Chapter 1

Chapter 1UNDERSTANDING SPEAKINGPrepared by:Bautista, Donna MarieBeltran, Irish CrystalExconde, EzekielMora, PatriciaObjectivesTo define public speaking

To understand that public speaking is the act of creating meaning with your listeners

To identify some tips for more effective presentations

PUBLIC SPEAKING means1: the act or process of making speeches in public

2: the art of effective oral communication with an audiencePublic Speaking among many Fears

Fears of PUBLIC SPEAKINGBeing judged harshlyInsecurities exposedPerfectionismRejection anxietyFailureHumiliation

PUBLIC SPEAKING seeks toEducateEntertainPersuadeDemonstrateCommemorateInspireTell a story

In essence, to connect people across communities.

We are speakersIn classAt workAt home

But,Not all oral communication in a group setting is public speakingWhat are Speakers?Public speaking is an event in which a group of people agree that one person the speaker - will direct the event.

Basically, speakers create meaning that is transmitted to listeners.

The more experience two dance partners have together, the more effectively each is able to anticipate the moves (intended meaning) of the other and respond appropriately.Theoretical Foundations of PUBLIC SPEAKINGOur ancient oral traditions

Public speaking existed in preliterate societies.

Public speaking still finds its essence in the sounds made by the human voice.

Speech is a medium characterized by immediacy and concreteness.

Human beings are innately storytellers. Our rhetorical heritage

Public speakers are, above all, decision makers.

Speech influences people by appealing to their rationality, but effective speakers view rationality as more than logic.

Speech has an ethical dimension.Aristotles RhetoricThree Genres of Speaking:Forensic speakingDeliberative speakingEpideictic or ceremonial speaking

Three Categories of Persuasive Appeals:LogosPathosEthosInformation transmission theories Speech is a process and can be studied scientifically.

Public speakers are information managers.

Communication is impossible without a shared code.

Receivers are not passive recipients of speech; they bring their own filters to the decoding process.

Communication is never complete until feedback has been received and interpreted.Theoretical Foundations of PUBLIC SPEAKINGA Two-Way Communication Model

4. Dialogic perspectiveson communication Speakers may use communication to advance mutual understanding.

Empathy and consensus are built over time and start with finding common ground, which then expands to authentic speaking and listening.

Stand your ground about important principles and bereceptive to other perspectives at the same time.Theoretical Foundations of PUBLIC SPEAKINGPUBLIC SPEAKING as Meaning-CenteredCommunication is more than information transmission and reception.

Giving a speech becomes a matter of selecting ideas, packaging them, shipping them, and verifying their receipt.Communication is the joint creation of meaning.

Its useful to be able to upload a page of content that can be accessed by others on the web, but its much more useful to be able to collaboratively create web content, change it, and be changed by it for mutual benefit.PUBLIC SPEAKING as Meaning-CenteredMeaning is social.No individual, sender or receiver, can control the true meaning of a statement.

But neither can a single receiver unilaterally control what a statement or an action really means to others.Meaning is contextual.Words or messages alone cannot tell us the true meaning of the communication.

Words take their meanings not just from a dictionary but from all that surrounds them as they are uttered.Ultimately, meaning is negotiated by discourse communities.When the true meaning of a message is contested, appeals to the words themselves, to the speakers intentions, or to the listeners response have all been shown to be inadequate.

Groups work out meanings over time.Three Familiar Communicative ResourcesConversation SkillsSpeaking in a comfortable and confident manner

Listening to and considering the perspective of others

Adapting constantly to feedback2. Writing SkillsExperiment with alternative forms and play them out in imagination

Attention to language (word choices)

Order of ideas / Unity of the speech

Three Familiar Communicative Resources3. Performance SkillsPhysical qualities (Tone of voice, Gestures, Movement)

Drama and Virtuosity

Knowledge of how to use setting and timing

The capacity to turn a collection of individuals into a cohesive groupThree Familiar Communicative ResourcesThree Communication Resources

Public Speaking requires the ability to balance all three qualities of conversation, writing, and performance to earn the undivided attention of an audience.Consider the demands of the situation and the expectations of the audience.We consider the situation and respond accordingly.

Consider your personality and distinctive style.Speakers differ even when speaking on the same occasion and topic.Things to ConsiderRole of Consciousness in Skill LearningThe Four Stages of Learning SkillsUnconscious incompetenceConscious incompetenceConscious competenceUnconscious competenceStage 1. Unconscious IncompetenceIn this stage, people are not aware that they are making errors.They may even be unaware that some particular skill needs to be learned.

Stage 2: Conscious incompetencePeople in this stage have come to the realization that they are doing something ineptly and need to improve.

Role of Consciousness in Skill LearningStage 3: Conscious competencePeople have worked to improve in an area in which they felt incompetent but must now consciously try to perform competently.

Stage 4: Unconscious competencePeople in this stage have integrated the learned skills to the extent that competence comes naturally.Speakers at this level can do more than merely talk.Role of Consciousness in Skill LearningPUBLIC SPEAKING MisconceptionsGOOD SPEAKERS ARE BORN, NOT MADE

While it may seem that some people are born better speakers, in fact they are people who have already learned a number of speech skills or who happen to learn speech related skills quickly.GOOD SPEAKING SHOULD BE EASY RIGHT AWAYSkillful communicators can make public speaking look easy, but it takes workand lots of it.PUBLIC SPEAKING MisconceptionsSPEAKING WILL ALWAYS BE AS DIFFICULT AS IT IS WHEN YOU ARE FIRST LEARNING IT

Learning a skill requires effort and attention, but it becomes easier once mastered.PUBLIC SPEAKING MisconceptionsTHERE ARE SIMPLE FORMULAS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEAKING

The situation differs from case to case. No one can give an all-purpose formula for preparing or delivering a speech.PUBLIC SPEAKING MisconceptionsFive Steps of PUBLIC SPEAKINGSources:Communication Model. (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://pirate.shu.edu/~yatesdan/Tutorial.htm

Ingraham, C. (2014). Americas top fears: Public speaking, heights and bugs. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/10/30/clowns-are-twice-as-scary-to-democrats-as-they-are-to-republicans/

Proctor, T. Public Speaking: The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly

Sprague, J., Stuart, D., and Bodary, D. (2013). The Speakers Handbook (10e)