The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins : reflections on cultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites / Vagner Carvalheiro Porto

8/19/2019 The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins : reflections on cultural and religious interaction between…

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

Edited by

Nicholas Holmes

GLASGOW 2011


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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council

ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6

Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET

Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.

International Numismatic Council

British Academy


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE

XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS

GLASGOW 2009

I


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PrefaceEditor’s note

Inaugural lecture

‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW

Antiquity: Greek

I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO

Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL

Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione

disponibile, by Marta BARBATO

Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY

Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK

The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE

Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO

Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI

Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO

La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON

A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ

Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ

La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO

1819

23

35

42

48

52

58

67

73

81

89

97

105

114

123

CONTENTS


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CONTENTS2

New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES

The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV

The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT

ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT

On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA

Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA

Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO

La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN

Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS

Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF

Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN

Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ

Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH

The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS

The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS

Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER

131

140

163

170

178

184

189

199

203

213

230

237

246

251

259

265


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CONTENTS 3

Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO

Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU

Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN

Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO

Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU

‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU

The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA

Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ

The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV

Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI

Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA

‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE

The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA

Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO

Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE

La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI

269

280

285

293

304

310

319

331

337

350

357

365

376

382

393

405


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CONTENTS4

Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI

Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD

The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN

Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER

Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI

La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ

Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS

The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN

The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN

The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV

Antiquity: Roman

The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN

Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN

The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER

Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG

The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ

417

427

436

441

447

461

473

487

497

500

509

514

527

533

538


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CONTENTS 5

Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER

The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING

Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO

La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO

Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI

I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI

Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA

L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE

Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE

A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina

(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH

Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING

Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST

Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS

‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS

La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK

545

557

569

576

580

592

595

605

613

621

629

635

645

657

662


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CONTENTS6

Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE

New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO

Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE

Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI

Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA

Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER

The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN

The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND

Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS

Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS

Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN

New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ

Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER

Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN

The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH

Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX

668

676

686

696

709

715

720

726

732

742

749

757

765

772

780

785


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CONTENTS 7

L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA

Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA

La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT

La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN

The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC

A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI

Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO

Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI

Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI

La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,

by Yves MUHLEMANN

Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ

Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA

I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA

Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI

Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA

Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON

794

800

809

816

822

828

839

846

856

864

872

878

888

893

901

906


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CONTENTS8

Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA

El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO

The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI

Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT

A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo

della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI

L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI

The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI

Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI

Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN

An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA

Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER

Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN

Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA

A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS

911

916

926

933

941

954

964

973

983

991

999

1004

1013

1019

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CONTENTS 9

La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI

The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD

Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI

Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS

Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY

The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of

imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA

Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN

Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS

Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA

Antiquity: Celtic

La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO

Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET

Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER

Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI

Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS

Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER

1037

1045

1056

1067

1073

1082

1092

1103

1115

1135

1142

1148

1155

1165

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CONTENTS10

Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ

Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN

Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ

New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK

Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN

Antiquity: general

La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ

Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD

Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI

Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL

The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER

Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI

Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES

La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI

The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD

Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER

1182

1191

1198

1207

1218

1231

1240

1247

1254

1261

1266

1278

1292

1303

1310


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CONTENTS 11

Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI

Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN

Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN

Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)

The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN

Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON

Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):

Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER

Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI

Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD

Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO

Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,

medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI

La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL

Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE

Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER

Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG

Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY

Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN

1323

1334

1344

1355

1360

1372

1382

1392

1401

1408

1411

1418

1426

1431

1436

1441


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CONTENTS12

Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK

A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN

Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON

Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS

Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER

Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN

Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS

Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS

Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di

S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI

The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE

Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM

Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ

Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ

L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE

1452

1458

1464

1470

1477

1492

1500

1509

1517

1535

1542

1552

1557

1564

1570


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CONTENTS 13

La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS

New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN

The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ

A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN

A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD

The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD

A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO

OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH

Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI

Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL

The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ

The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI

Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)

Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN

The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST

Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC

1580

1591

1597

1605

1614

1620

1625

1633

1640

1649

1664

1671

1679

1687

1693


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CONTENTS14

A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI

The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA

Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG

The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER

Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN

Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ

Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI

Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO

Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER

La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una

nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ

Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI

The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL

The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV

Oriental and African coinages

The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH

Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA

1704

1713

1719

1725

1734

1744

1748

1752

1758

1765

1774

1778

1783

1789

1796


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CONTENTS 15

Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE

The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG

The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM

L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI

Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO

The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS

A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER

Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH

Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK

Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,

by A.V. PACHKALOV

Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN

Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND

À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY

Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS

Medals

Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER

1807

1813

1821

1826

1832

1841

1847

1852

1862

1869

1874

1884

1890

1897

1907


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CONTENTS16

Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA

De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS

Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI

Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND

The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK

Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN

‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO

General numismatics

Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione

Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO

Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon

BERESKA

The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ

Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI

Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER

Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO

A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA

Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN

1920

1931

1937

1945

1959

1965

1978

1985

1993

1999

2004

2012

2017

2022

2027


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CONTENTS 17

Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER

Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU

Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA

„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER

Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT

The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS

The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON

Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT

From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI

Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU

Index of Contributors

2036

2044

2046

2047

2058

2072

2082

2089

2100

2102

2112

2118


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23/29

THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN

PALESTINIAN COINS: REFLECTIONS ON CULTURAL AND

RELIGIOUS INTERACTION BETWEEN ROMANS AND LOCAL

ELITES

VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO

The main purpose of this presentation1 is to consider Rome’s contact with the Near East through

the ‘eyes’ of the coins - not through their production or circulation but through an iconographic

analysis. The intention is to perceive to what extent the presence of deities on the coins might

reveal aspects of political statement or ‘resistance’ from local populations facing Roman

domina-tion. Another aim is to show how the political aspect and use of the coins, both by the

Romans and by the local elites, have revealed themselves to be an important path in the political

and ideological struggle within the region. The careful analysis of the coins’ symbols and inscriptions may reveal to us subtle details of thesociety that produced the coins, allowing us to rethink the relations between the Romans and the local

inhabitants. In order to do that, two points should be considered: first, unlike other ob-jects, coins

have an official character, being coined by a determined group holding power, and the choice of the

iconographic elements on them is directly connected to this government’s purpose. Secondly, we

must keep in mind that by studying the iconography of those coins we will be ap-proaching the local

elites, which were the ones entitled to issue coins with the permission of Rome.

The region on which we will be focusing our attention is the eastern part of the Roman

Empire, most specifically the Near East. It is well known that the eastern portion of the Roman

Empire was very different from the western one. The eastern towns were already well-structured,

mainly because they inherited political and cultural aspects of the previous Greek presence in theregion. Aware of this eastern reality, Rome based its dominion on stimulating the imperial cult

as a form of integration, as an element of cohesion, of unity, as it translated into different kinds

of cults and forms of interaction with the local gods. Besides, Rome also invested in the

concession of citizen-ship, concession of titles and changing the status of the towns. Rome understood very well that the rivalry between the towns of the eastern provinces, and

their yearning for titles, might become an interesting weapon to sustain the Roman presence in

the region. The towns contended fiercely to get more privileges from Rome. To be honoured by

Rome would give them even more political and economical advantages, not only with Rome, but

among the neighbouring towns as well. It is possible to observe through the coins’ inscriptions

that there truly was a ‘war of titles’ between the Syrian-Palestinian towns.

Incidentally, there already existed a foundation and refoundation town policy, and Rome took

advantage of this practice by turning the towns of the region into colonies. From then on, all of the

citizens from the coloniae were considered Roman citizens. The coloniae – like the army –

reproduced the Roman religious system overseas. The Romans replaced the existing poleis by a

1 I would like to thank the Hunter Coin Cabinet of the Hunterian Museum

and Art Gallery, at the University of Glasgow, and the International

Numismatic Commission, for having given me the opportunity of presenting

some advances of my research related to numismatics and the Roman Empire. I

extend my thanks also to Prof. Maria Cristina Nicolau

Kormikiari Passos, from the University of São Paulo, who had the

patience to correct my English and give valuable advice concerning many

topics in this paper. Finally I thank also the University of Santo Amaro

for institutional and financial support.


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THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN PALESTINIAN COINS 927

founding ritual of the new colony. All the symbolic structures of the colony emphasized their

sta-tus as ‘mini-Romes’ from the moment of their foundation, conducted with rites which echoed

the mythical foundation of Rome itself: the auspices had been taken – like Romulus in the well-

known myth – the founder ploughing around the place, raising the plough where the gates should

stand; within those defined borders, no burial should be made. Based on the work of some authors like David Mattingly, Charles Whittaker and Richard

Hingley, we suggest a more flexible and multi-faceted reading concerning Rome and its provinces,

where the way of contact of Rome with the provinces was actually a two-way relationship, within

which one should consider that the views must not be conflicting, but convergent. Thus, questions

like resistance from the local populations depend on the historical moment and the interests and

conveniences of the local elite; it depends on how Rome sought to manipulate the elites that held

power in relation to the ones from the opposition and how both parties’ interests could be solved.

Therefore monetary production was used by the Romans to justify their dominion over the

Syrian-Palestinian provinces; through the images depicted (in our case the presence of local dei-

ties on the coins stamped under Roman dominion), they sought to create a good friendship

policy with the local native peoples, but there was also total lucidity from the local elites

regarding these matters. That is the point which we want to emphasize. Next there will be presented four iconographic sets which show deities present on coins fromdifferent Palestinian towns: the depiction of the goddess Tyche (the Roman Fortuna), who is not

a local deity, but was adapted by the local populations to their political, cultural and religious

reality; Fanebal, a deity from the town of Ascalon; several depictions of Mount Garizim on the

Neapolis coins; and the presence of the Nabatean god Dusares on Bostra coins. The first case concerns the depictions of the goddess Tyche-Fortuna. It is also important to

say that the goddess Tyche is a ‘syncretic’ form of the city goddess. She is represented as such

on several coins mentioned here. The depictions of the goddess Tyche vary from town to town

de-pending on their political, economical or cultural characteristics. In the Palestinian coastal

towns the maritime elements were predominant in the images of Tyche, in contrast to the inland

towns where the goddess was represented with no attribute related to this environment. Thevariety of maritime elements such as the shell (murex), Triton, god of the sea , the anchor, the

ship, the helm, the prow and the ship’s sail were used as an iconography to show the sea as a

main source of liveli-hood, well-being and the economic and political greatness of the coastal

cities. We can see in the Ascalon coin (Pl. I, 1), that Tyche is standing upon a ship’s prow and

holds in her left hand the aphlaston (or acrostolium, an instrument used to measure the wind’s

speed and direction, which was placed on the ship’s stern). Despite their geographical proximity, similar maritime nature and Graeco-Roman culture,

the towns differed from one another, regarding such aspects as their ethnic composition and the

religions and political status of the inhabitants. Each town kept its own traditions and made

efforts to emphasize its singularity. The more we are away from the coast and move towards the interior of Syrian-Palestine, the

more we perceive that the coins depict Tyche with attributes that associate the goddess to the

field, the soil’s fecundity, and in some towns with attributes of war. As noted above, the coins

were pro-duced by an official authority, and thus we can infer that there is a direct intention in

the choice of the goddess Tyche-Fortuna or her attributes to be depicted on the coins. The type Tyche-Amazon, shown armed like a Roman soldier, was created as a direct response to

the First Jewish Revolt against the Romans and expresses the attempt to enforce a ‘Romaniza -tion’

on the Jews, who contested the cultural assimilation and tried to keep an independent policy.


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928 VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO

In the Jewish inland towns it seems that the type of the Amazon appears mainly during or after

the revolts. On the next coin (Pl. I, 2), stamped at Tiberias under Hadrian, we can see Tyche-

Amazon in a military dress.

In the Hellenistic towns, from the inland area and from Transjordan, their military and politi-

cal symbols vanished and Tyche changes from a goddess of war to a goddess of fertility. As

loyal keepers of the Roman empire, some towns had allied themselves with Rome and had

successfully overthrown the Jews who struggled to obtain more territorial domain in the region,

so these towns received further benefits from the Roman government, such as being elevated to

Colony status, some tax exemptions and even the privilege of issuing coins. Regarding the discussion about the presence of Tyche in the inland towns and their different

characteristics from the coastal towns, there is the interesting contribution by Yakov Meshorer.

This author tells us that the picture on the coin from the city of Panias ( Pl. I, 3) is something pe-

culiar, because it distinguishes itself for being issued by a Jewish authority - Agrippa II, Herod’s

great-grandson - who coined on behalf of the Emperor Vespasian. Tyche is dressed in a long

chiton and wears a crown that is shaped like a modius, the grain basket most associated with

Demeter, goddess of the soil’s fertility. The figure holds a cornucopiae in her left hand, the horn

that is pe-culiar to both Tyche and Demeter. In her right hand, which is outstretched, she holds asheaf of wheat – again a characteristic of Demeter. It is hard to define this figure, but it looks like the goddess Tyche, with Demeter’s character -

istics, who seems to symbolize the town where the coins were produced – Banias. Normally the

town of Banias is symbolized by a hand holding grains of wheat. At first glance, the appearance of a Graeco-Roman goddess on a Jewish coin is surprising,

but she is not one of the chief deities of the Graeco-Roman pantheon, which were considered an

abomination among the orthodox Jews. The Jews adopted a tolerant attitude toward some figures

from a world strange to them, because they were considered as symbols of attributes or abstract

concepts. Thus Tyche, the goddess of a town’s fortune, here symbolizes economic prosperity

with fertility attributes in her hands.

The depictions of the goddess Tyche clearly attest Rome’s political use of eastern coastal cit-ies, but we cannot forget that local leaders were the ones entitled to issue coins, and since they

wished to have a good relationship with Rome, they chose to represent in their coins a Graeco-

Roman goddess who also benefited them. In contrast to the above case, we will now show coins depicting the local god Fanebal from

the town of Ascalon. Fanebal, a local Ascalon deity, is prominent because it appears in various

issues from this town. It is believed that this deity might be a cross between two other deities,

Baal and Tanit. We can see from Pl. I, 5 that Fanebal appears as a god of war, wearing a helmet,

wielding a sword or harpoon in his right hand, and a shield and a palm in his left hand. Also it

can be ob-served, depicted on the coins, the structure of Fanebal’s temple, seen from within to

the outside (Pl. I, 4). The depiction of this temple, as well as many depictions of Fanebal

himself, show how the Ascalon inhabitants placed so much importance in their local cults and

how various Roman emperors like Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan and Hadrian, did

not interfere in the depiction of Fanebal on those coins. We turn next to the coins of Neapolis, which represent Mount Garizim and were issued under

three different Roman emperors. In the first (Pl. I, 6), issued under Antoninus Pius, Mt. Garizim

appears with a steep stairway ascending past shrines to the top crowned by a temple; on the right is a

second peak with altar and path leading up to it; it has a Greek inscription, which means ‘Flavia

Neapolis which is in Syria Palaestina’. The second coin (Pl. I, 7), issued under Volusian, shows on


26/29


its reverse Zeus-Ammon standing right to left, raising his arm towards Mt. Gerizim; at his feet, a

ram looking back; on the left, a legionary standard of the legion from Cyrenaica in Neapolis, and

a small ear of grain on the right. The third coin chosen (Pl. I, 8) was issued under Trebonianus

Gallus, and its reverse shows a female figure standing facing, holding a cornucopiae; below is

the she-wolf suckling the twins; on each side is a temple-shaped cage from which issue doves;

above is Mount Gerizim.

Hadrian built on Mount Garizim a great temple in the place of a Samaritan temple (Neapolis

was a Samaritan town), dedicated to the worship of Zeus-Hypsistos (‘Jupiter, the supreme god’).

Could this be about a ‘syncretic’ cult, which amalgamated the Roman-Hellenistic eastern faith

with the Samaritans’ monotheistic faith? As we have seen, the temple had an enormous

structure, which included the portentous altar on the other hilltop with an amazing set of

stairways that led to it, and with a huge ceremonial gate . All of these architectural elements are

richly depicted in the coins from Antoninus Pius onwards. In the case of Neapolis, as had

happened with Tiberias, the promotion of status seems to be directly linked with a reward for the

loyalty shown by these cities during the First Jewish Revolt against the Romans. Finally the fourth and last example to be addressed here is the presence of the temple of the

Nabatean god-river Dusares (Pl. I, 9). This depiction of the temple of Dusares demonstrates theimportance of the river for the city’s economy. As we can see, it reproduces the iconographic pat-tern

where the emperor is depicted in the act of founding the city. Above the ox and the cow is de-picted

the altar of the god Dusares, who was the main deity of the city of Bostra and was associated with

Bacchus. The presence of the Nabatean god Dusares’s altar on this coin shows a very thin line

between the Romans’ politico-ideological strategy and the resistance of the local populations. On the

one hand, it is part of the Roman strategy, which seeks to show an interlocking between Rome and

the local peoples by insinuating a religious complicity: a Roman ritual of foundation in essence

observed and admitted by the city’s most important deity, Dusares. The reflex of this religious

complicity was intended by the Romans to show their position of lords of the provinces, but fair

lords. On the other hand, one can infer that the presence of Dusares’s altar symbolically represents a

proclamation of nationalism and autonomy of the people that inhabited this region. How can we notthink that the Romans stationed in the region, as well as those Romans who chose that place to

inhabit, were not influenced by the daily rituals related to Dusares? As stated above, the line between

the two possibilities is very thin, and in this complex universe which was the Ro-man Empire, maybe

it is more correct to consider these two possibilities.

In this brief work we have sought to discuss the relations of Rome with her eastern provinces

through the presence of deities on the coins - a fact rarely considered by the researchers of the

Roman Empire. We have pointed out a possible path to achieve reflections and we believe that

the iconographic analysis of the coins allows us to observe some traits of continuity and

discontinuity which existed between Rome and its provinces. One must think about the presence of so many typical local deities on the coinage issued

under Roman domination; we must also analyse the Roman Empire’s stunning ability to work

ideologi-cally with the cult of these deities and their depictions on the coins; but one should also

consider the local authorities’ amazing cleverness in perceiving the Romans’ ‘game’ and

participating in this project to make theirs and their people’s culture prevail.


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930 VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, J.D. (1995), ‘The impact of Rome on the periphery: the case of Palestin a – Roman

period (63a.C. - 324 d.C.)’, in: The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land , New York,

Facts on File, pp. 446-69.

Beard, M. / North, J. / Price, S. (1998), ‘Roman religion and Roman empire’, in: Religions of

Rome, Cambridge, pp. 313-63.

Duncan-Jones, R. (1995), Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge.

Flavio Josefo (1961), Obras completas. Buenos Aires, Acervo Cultural.

Hanson, W.S. (1997), ‘Forces of change and methods of control’, in: Mattingly, D. (ed), Dialogues in Roman

Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant Experiences in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman

Archaeology, Supplementary series No. 23. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 67-80.

Hingley, R. (1997), ‘Resistance and domination: social change in Roman Britain’, in: Mattingly,

D. (ed), Dialogues in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant Experiences

in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series No. 23.Portsmouth, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 81-102.

Lacroix, L. (1974), Études d’arc héologie numismatique, Lion, Publicações da Biblioteca

Salomon Reiach, Diffusion de Boccard.

Mattingly, D.J. (1997), ‘Dialogues of power and experience in the Roman Empire’, in:

Mattingly, D. (ed), Dialogues in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant

Experiences in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series

No. 23. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 7-26.

Meshorer, Y. (1985), City-Coins of Eretz-Israel and the Decapolis in the Roman Period .

Jerusalém. Meshorer, Y. (2001), A Treasury of Jewish Coins. Jerusalém.

Millar, F. (1988), El imperio romano y sus pueblos limitrofes: el mundo mediterraneo en

la edad antigua, Cidade do México, Siglo Veintiuno.

Millar, F. (2001), The Roman Near East 31 BC – AD 337 . Cambridge, Harvard University

Press. Momigliano, A. (1990), Os limites da Helenização, Rio de Janeiro.

Rodan, S. (1999), ‘Marine Tyche-Fortuna: the goddess of the city, luck and chance in the coastal

cities of Eretz-Israel’, CMS NEWS - University of Haifa Center for maritime studies. Haifa,

n. 26 (Dezembro 1999), pp. 36-46.

Rosenberger, M. (1972 / 1975 / 1977), City Coins of Palestine (The Rosenberger Israel Collec-

tion.), 3 vols., Jerusalém.

SNG ANS = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Collection of the American

Numismatic Soci-ety , Parte 6: Palestine – South Arabia. New York, 1981.

Whittaker, C.R. (1997), ‘Imperialism and culture: the Roman initiative’, Journal of Roman Ar-

chaeology 23, pp. 143-63.


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KEY TO PLATE I

1. Askalon under Domitian. Date: 81-96 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: laureate bust of

Domi-tian. Greek inscription: CΕΒΑCΤΟC. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Astarte?) with

crown-shaped towers standing on the bow of the ship holding sceptre and aphlaston.

Altar in left field. In field right, dove. Greek inscription: ΑCKAΛWN. (x1).

2. Tiberias under Hadrian. Date: 117-138 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: Laureate bust of

Had-rian. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Amazon - Tyche of Tiberias), with crown of

towers, standing on prow to the left holding human bust and sceptre. (x1).

3. Banias under Agrippa II. Date: 67-100 AD. Metal: Bronze. Obverse: Laureate bust of

Vespasian to right. Greek inscription: ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ ΟΥΕCΠΑCΙ ΚΑΙC ΑΡΙ CΕΒΑCΤΩ.

‘Emperor Vespasian Caesar Augustus’. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Demeter) standing

left, holding cornucopiae in left hand and ears of grains in right hand. Greek inscription

across field: ET I BA / AΓPIΠΠA (year 14 = 74-75 AD) ‘of King Agrippa’. (x1).

4. Askalon under Antoninus Pius. Date: 138-161 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Facade of

the temple of Phanebal with four gates. (x1).5. Askalon under Hadrian. Date: 117-138 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: bust of Hadrian.

Greek inscription: CEBACTOC. Reverse: god of war Fanebal standing right, holding

har-poon, shield and palm. (x1).

6. Neapolis under Antoninus Pius. Date: 138-161 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Mt. Garizim

with steep stairway ascending past shrines to top crowned by temple; on right second peak

with altar and path leading up to it; Greek inscription: ΦΛ ΝΕΑCΠΟΛΕWC CYPIAC

ΠAΛAICTIN/ETΠH (Flavia Neapolis which is in Syria Palaestina, year 88 = 160 CE). (x1).

7. Neapolis under Volusian. Date: 251-253 AD. Metal: Bronze. Reverse: Zeus-Ammon

standing on right, facing to left, raising arm toward Mt. Gerizim; at his feet, ram looking

back; on left, legionary standard with eagle and small ear of grain on right. (x1).

8. Neapolis under Trebonianus Gallus. Date: 251-253 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Female

figure standing facing, holding cornucopiae; below she-wolf suckling the twins; on either

side, temple-shaped cage from which issue doves; above, Mount Gerizim. (x1).

9. Bostra under Alexander Severus. Date: 222-235 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Founding

Ceremony of Colony: the emperor as a founder ploughing with two oxen. At the top of

the field, the altar of the Nabatean god Dusares. (x1).


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PLATE I

1

3

5

7

2

4

6

8

9

Documents

The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins : reflections on cultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites / Vagner Carvalheiro Porto