COMPLETED FOR CONFINED

SPACE ENTRIESSPACE ENTRIES

•• ComponentsComponents-- location of the C.S.location of the C.S. -- necessary tools/equipmentnecessary tools/equipment

-- purpose of the entrypurpose of the entry -- special hazards special hazards

-- date of entry and durationdate of entry and duration -- space isolation to be usedspace isolation to be used

-- list of authorized entrantslist of authorized entrants -- rescue/emergency servicesrescue/emergency services

-- list of attendantslist of attendants -- communication procedurescommunication procedures

-- entry supervisors name/sign.entry supervisors name/sign. -- results of atmospheric tests results of atmospheric tests

-- acceptable entry conditionsacceptable entry conditions -- additional permits (hot work)additional permits (hot work)


•• The Permit verifies completion of the items listedThe Permit verifies completion of the items listed

•• Shall be kept at the jobsite for the duration of the jobShall be kept at the jobsite for the duration of the job

•• Circumstances cause interruption in the work or Circumstances cause interruption in the work or

conditions for which entry was approved, the permit conditions for which entry was approved, the permit

shall be canceled and a new entry permit must be shall be canceled and a new entry permit must be

completedcompleted


•• Prior to entryPrior to entry-- approve the permitapprove the permit

•• Upon completion of entryUpon completion of entry-- must be signed and canceled by must be signed and canceled by

the entry supervisorthe entry supervisor

-- must be filed and retained for at least one (1) yearmust be filed and retained for at least one (1) year

�� Entry permit is an excellentEntry permit is an excellent resource resource for first responders !!!for first responders !!!

DANGER

ENTRY BY PERMIT ONLY

CONFINED SPACE

VENTILATIONVENTILATION

•• Properly achieved:Properly achieved:

-- replaces contaminated air with clean airreplaces contaminated air with clean air

-- decreases chance of explosion by keeping the atmosphere decreases chance of explosion by keeping the atmosphere

below the LEL within the spacebelow the LEL within the space

-- reduces/eliminates the toxicity within the spacereduces/eliminates the toxicity within the space

-- increases chance of survivability of any victimsincreases chance of survivability of any victims

-- creates a more tenable environment (cooling) creates a more tenable environment (cooling)

�� MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDSMOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS


-- type of atmosphere type of atmosphere

-- volume of air to movevolume of air to move

-- access to the spaceaccess to the space

-- wind directionwind direction

-- location of openings location of openings

* vertical (top)* vertical (top)

* horizontal (side)* horizontal (side)

* bottom* bottom

-- vapor density of suspected vaporvapor density of suspected vapor

-- configuration of the spaceconfiguration of the space

-- number of openingsnumber of openings

-- location of fresh airlocation of fresh air

•• ConsiderationsConsiderations


NaturalNatural

MechanicalMechanical

-- NaturalNatural

* * slow processslow process

* not useful in rescue situations* not useful in rescue situations

�� Prior to entry and continue throughout the operationPrior to entry and continue throughout the operation

•• Two TypesTwo Types


1. general supply/ppv1. general supply/ppv

2. general exhaust2. general exhaust

3. local exhaust3. local exhaust

4. Combination4. Combination--supply and exhaustsupply and exhaust

-- Mechanical (forced)Mechanical (forced)


ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONATMOSPHERIC CONDITION VENTILATIONVENTILATION

oxygen deficientoxygen deficient dispersed in atmosph.dispersed in atmosph. general supplygeneral supply--ppvppv

flamm. atmosph.flamm. atmosph. dispersed in atmosph.dispersed in atmosph. general exhaustgeneral exhaust

flamm. atmosph.flamm. atmosph. single point of originsingle point of origin local exhaustlocal exhaust

toxic atmosphtoxic atmosph dispersed in atmosphdispersed in atmosph general exhaustgeneral exhaust

toxic atmosphtoxic atmosph single point of originsingle point of origin local exhaustlocal exhaust

hot workhot work single point of originsingle point of origin local exhaustlocal exhaust

grinding ops.grinding ops. single point of originsingle point of origin local exhaust local exhaust

Saddle VentSaddle Vent

Increasing Survival ProfileIncreasing Survival Profile


•• Ducted Ventilation Techniques Ducted Ventilation Techniques

-- problems that problems that mustmust be avoidedbe avoided

* recirculation* recirculation

* short circuiting* short circuiting

* chimney effect* chimney effect


•• Ducted Ventilation Techniques Ducted Ventilation Techniques (( cont. cont. ))

-- specific procedures (specific procedures (oxygen deficientoxygen deficient))

* openings at either end of a long space* openings at either end of a long space



-- specific procedures (specific procedures (oxygen deficientoxygen deficient))

* spaces with only one opening* spaces with only one opening

* deep confined spaces* deep confined spaces



-- specific procedures (specific procedures (flammable or toxic contaminantsflammable or toxic contaminants))

* long spaces with one opening at the end* long spaces with one opening at the end

* heavier than air contaminant* heavier than air contaminant



-- specific procedures (specific procedures (flammable or toxic contaminantsflammable or toxic contaminants))

* lighter than air* lighter than air


•• NonNon--Ducted Ventilation TechniquesDucted Ventilation Techniques

-- specific proceduresspecific procedures

* spaces with* spaces with

one openingone opening

* spaces with two openings* spaces with two openings

COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS

EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

•• TypesTypes-- battery operated portable battery operated portable -- rope signals rope signals

-- hardwire systemshardwire systems -- tapping/rapping tapping/rapping

-- hand signals hand signals codes codes

•• Cal/OSHA RegulationsCal/OSHA Regulations-- under normal PRCS operationsunder normal PRCS operations-- must be maintainedmust be maintained

-- continuos poweredcontinuos powered equipment required whenequipment required when……

* dangerous/deficient conditions exist* dangerous/deficient conditions exist

* unsafe atmosphere may be expected to develop* unsafe atmosphere may be expected to develop

* no quick exit from fire suppression protected area* no quick exit from fire suppression protected area

* emergency rescue conditions* emergency rescue conditions

COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS

EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

•• Communication PlanCommunication Plan-- backback--up plansup plans

-- type of communications type of communications

-- summoning rescue servicessummoning rescue services

•• Battery Operated/Voice ActivatedBattery Operated/Voice Activated-- freedom of movementfreedom of movement

-- require no use of handsrequire no use of hands

•• Hardwire CommunicationsHardwire Communications-- clear clear

-- not effected by poor receptionnot effected by poor reception

-- cumbersome due to tag linescumbersome due to tag lines

RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT

and PPEand PPE

•• Regulations under CFRRegulations under CFR 29 1910.13429 1910.134

-- existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and additional

ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levelsventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels

-- atmosphere tests safe but unsafe conditions can be atmosphere tests safe but unsafe conditions can be

reasonably expected to developreasonably expected to develop

-- cannot readily exit from spaces equipped with auto. fire cannot readily exit from spaces equipped with auto. fire

suppression systems and not practical to deactivate suchsuppression systems and not practical to deactivate such

-- an emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for prean emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre--

entry procedures to take effectentry procedures to take effect

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONRESPIRATORY PROTECTION


and PPEand PPE

•• AirAir--Purifying RespiratorPurifying Respirator

•• Supplied Air Respirator Supplied Air Respirator

w/ escape cylinderw/ escape cylinder

•• SCBASCBA

•• ComboCombo--Type DualType Dual--Purpose SCBAPurpose SCBA

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONRESPIRATORY PROTECTION

APRAPR

SARSAR


and PPEand PPE

•• Head ProtectionHead Protection-- tech rescue helmettech rescue helmet-- industry hard hatindustry hard hat

•• Eye and Face ProtectionEye and Face Protection-- safety glasses or gogglessafety glasses or goggles-- SAR face pieceSAR face piece

•• Foot ProtectionFoot Protection-- firefighter work bootsfirefighter work boots-- safety work boots/shoessafety work boots/shoes

•• Hearing and Elbow and Knee ProtectionHearing and Elbow and Knee Protection

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

LER


and PPEand PPE

•• Hand ProtectionHand Protection-- leather firefighting glovesleather firefighting gloves

-- leather rappel glovesleather rappel gloves

-- latex gloveslatex gloves

•• Body ProtectionBody Protection-- plain clothesplain clothes

-- coverallscoveralls

-- chemical protective clothingchemical protective clothing

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

J. WAYNE

�� Situation, hazards, and atmospheric conditions dictate Situation, hazards, and atmospheric conditions dictate

degree of protection !!!degree of protection !!!

SPACE ISOLATIONSPACE ISOLATION

-- electricityelectricity -- hydraulichydraulic -- steamsteam-- drive mechanismsdrive mechanisms -- pneumaticpneumatic -- gravity flowgravity flow-- pressurepressure -- momentummomentum -- stored energystored energy

•• OSHA DefinitionOSHA Definition-- ‘‘Hazardous Energy ControlHazardous Energy Control’’

““a a programprogram of an energy control procedure and of an energy control procedure and employeeemployeetrainingtraining to ensure that before any person performs any to ensure that before any person performs any service or maintenance on a machine or equipment they service or maintenance on a machine or equipment they shall be isolated and rendered inoperable shall be isolated and rendered inoperable ““

•• Procedures to Isolate Any Potential Energy Source toProcedures to Isolate Any Potential Energy Source to

the Spacethe Space


•• OSHA 6 Step ProcedureOSHA 6 Step Procedure

-- prepare for shutdownprepare for shutdown

-- shutdown the equipmentshutdown the equipment

-- isolate the equipmentisolate the equipment

-- apply lockout/tagout or block/bleed devicesapply lockout/tagout or block/bleed devices

-- control stored energycontrol stored energy

-- verify equipment isolationverify equipment isolation

�� Must be performed by an Must be performed by an ““authorizedauthorized”” employee only!employee only!


•• Lockout / TagoutLockout / Tagout-- prevents valves or switches from being openedprevents valves or switches from being opened

* chains* chains * ball valve lockouts* ball valve lockouts

* valve covers* valve covers * warning tags* warning tags

* lockout hasps* lockout hasps * plugs* plugs

* circuit breaker lockouts* circuit breaker lockouts

-- Printed tags as well as locks warn Printed tags as well as locks warn

employees of isolated energy sourcesemployees of isolated energy sources

METHODS OF SPACE ISOLATIONMETHODS OF SPACE ISOLATION

Ball Valve L/OBall Valve L/O

Gate Valve L/OGate Valve L/OPlug L/OPlug L/O

Fuse L/OFuse L/O

Safety L/O JawsSafety L/O Jaws

L/O HaspL/O Hasp

L/O TagsL/O Tags

Circuit Breaker L/OCircuit Breaker L/O


•• Block/Bleed or Blank/BlindBlock/Bleed or Blank/Blind-- piping that carries liquids, piping that carries liquids,

flowable solids, or gassesflowable solids, or gasses* blind flanges* blind flanges* removal of sections * removal of sections

of pipe and bleedingof pipe and bleeding

* * Not possible to lockout/tagout or bleed/block a device or line:Not possible to lockout/tagout or bleed/block a device or line:

�� station a firefighter with a radio at the switches station a firefighter with a radio at the switches and/or valves !!!and/or valves !!!

METHODS OF SPACE ISOLATIONMETHODS OF SPACE ISOLATION

Spectacle BlindSpectacle Blind


•• OffOff--Site Rescue Team Space Isolation ConsiderationsSite Rescue Team Space Isolation Considerations

-- acquire knowledgeable plant personnelacquire knowledgeable plant personnel

-- backback--up or redundant systems override one system up or redundant systems override one system

and bring another on lineand bring another on line

-- be aware of stored or be aware of stored or

residual energy still residual energy still

present in a locked outpresent in a locked out--

system system

TECHNICAL

RESCUE UNITTORRANCE FIRE DEPARTMENT

TAKE

A

BREAK

PIECE-A PIZZA

POPCORNHOT BUTTERED

PEPSI-COLA 12 FL. OZ.

PESPI COLA

RETRIEVAL EQUIPMENTRETRIEVAL EQUIPMENT

•• OSHA RegulationsOSHA Regulations-- retrieval line and fall restraint when vertical entry of 5 feetretrieval line and fall restraint when vertical entry of 5 feet or or

more below grade is mademore below grade is made

-- retrieval lines must be attached to a mechanical device retrieval lines must be attached to a mechanical device

(mechanical advantage) outside the space(mechanical advantage) outside the space

-- entrants must stay entrants must stay ““on lineon line””, unless it increases risk of injury , unless it increases risk of injury

or is impossibleor is impossible

* staying * staying ““on lineon line”” allows for nonallows for non--entry rescueentry rescue

* the increase risk is why we remove the safety line in * the increase risk is why we remove the safety line in

trench rescue trench rescue


•• Anchoring DevicesAnchoring Devices

-- tripodtripod

* manufactured* manufactured

* fabricated (ladder * fabricated (ladder ‘‘AA’’ frame)frame)

-- ladder rescue systems ( jib, cantilever, etc.)ladder rescue systems ( jib, cantilever, etc.)

-- ladder ginladder gin

-- aerial ladderaerial ladder

-- beam trolleybeam trolley

ManufacturedManufactured

Ladder Ladder ‘‘AA’’ FrameFrame


•• Anchoring Devices Anchoring Devices ((contcont.).)

-- hand cranked mechanical winches and cableshand cranked mechanical winches and cables

-- rope and pulley systemsrope and pulley systems

�� When lifting entrants, powered equipment is When lifting entrants, powered equipment is never usednever used

because resistance cannot be felt !!!because resistance cannot be felt !!!

•• Fall Restraint SystemsFall Restraint Systems-- inertia or centrifugal systemsinertia or centrifugal systems

* maximum 2 feet drop allowed* maximum 2 feet drop allowed

-- rope systemsrope systems

* tandem prussiks* tandem prussiks


•• Entrant/Victim HarnessEntrant/Victim Harness

-- class 1class 1

* waist only* waist only

-- class 2class 2

* waist and thighs (or under buttocks)* waist and thighs (or under buttocks)

-- class 3class 3

* waist, thighs (or buttocks) shoulders* waist, thighs (or buttocks) shoulders



-- wristletswristlets

-- upper immobilization devicesupper immobilization devices

* LSP Halfback* LSP Halfback

* Oregon Spine Splint* Oregon Spine Splint



-- full body immobilizationfull body immobilization

* stokes litter* stokes litter

* SKED* SKED

* Miller Board* Miller Board

PRCS OPERATIONAL PRCS OPERATIONAL

POSITIONS / FUNCTIONSPOSITIONS / FUNCTIONS

•• Duties of AttendantDuties of Attendant

-- hazard knowledge to be hazard knowledge to be

facedfaced

-- exposure consequences exposure consequences

and behavioral effectsand behavioral effects

-- monitors entry personnelmonitors entry personnel

-- positioned at entrancepositioned at entrance

-- maintains comm. maintains comm.

-- monitors activities inside monitors activities inside

and outside spaceand outside space

-- orders evacuation when orders evacuation when conditions warrant conditions warrant

-- initiates rescue services initiates rescue services -- secures safe perimeter secures safe perimeter -- performs no duties that performs no duties that

interfere w/ primary interfere w/ primary duty to protect the duty to protect the entrant entrant

-- performs nonperforms non--entry entry rescuesrescues



•• Duties of Authorized EntrantsDuties of Authorized Entrants-- hazard knowledge to be facedhazard knowledge to be faced

-- proper equipment use for safe entry proper equipment use for safe entry

-- communicates with attendant as necessary for attendant to communicates with attendant as necessary for attendant to monitor entrants statusmonitor entrants status

-- alerts attendant if situation warrantsalerts attendant if situation warrants

-- exits the space immediately if situation warrantsexits the space immediately if situation warrants



•• Duties of Entry SupervisorDuties of Entry Supervisor-- knowledge of the hazards to be facedknowledge of the hazards to be faced

-- verifies entry permit completed, tests conducted, needed verifies entry permit completed, tests conducted, needed

equipment present before signing permit and approving equipment present before signing permit and approving

entryentry

-- confirms entry operations confirms entry operations remain constant with the entry remain constant with the entry

permitpermit, and acceptable entry conditions are maintained , and acceptable entry conditions are maintained

-- removes unauthorized persons removes unauthorized persons from the sitefrom the site

-- terminates the entry, cancels the permitterminates the entry, cancels the permit

FIRST RESPONDER ACTIONSFIRST RESPONDER ACTIONS

•• Scene SizeScene Size--upup-- hazard assessment upon approachhazard assessment upon approach

-- number trapped/injurednumber trapped/injured

-- personnel unaccounted forpersonnel unaccounted for

-- type of spacetype of space

-- space purpose/currently being used?space purpose/currently being used?

-- is this a product storage area?is this a product storage area?

* storage hazards* storage hazards * residue hazard * residue hazard

* engulfment potential * other potential hazards* engulfment potential * other potential hazards

* viscous/heated/cryogenic* viscous/heated/cryogenic

ARRIVAL PHASEARRIVAL PHASE

-- Quickly determine if the victim occupies a PRC

S

Quickly determine if the victim occupies a PRC

S


•• Establish CommandEstablish Command

•• Take Control of the SceneTake Control of the Scene* request police assistance* request police assistance

* remove unnecessary by* remove unnecessary by--standersstanders

* establish control lines* establish control lines

* hazard abatement* hazard abatement

ARRIVAL PHASEARRIVAL PHASE


•• Space IsolationSpace Isolation

•• Entry and Exit PointsEntry and Exit Points

-- multiple entry pointsmultiple entry points

-- above/below gradeabove/below grade

-- other access pointsother access points

•• Rescue/Recovery ModeRescue/Recovery Mode

ONON--SCENE PHASESCENE PHASE


•• Rescue Entry by First Responders when...Rescue Entry by First Responders when...

-- completed risk assessmentcompleted risk assessment

* viable, salvageable victim(s)* viable, salvageable victim(s)

* risk to rescuers minimized to acceptable level* risk to rescuers minimized to acceptable level

* performed in a timely manner* performed in a timely manner

-- positive identification positive identification of the atmosphereof the atmosphere

* a monitored environment* a monitored environment

-- ANDAND no additional hazardsno additional hazards

RESCUERESCUE


•• Call for ResourcesCall for Resources-- Technical Rescue Team / HazmatTechnical Rescue Team / Hazmat

•• Appoint Site Safety/Access ControlAppoint Site Safety/Access Control-- monitor area for developing hazardsmonitor area for developing hazards

•• Monitor Victim(s)Monitor Victim(s)-- communicate and reassurecommunicate and reassure

•• InformationInformation-- continue to gather continue to gather

FIRE L

INE DO N

OT CR

OSS

GO TE

AMRESCUE / RECOVERYRESCUE / RECOVERY

CONFINED SPACECONFINED SPACE

AWARENESSAWARENESS

CALIFORNIA STATE FIRE MARSHALCALIFORNIA STATE FIRE MARSHAL

PRESENTED BY PRESENTED BY

Captain D. WinklerCaptain D. WinklerDonDon’’t just learn it...t just learn it... know itknow it!!