INSTITUTIONIMPORT MOptIB DATE.ROTE,

CI .0 7 74

apparel king, Laundry and Dr1 Cleaning std"Textile it PrOduct4 industries. 'Reprinted-flips theOccupational Outlook' Handbook; 1978 -79 Editida.Bureau of Labor Statistics' (DOL), liashingtOn, D. C.Bull-1055 4178211).; Photographs in, thisAcCulent will not reps' ducevell; Far related doiclimentnvsee'CE 017 756-797 :

VAILABL FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governmeit PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402 480.50 per reprint- '

$8.00 for set of 42)

!DRS PRICE MP-80.83 BC-$1.67 Pins Postage.*Bakery industry; Cleaning; clothing MaintenanceSpecialists; *geployment'Opportunitiis; *EmploymentProjections; *BMPloymet Qualifications; EmploymentTrends; *Fashion Industry; Information -Sources; 46bSkills; Job Training; *Occupational Infornation;Occupational Mobility; Promotion (Occupatioial)rSalaries; Wages; Work'Environsent

EBTIFIE-S *Textile Industry

DESCRIPTORS

ABSTRACTFocusing o_ occupations the .o and bakini,

industries, this documen is one in a le of fotty*one_reprints,from the Occupitional;outiook.Handbook providing current Information/ and employment .projections for individual occiipationa and industriesthrough 1985. Thp specific occupations covered in this documentinclude occupations in the apparel-industry, occupations in .thebaking industry, occupations in laundry and dtTCleaning plants-

., occupations in the textile. mill" products industry.ile following-information 'is presented for each occupation or occupational area:code number referenced to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles; Itdescription of the nature of the work; places of employment ;-training, other qualifications, and advancement; emploYment.outiook;earnings and wOrking conditions; and sources of additional,information. In addition to the forty-one rep_ coveringindividual'occupations or ocupatidnal'areas (CE 017 757 -797), acompanion document (CE- 017 756) Oresentsmiploymevt projections forthe total labor market and discusses the relationihip between jobprospects and education. (BM)

* *IP ** ********** * ***It **IP**** Reproductions supplied by EDRs are the be* from the original docomen** *********************** ****************

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OCCUPATIONS IN THE APPAREL INDUSTRY making, cutting, sewing, and pr,

and Letcation of theIndtntry

The apparel industry producesclothes that not only are appropriatefor the occasion be it work, sleep,or leisure activitiesbut in such awide variety of colors and styles thatwe can select apparel to match ourmood and' expres.s our personali y. Inaddition to clothes, the industry pro -,duces linens and drapes and otherpoclurcts made from cloth such astents and parachutes. To do all this,the industry employs about 1.3 mil-lion peoplenearly 4 out of 5 makeclothes. . .

At the beginning of this century,the biaildings and streets of Manhat-tan's Lower East Side bustled withapparel manufacturing activity. NewYork's styles became the standardfor the rest of the country. Buyers forlarge, out-of-town department storescame to New York City to view newdesigns aitcl to place orders for winterand summer fashions. Apparel firmsin this city not only had the advan-tage of being near a crincentrationofbuyera,Jbut newly arrived immigrantsprovided them with an inexpensive.

- supply of workers. New York City'was then the undisputed apparelmanufacturing capital of the country.

Today, New York City is no longerthe Nat n's dominant apparel cen-

alth ugh- it is still impoitantost I iota of every 5 employees in

the industry works in or around NewsarYork City. However, many firmashave moved to the South so as to-,lower, their taxes and labot costs. As ,a result, about 25 percent of the in- .

dustry's employees work in Nerth.Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Tennessee,Sout Carolina, and Alabama. Otherfires ave moved to large cities suchas Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, St.Louis, and Dallas, where large cloth-ing markets exist.

More than half of the dustry'sworkers are employed in firms thathave °vet 100 employees. Only 1

plant in 7, however, is this large. The' limited investment required to cut

and sew garments, and thg specializa-tion of firms in one operation, suchas cutting, allow small firms to enter

2

thits industry with relative ease. In thewomen's and misses- outerwear sec-tor of this industry, for instance, themajority of the cut and sewn gar-merits originate in New York City,but much of the sewing is contractedout to firms spread throughout theMiddle Atlantic States. Plants manu-facturing Men's wear usually are larg-er than those making women's gar-ments because men's clothingundergoes less 'frequent changes indesign and style and thus is bettersuited to mass production methods.

Occupations In thrInduatry

Apparel industry employees, mostof whqm are directly involved in theproduction process, carry out t11#major operations of designing arldpattern making, cutting and marking,sewing, and pressing. &bout half ofall apparel employees are hand sew-ers or sewing machine operators.Generally, high grade and style -ori-ented apparel is more carefully de-signed and involves more handworkthan cheaper, more standardizeditems. For example, some hand de-_tailing goes into fashionable cock-tail dress or a high-priced suitorcoat, While items such as undershirtsand overalls usually are sewn entirelyby machine. T ake the many dif-ferent kinds garments workerswith various skills and 'educationalbackgrounds are needed

Designing Room Occupations: Typi-cally. the manufacturing process be-gins with the designer (D.O.T.

-1 42.081), who creates new types and"styles of apparel. Inspiration for Wnew design may come from any of a-

variety of experiencestraveling,obser ing life styles, and looking atpainti s and other sources of information bout how people dressed inthelast, to name but a few. In add i-ti n fo creativity, designers musthave practical knowledge of the ip-pare1 business so that they can trans-late their ideas into styles that can beprg;dued at competitive prices. Theymust, for example, be familiar withlabor processes and costs for variousfactory operations su as pattern

It

ing.A large manufacturer generally

has a head designer and several assis-tants. Many small firms, however, donot employ designers but purchaseready_ made designs oi patterns orcopy higher priced designs.

A designer usually works with onetype of apparelpogoeff as suits ordresses, although some work withseveral. For a high-quality dress, de-signers usually start by drawingsketches or draping muslin on amanikin and choosing fabrics, trim,and colors. ,Using these sketches as

ides, designers and thick assistantsmake an experitnental dress. Theycuts-asterisk/a and pin, sew, and adjustthe dress on a form or a live model

t Aridl it matches the sketth.Sample makers (D.O.T. 785.381 )

use thiss. Operirrsental dress as a guidein cutti4gend_seseing fabrics to makea finished sample of the dress. Aftermanagement has approved the sam-ple, a pattern maker (D.O.T.781.381) constructs a master pat-tern. Working closely with the de-signer, the pattern maker translatesthe sketch, or sample dress into paperor fiberboard piecei, each one repre-penting a part of the garment. A pat-tern grader (D.O.T. 781.381) mea-sures the pieces that make up Chilimaster pattern, and modifies them tofit various sizes. To speed up this pro-cess,:some large plants use dornput-era to draw up the patterns for eachsize.

Styles; for many items, such asmen's suits, and jackets, do notchange significantly from year toyear: thus, sdrne- of the steps de-scribed above are not required. Adesigner may alter the style of a suit,for example, by simply making minorchanges on the mastei pattern.

Cutting Room Occupations. Workersin the cutting room prepare cloth forsewing. There are five basic opera-tions in the cutting 'department:Spreadiog, marking, cutting, assem-bling, and ticketing. Small shops maycombini two or more of these opera-tions into a single job.

Hand spreaders (D.O.T 781.887)lay out bolts of cloth into exactlengths on the cutting table. Machinespreaders ( D.O.T. 781.88411 are aided

Marker arrange pattern plecei>E to get the greatiat nuffitser of entrsmallest quantity of cleth,

by machines in laying the clothevenly across the table.

Markers (D.O.T. 781,484) tracethe fiberboard 'pattern pieces onlarge sheets of paper, and may makeseveral carbons of these tracings, Insome cases they trace the patternpieces with chalk directly on thecloth itself, rather than on paper.

Following the pattern's outline onthe cloth, a cutter (D.O.T. 781,8841cats out the various garment piecesfrom layers of cloth. Sometimesthese- layers are as high as 9 inches.Using an electrically powered knife,the cutter slices through all the layersit once. The work of a cutter and amarker frequently is combined tnto a

/ single job.The pieces of cloth that have been

cut are prepared for the sewing roomby another group of specializedworkers. Assemblers, sometimescalled bundlers or fitters (13.0.T.781.687), bring together and bundlethe pieces and accessories (linings.tapes, and trimmings) needed tomake a complete garment. Theymatch color, size,. and fabric designand use chalk or thread to marklocations for pockets, hittonholes.buttons, and other trimmings. Theyiden iach. bundle with a ticket,whir also used to figure the earn-

4L

orn the

ings of workers who are paid accord-. ing to the number of pieces they pro-duce The bundles then are routed tothe various sections of the sewingroom.

Sewing Room Occupations. Most.production workers in the apparel in-dustry are hand sewers and sewingmachine operators. Although handsewers are needed in the productionof expensive garments and to put thefinishing touches on moderate-pricedclothing, sewing machine operatorsconstitute the great majority of work-ers in this area.

Using industrial 'machines that areheavier and run faster 'than the onesfound in the home, sewing machineOperators (D.0_1_ 787,782) generally.specialize in a single operation suchas sewing -shoulder seams, attachingcuffs to sleeves, or hemming blouses.Some make sections such as pockets;collars, or, sleeves,. others assembleand join these cgrnpleted sections tothe main parts of the garment_

Sewing Machine operators gener-__ally, are classified by the type of ma-chine they use, such as single-needlesewing Machine operator or blind-stitch machine operator, and by diptype of work performed. such as col-lar stitcher or sleeve finisher.'

Most hand sewing is done on bet-

ter quality or highly styled dresses,suits, and coats. Ilandsewers (D.O.T.782.884) use needle and thread toperform various operations rangingfrom simple sewing to complexstitching. Many hand sewers special-ize in a single operation, such as lapelbasting or lining _stitching.

Instead of being sewn, parts suchas collars and lapels may be "fused"together by heat and _pressure. Afusing machine opera tor places thegarment part on a loading platformof fusing press that is adjusted teiiapply the precise amouneof pressureand temperature needed for a perma-nent bond.

In a typical apparel plant, eachoperator in the sewing departmentperforms one or two assigned tasks-on each piece in a bundle of cutgarment pieces, and then passes thebundle to e next operator. Manyplants em oy material handlers i

(D.O.T. 9 9.887) who move gar-ment bundles from one sewing op-eration to another.

At various stages of the sewingoperations, inspectors and checkers(D.O.T. 78 'b.687) examine garments.They, niark'defeets.- such as skippedstitches or bad seams, which the in-spectors sometimes 'repair before thegarments are passed on to-the nextsewing operation_ ,Hand trimmers.(D.O_T. 781.887),:eften called'thread trimmers and cleaners, re-move loose threads, basting stitches.,and lint from garmenti, .

Tailoring Occupations.(D.O .T, 785.261 anddressmakers (D.O.T. 785.361)skilled workers who do difficult kindsof hand and machine sewing. Mostare employed in rnaking expensiveclothing that needs precise sh p ngand finishipg. Although some tailoand dressmakers make complete garmerits, most specialite in a few op-erations such as collar setting andlapel padding.

Brishaers, (D.0 T. 785.281) aretailors who repair defects in finishedgarrrients rejected by the inspector.They alter parts that have not beensewn correctly, rearrange padding incoats and suits, and do other sewingnecessary to eQrnet:I. defects.

'Tailors

fltwino inachin us* machine* thot.sro near lofound In the !toms.

Pressing °cc ions. The shape andappearance of he finished garmentsdepend, to a large extent, on thepressing that is done during and aftersewing operations,

Pressers (D.O.T. 363_782, _884,and .885), sorretimes working wmanikins and body forms, use various types of steam pressing .ma-chine's or hand irons to flatten seamsand shape parts and finished gar-ments. There a e two basic types ofpressers and rpressers and finishpressers. Uncle ressers specialize onparticular germ nt parts, such as col-lars, shoulders, seams, or pockets.Their duties vary from simplesmoothing of cloth and flattening ofseams to skillful' shaping of garmentparts. hihish -pressers generally do fi-nal pressing and ironing at the end ofthe sewing operations.

rid run looter than the Ones

where they will show, Following thesewing instructions given by the cut-ter, fur rnach'ind operatas (D.O.T.787:782) sew these pelts together tomake garrnInt sections. 'A fur nailer(D.O.T 83.884), after wetting and

etching the garment sections, ei-er staples or nails them on.a board

so that they will cover the pattern.When the sections are dry, this work-er removes them from the board. Tocomplete the garment, the fur ma-chine operator theb finishes sewingthe various sections, and fur finishers(D.O.T. 783.381) sew. in the lining,tape edges, make pockets, arid Newon buttons and loops.

Fur hop Occupations. necause fursare xpensive and -.difficult to work

.

wit_ making a fur garment requireso ars who have special skills not

nd in plants that make other typesapparel.. k

The 'most skilled- worker in a furanent 'plantis the fur cutter:O.T. 783_781), who also may be

thesuperviseir "The cutter selects andmatches enough fur skins td make a

single garment, such as a coat orpacket, and arranges and cuts theskins on pattern- 'Pieces so that thechoice sections of fin' are placed

idministrative, Sales, and -Sainte:nance Occupations. Most adrninistta-tive positions in an apparel plant arein the production department. Pro-duction managers are responsible forestimating production costs, schedul-ing the flow of work, hiring and train-ing workers, controlling quality, andsupervising the overall productionactivities of the plant. In some small

-apparel firms, the production manag-er also is a designer.

Industrial engineers advise' man-agement about the efficient use-ofmachines, materials, and workers.(Further discussion of industrial en-gineers is included elsewhere in theHandbook.)

Clerks, bookkeepers, stenogra-phers, and other office workers make

up payrolls, prepare ices,: keeprecords, and ,attend to ,outer -

work. In some large 1:glints, manyclerical functiorri are handled.with.computers. This requires 'keypunchoperators, computer programMysand operators, and systems analysts :Sales wailers. fabric 'buyers, odels,accountants, and sewing mach_ ine.mechanics 'and technicians areamong other types of workers in the

.

apparel industry. Dityissioni bfmany of these jobs can be found else-where in the Handlx;ok:,

,

Training, Other Qualifications,and Advanosinant

Most workers in the apparel indus-try pick up their skills on the job byhelping and observing experienced

`.workers. The length of time requiredfor on-the-job training ranges from afew weeks to several' years, depend-ing on the type of occupation, theworker's aptiiude, aria the employ-ees training program, A relativelysmall number of employees aretrained in formal apprenticeship pro-grams foi highly skilled occupations,such as pattern maker, cutter; and-tailor. Some employees take coursesin pattern making, cutting, and tai-boring, as well as machine and handsewing, at private and public schoolsin apparel manufacturing centers.

Many production jobs do not re-quire much .physical exertion. Goodeyesight and manual dexterity, how-ever, are vital.

Eottcy itito beginning hand-or ma-4-'chine-sewing jobs is relatively easy,

since there are -few restrictions re-garding education and physical con-dition_ An increasing number ofworkers, however, are receivingtraining in high school and vocation-al schools. New workers start by sew-ing straight seams, under the supervi-sion of a skilled worker or supervisor,and progress to more complicatedsewing as they gain experience.Many large companies have specialin-plant training programs for sewingmachine operators. the operator istaught how to perform each opera-tion with minimal finger, arm, andbody movement. The ability to doroutine work rapidly is essential,since nearly all sewers are paid by thenumber of pieces they produce.

nie aewers'Most,boweveri stay on the

general. operation throughput,ir Working Wei and can look for

o moving from aimpletks to mcir troinplicated-

ones east pity h" cc -rates.New workers in Cutting rocanift usu-

ally begin asassernbrirs (bundlirs orfitteri). Speed, patience, and theability to match Galore are,necessafor these jobs: An !assembler may bepromoted to 'spreader; and after afew years, to marker or cutter.

Most:pattern makers up theSkills of the trade by working. for

: several -years as:lielpers IC) experk_eneed pattern makers. Cutters andpattern gradersoccasionally are pt6-incited to patterg 'making. Patternmake* must be able to Minalizefrom a sketch' or model: he _size.

jpbs Outside the apparelatanafactur-- the -job training inall productian pro-ink-industry as fitteri and alteration eeiiies; ranging friikrr sekctiori-i0 fab-

-teflon!, in clothing stores _and dry- .' ries 'to'siliprnent of finished appaiel,`,`cleaning shops. ', - --' .. . are required to qualify as a prnduc-

Pressers usually .begin as under-_ tion Manager. 4pa'esseq, workiag on simple seamsand. garment parts. Underpressing ... Ern pliant Outlook.

.._ .

can learned in a shorts time, and .° .. . sy

.the starkertarker can progress to the more. Apparel industry employment is'difficult job o(. finish presser. These expected to grow aboat.as fist as theworkers al car, transfer to pressing average for all industries-trough thejobs. in d

Many a'emit desi

ing shops.firms prefer to re-

from colleges' that of-fer -specie training in this field.

--Graduates ually start as assistantdesigners 'or sample makers., Sonia

; designers,. however,, have come opthrough t* ranks by advancing froincutting, pattern making, or tailoringlobs. incrisase

edge of fabrics, a keen sense of dialor, The indastry s greater emphasis on.and tbe:,' ability' to translate design styling also may- stiniulate demand.:ideas into a fieislied garment. They "Employment in the ;industry, how-should alsd acquaint themselves with ever,- not expected to -keep pace'garrneramaking techniques by woik- with the production of 'apparel, be-ing brietly'invarious plant jobs, such cause new mechanized equipmentas-- sample making, pattern making, and improvedmethods of Production,

mid-1980's, Most job openings willa from the need to,replace experi-e ced workers who retire, die, or

ansfer to other fields of. work. Thenumber of ,openings may-fluctuate,greatly Cretin_ gear to year, as The ctemand for apparel is highly sensitiveto cbangek in the economy..

Demadd for apparel is expected tothe long ran as pdpula-

Designers need a thorough kpowl- tied and incomes -continue to-grow.'ahem and number of pattern pieces

rewired ,tor a particular garment.They also mUstirave a knowledge offabrics, body proportions, and gat-merit constnictioit...

For beginninglailaraud dressmak-' ing jobs, runny employers prefer to

hire vocational school graduates whohave had '- courses in these subjects.With a few years of additional ap-prenticeship or informal.ori-the-jobtraining, graduates cap qualify asskilled wbrkers. Some of these work-ors eventually, become designers or

rvisors. They cap also transfer to

cattle-, and-machine sewing. Design-ers should know-how to sketch.

Production managers and industri-al eniineers'imacri begin as mariagelment traine college educationincreasingly is being required fortheie jobs, For those. without a col-lege background, many years of on-'

The number of jobs in the apparel - ,industrywith The -economy

Wage and sataryworkersprojected 1985Employees 1,600On tr,ousands)

,1,400-

n the apparel indus

luctuates

and distribution are expected to re-.sult in greeter output per worker. Ex-amples of laborsaving equipment in-clude sewing machine. that Can .

position needles and trim threads au-tomatically; devices that .automati-cally position fabric pieces under theneedle and remove and stack com-pleted pieces; and computer-con-trolled pattern making, grading, and

_cuttink. Computers also are improv-ing managerial control over sales, in-°,ventories, shipping, and production.

Despite technological advances inequipment, extensive application ofautomatic laborsaving equipment tothe production process is difficultbecause -cif the variety of items pro-duced and the frequent style and sea-sonal changes, particularly in cloth-=ing.' For these and other reasons,apparel manufacturing operationswill continue 'to require much man- 'ual labor._ Most employrinefit oppor-tunities Will, be for sewing machineoPerarbrs, at this occupatic5nal groupconstitutes, appioximately 50 weer*of total industry employMent.

Opportunities are expected, to beparticularly' favorable for productionmanagers and engineers with collegedegrees in apparel management, en-

instkors in th. men's andsnots, 1974

New York,N.Y.NJ.

metropolitanarea Baltimore

All production workers..... . ..

Curlers and markersFinishers, hand, coat fabricationPressen, finch, machine, coat fabrication .

Searing machine operators, coat fabricationiaji machine operators, trouser fabrication

gineering technology or apparel,and industrial enginee ng, as well asfor sales workers, fab 'c buyers, andsewing machine met snits. lob op-portunities also shout be favorablefor the more high skilled craft yoark-rs such as pattern makers, cdtters,

pressers, finishers, and tailors. Peo-ple who plan to become designers, onthe other hand, will face keen com-petition, because the number of peo-ple trying. to get into this field ex-ceeds the number of available jobs.

Earnings and WorkingConditions

Earnings in the apparel industryare relatively low. In 1976, produc-tion workers in apparel averaged$3.41 an hour, compared with $4.87an hour for those in all private ifidus-tries, except farming.

Average hourly earnings of pro-duction workers varied among differ-ent kinds of .apparel plants, rangingfrom $3.03 in plants that made hats,cape, and millinery to $4.18 in thosethat made men's and boys' suits andcoats. Earnings of apparel workersalso varied by occupation and geo-graphic area. Table 1 gives estimatedaverage hourly earnings in 1976 forselected occupations and areas inone segment of the industry.

Because Nost production workersin the apparel industry are paid bythe number of pieces they produce,their total earnings depend uponspeed as well as skill_

84.51 ;4.23

5.063,885.204.123.dc

Philadelphia

$4.47

6,393.895,984,473.95

Many apparel workers are unionmembers, particularly those whowork in metropolitan areas. The ma-jor unions in this industry are theInternational Ladies' GarmentWorkers' Union, the AmalgamatedClothing and Textile Workers'Union, and the United GarmentWorkers of America. Some of theseunions sponsor health care and childday care centers, cooperative hous-ing, and vacation resorts for thebenefit of their members.

Workers may be laid off for severalweeks during slack'seasons, particu-larly in plants that make seasonalgarments, such as women's coats andsuits. Employment is usually morestable in plants that produce stan-dardized garments, such as pajamasand men's shirts, which are worn allyear. In many plants, the availablework during slack periods is dividedso that all workers can be assured ofat least some earnings.

While many plants are housed inold buildings, others are located inmodern buildings' that have amplework space, good lighting, and air-conditioning. Because most employ-ees sit wherrthey sew, the work is notphysically strenuous, but the pace israpid and many tasks are monoto-nous.

Working conditions in cutting anddesigning 'rooms are more pleasantthan in the sewing and pressing areas.The cutting and designing rooms arein an area away from the hustle and

bustle. of the sewing and pressingoperations, and designing,, patternmaking, and cutting jobs. are'interesting ancrIess monotormusmost other apparel jobs.

Somas of AdditionalInformation

Information on vocational andhigh schools that- offer training indesigning, tailoring, and sewing maybe obtained from the Division ofVocational Education of the Depart-ment of Education in each _Statecapital.

Information on apprenticeshipsmay be obtained from the Appren-ticeship Council of the State labordepartment or the local office of.State employment service. Some lo-cal employment service offices ad-minister tests to determine aptitudesthat are important for many apparelindustry jobs.

Focgeneral information on jobs inthe industry and intbrmation onschools that r degrees in apparelmanagement, neering technol-ogy for appar ign, and relatedprofessional and ational fields,write to:American Apparel Man curers Associ-

ation, Suite 800, 161 ant St., Arling-, ton, Va. 22209.

Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers'Union. 15 Union Square, New York. N .Y.10003.

Fur Information and Fashion Council, 101 W.30th St.. New York, N.Y. 10091.

International Ladies' Garment Workers'Union, 1710 Broadway. New York, N.Y.10019.

National Outerwear and Sportswear Associ-ation, Inc.. 1 Pennsylvania plaza, NewYork, N.Y. 10001.

United Garment 'Workers of America, Room1614, 200 Park Ave. South, New York.N.Y. 10003.

Apparel Manufacturers' Association, 1440Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018.

National Knitted Outerwear Association, 51Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10010.

'OCCUPATIONS IN THE BAKINGTNDUSTRY

The baking industryone of theNation's largest food- essing em-ployersprovides s

*dy. year

round employment for thousands ofworkers throughout the country.Jobs exist to suit a wide variety ofinterests, skills, and talents. Bakeryworkers make, wrap, pack, sell, anddeliver producti- Mechanics- main-tain and repair plant nachineryanclservice delivery trucks. Managersand sales specialists direct operationsand clerical workers perform regularoffice duties. 4

Nature and Location of theIndustry

About 240,000 persons worked inthe Nation's 3,500 industrial bak-eries in 1976. More than 4 out of 5worked in bakeries that producedperishable gOods such as bread, rolls,pies, cakes, and doughnuts. The re-mainder worked in those that made"dry" goods such as cookies, crack-ers, and pretzels.

WEMIVamr"firallUelie Mew!BMW wt-,-ra,atesseasp

Although there are many smallbakeries, the larger plants accountfor most of the employment- Aboutthree-fourths of the industry'sployees are in plants with more than100 workers.

Most jobs are concentrated in met-ropolitan areas and most of the in-dustry's employees are productionworkers. They do the baking, handleraw materials, maintain equipment,wrap and pack produts, and keepthe bakeries clean Nearly I out of 4drives a thick to deliver the indus -.try's products; most 9f these workerssell to retail store Other driverswith no sales duties deliver bakeryproducts to distribution centers, ho-tels, restaurants, and stores. The re-maining 20 percent of the work forceare in admirristfttive, professional,technical, and clerical jobs.

Production Occdpations. Althoughnot all baked goods are made inexactly the same way, most bakery,production jobs are Produc-

s

Divider machine operator rune machine that divides and shapes dough into loaves

tion'workers blend, sift, and mix in-dients to form a dough;_ shape and

.bake the dough; and wrap and packthe final product.

Since bread is the primary productof the industry, occupations de-

. scribed here are those found in aread bakery. Jobs (may differ sonar_-

...what in a bakery_ that makes otherproducts or is more automated.

The first step in baking is to com-bine the ingredients needed to maredough. Mixers (D.O.T. 520.885 )load blending machines with theexact amounts of flour; -water.' andyeast needed for the bread, Using in-struments, they carefully control thetemperature ,tithing, and- mixingspeed of the -machines to insure auniform, well blended' dough. Themixed dough is dropped into a troughand pushed to a warm proofing roomwhere the yeast ferments and thedough rirs. The risen dough is

cured= back into thalblender andsugar, sa'jt, shortening, and, moreflour and water are adsie)d. Thedough is allowed to rise again beforeit is shaped intp loaves.

Divider machine operators (D.O.T.520.885) run machines that divide,round, proof, and shape dough intoloaf-size balls. A ,conveyor carriesthese balls of dough to dough moldersor molding machirre operators(D.O.T. 520.885) who press out theair bubbles, (our' the balls in.toloaves; and drop the loaves into pans.If bread or rolls are to be made infancy shapes, bench hands (D.O.T.520.884) knead and form the doughby hand.

The pans of dough go back to theproofing room for about an hourbefore' being placed in. the oven.Oven tenders (D.O.T. 526.885) loadarili-auaload the ovens and adjust thetemperature and timing of the ovensto make sure tl)at the Bread is prop-erly baked.

Some bakeries use an automaticocess called "continuous Mix': that

liminates many of the steps` de-scribed above. With this process, allingredients are inked at once and thedough is divided, shaped, put intopans, and then proofed only once be-fore baking.

In small bakeries, all -round bakers(D,O T. 526.781) assisted by help-

7

wirleana,_

Oven tender loading pens of dough into oven.

' erg, usually handle altthe steps need-ed to turn out finished baked prod-ucts. In large bakeries, all-roundbakers are employed as working su-pervisors. They direct their employ-ees and coordinate their activity withother departments to meet produc-tion schedules."

A considerable number of helpers(D.O.T. 526.886) are employed inbaking operations to grease pans, re-move bread from pans, push troughsand racks, and wash pans. They mayassist all-round bakers and other

. workers. They have job titles such asdoughmixer helper, and oven tenderhelper..

After baked goods aretoo4ed, sev-eral types of workers prepare themfor delivery to customers. Slicing-and-wrapping machine operators(D.O.T. 521.885) feed loaves ofbread onto conveyors leading to the

. machines, watch the,.. slicing andwrapping operations, adjust the ma-chines, and keep them supplied withbags and labels. A conveyor thentakes the wrapped loaves to the ship-ping platform.

Bakery employees in icing depart-ments give finishing touches to

cakes, pastries, and other sweetgbods following special formulas ofthe bakery. Icing mixers (D.O.T..52 ©.885) weigh and measure ingredi-ents and mix cake icings and fillings-by machine. They also preparecooked fillings for pies, tarts, andother pastries. Hand icers (D.b.T.524.884) are skilled workers who

_corate special products such asweddinicakes, birthday cakes, andfancy pastries. When de product isuniform or requires no special deco-ration, the frosting may be applied bymachine icers (D.O.T. 524.885).

Bakeries also employ many work-ers in storage, warehousing, and ship-ping departments. Receiving andstock clerks check, record, and deliv-er incoming supplies and ingredientsto various depSrtments. Packers andcheckers make up orders of bakeryproducts for delivery by route driv-ers.

Maintenance Occupations. Bakeriesemploy skilled maintenance workerssuch as machinists, electricians, andstationary engineers to keep machin-ery and equipment in good condi-tion. Large plants need many of theseworkers because their baking opera-

tions are highly mechanized. Manybakeries also employ auk Mechan-ics to service their delivery trucks.

Sales and Driving Oicuparions. Sell-ing and delivering finished bakedfoods requires many thousands ofworkers. Some sell baked goosome drive trucks, and many doboth.

Route drivers (D.O.T. 292.358)Work for wholesale bakeries. Theydeliver baked foods t6 grobery stolesalong their routes and collect pay-ment. Attracting new customers andurging old customers to buy moreproducts are major parts. of their-job.Route drivers ,usually arrange theirbaked,goods on shelves or displayracks in grocery stores althoughsome stores have begusuo use their

n employees to stock shelves.Drivers also list the items they thinkthe grocers will buy the next day;these lists are used to help make upthe bakery production schedule forthe next morning.

Route supervisors assign deliveryroutes and check delivery schedules.They train new route drivers and maytemporarily replace those who areabsent. A large bakery may employseveral supervisors, each in charge of6 to 10 route drivers.

Chain grocery store bakeries andmultioutlet retail bakeries employtruckdrivers rather than route driversto deliver baked "foods to each oftheir company's stores. Truckdriversdo not have sales duties, nor, in frareas, do they stock shelves. Eachstares stock clerks or sales clerksarrange the displays of bakedloods.

Administrative, Clerical, and Profes-sional and Technical Occupations.Administrators in large bakeries andowners of -small bal cries coordinateall baking activities, from the pur-chase of raw materials to the produc-tion and delivery of finished goods.In large firms, activities are dividedinto separate depIrtments or func-tions and are supervised by plantmanagers, comptrollers, sales man-agers, and other executives. Someadministrative employees specializein fields such as accounting, purchas-ing, advertising, personnel, and in-dustrial relations. Bakeries employ

'many types of clerical workers, in-

eluding bookkeepers, cashiers,clerks, bobs machine operators,typist*, and switchboard operators.Some large baking companies havelaboratories luld test kitchens wherechemists, home economists. andtheir assistants test ingredients andprepare formulas and recipes. (De-tailed discussion ofthe duties, train-ing, and employment outlook formaintenance, sales, driving, adminis-trative, clerical, and technical per-sonnel appear elsewhere in the Hand-book.)

Training, Other Ouelificatione.and Advancement

Training requirenienu for occupa-tions in the baking industry rangefrom a few days on the job to severalyears of experience or advanced edu-cation. Slicing and wrapping ma-

, thine operators can learn their job ina w days, but skilled workers, suchas all-round bakers, rakers, oven ten-ders, and other baking specialists,need 3 or 4 years of training. Profes-sional personnel and some adminis-trative workers must have a collegedegree or considerable bxperience intheir specialty.

Mast inexperienced productionworkers in the baking industry arehired as helpers. They usually areassigned such tasks as carrying ingre-dients to mixing machines, or push-ing troughs of dough to the proofing

room. Matey worlters who becomebakers begin as baker's

helpers. _They, learn more advancedbaking skills while working alongside"experienced bakers, and mai% be se-lected to enter an apprenticeshipprogram. Employvs usually requirean apprentice to at least 18 yeahold and have a high school or voca-tional school diploma. Apprentice-ship programs last 3 or 4 years, andinclude on-the-job training in all bak-ing operations and classroom instruc-tion in related subjects.

'Some workers take courses in vo-cational school' or learn baking in theArmed Forces. Such training maynot qualify a person as a skilled ba-ker, but it may help in getting a job asan apprentice or shorten the appren:ticeship training period.

Bakers may be promoted to jobssuch as working or department su-pervisors. Some bakers who have de-veloped special skill in fancy cake-making or piemakipg may find jobsin hotel or restaurant bakeries. All-round bakers with some businessability sometimes open their ownbakeshops.

Production employees 'must be ingood health. Most States require Aihealth certificate Aitating that theworker i free from contagious dis-eases. Good health also is importantbecause of the high temperature inbakeries.

°Technological innovations enable bakeries tomeetindeased demand with fewer employees

Wage and salary workers in the baking industry, 1950-76 andprojected 1985EMployees 350(in thousands)

300

250

200

150 ---

50

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975"

uriau of Libor Stall#11Ce Or

1 0

_LMAMMWEILIe

Some bakeries have apprentice%ship _programs. for maintenance'workers such as maChinists, electri-cians, and mechanics. Othelle trainmaintenance workers informally onthe jOb. Some bakeries hire onlymaintenance workers who are al-ready skilled.

For Sure drivers or truckdrivers,'baking firms generally hire inexperi-enced people with a high sehooledurcation. These workers often begin asstock clerks, packers, or checkers,and .are promoted to driving jobs.Applicants must be able to get- achauffeur's license and sorrapimesare tested by the baking co pingto determine whether they are safedrivers. Classroom instruction insales, display, and delivery -procedures is sometimes given to nevi'route drivers, but most training is giv-en on the job by supervisors. Routedrivers may be promoted to routesupervisors car sales managers.

Adininistrative Jobs us4lly arefilled by upgrading personQ alreadyemployed in the firm. Some ownersand production managers of bakerieshave been plant workers or were insales occupations. In recent years,large baking firms have requiredtheii new administrative workers tohave a college degree in an adminis-trative field, such as marketing, ac-counting, labor relations, personnel,or advertising. Kansas State Universi-ty at Manhattan offers a bachelor ofscience degree in bakery science andmanagement. The American Insti-tute of Baking conducts a school ofbaki for persons who wish to qual-ify fo managerial positions. Appli-cants must have a high school diplo-ma and 2 years of baking experienceor equivalent time in college.

Persons who have completed acommercial course in high school,junior college, or a business schoolusually, are preferred for secretarial,stenographic, and other clerical jobs.

Employment Outlook

Employment- in the baking indus-try is expected to decline through themid-1980's. Nevertheless, severalthousand job openings are anticipat-ed each year because of the need toreplace workers who retire, die, ortransfer to other fields Tif work.

Population growth will increasethe demand for bakery products.However, laborsaving technologicalinnovations` Will enable Many bak-eries, particularly large industrialones, to meet the demand with feweiemployees. Pneumatic handling sys-tems and pumps quickly and easilytransfer ingredients from trucks, orrailroad cars to storage containers.The "continuous mix" process elimi-nates doughmixing and proofing op-erations and conveyor systems movepanned dough from ovens to labelingknachines in one continuous process.In addition, some bakeries can pre-pare. a week's baked goods at onetime and store them in the freezeruntil needed.

Earnings a nd WorkingConditions

In 1976, earnings of productionworkers in the baking, industry aver-aged $2112.27 a week, or $5.16 anhour, which is 'slightly higher than theaverage for all workers in private in-dustry, except farming_

Under the terms of union coraractscovering ernployeei in some whole-sale bakeries producing bread andrelated 'Products, minimum hourlyrates in major occupations in 1976were as follows:

Baking supervisors........ 55.84=7,49All-round bakers and mixers 4,81-7.04Waders and dividers and

molding and dividingmachine operators.... 4.62-7.04

Oven tenders.... 4.81-7.04Baker's helpers 4.44 -6.95Wrapping machine operators 4,81-6.29

Some plant employees work nightshifts and weekends because manybakeries operate around the clock.Some bakeries are eliminating thenight shift since baked goods can befrozen and stored until needed. Mostplant workers are on a 40-hour work-week, .hut some work 35 or 37 1/2hours, and others 44 to 48 hours.

Route drivers usually receiveguaranteed minimum salary plus apercentage of their sales. Accordingto limited information from unioncontracts, route drivers for wholesalebakeries had minimum weekly sala-ries of from $123 to S283 in 1976. By

10

selling more baked products to morecustomers, route drivers can increasetheir earnings. Companies generallypay for uniforms and their mainte-nance.

Working conditions in bakeries aregenerally good. However, many jobsinvolve 'some strenuous physical.work, despite the considerablemechanization of baking processes.Wock near ovens can be uncomfort-ably hot.

Nearly all employees of industrialbaking firms get paid vacations;which usually rang_e from 1 to 5weeks according to length of service.Employees also get from 5 to 11 paidholidays, depending on, the locality..Most baking companies have life andhealth insurance programs and re-

. tirernent pension plans. Many em-ployees are covered, by joint union-industry plans that are 'paid for en-tirely by the company.

Mao, bakery_ workers belong- toIfibor linionis. Bakers and other plantworkers are organized by the Bakeryand Confectionary Workers' Interne-

tional Union of America, and routedrivers and truck drivers usually are -,-maribers of the International Broth-erhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,Warehousemen and Helpers ofAmerica (Ind.). Some maintenance'workers are members of craft unionssuch as the International Associationof Machinists and Aerospace Work-eri and the International Union of0 rating Engineers.

Sources of. Additional, Informationy .

Informiifion an baking jobs andtraining opportunities may be ob-tained from bakeries in the commu-nity, local offices of the State em-ployment service, or locals- of thelabor u ions toted previously.

For g neral information on job op -.'es i the industry and on

schools that o er courses or degreesin baking science and technology,write toAmerican Bakers Association, 2020 K St.

NW., Suite 850, Washington, D.C. 20006.

OCCUPATIONS IN LAUNDRY ANDDRYCLEANING PLANTS

In 1976, approximately 418,000persons were employed by establish-ments that launder and dryclean gar-ments, household furnishings, and in-stitutiondl linens and uniforms.These workers were employedthroughout the 'country, but wereconcentrated, in metropolitan areas.

Drycleaning firms and laundriesaccounted for about three-fourths ofthe industry's workers. Most of theremainder worked for firms that spe-cialized in reruitiand cleaning uni-forms, towels, diapers, and other lin-ens. A small proportion wereemployed in valet shops.

More than half of the industry'semployment is found in firms thathave 20 employees or more, Mostfirms, however, are owner-operatedand have fewer than 10 employees.In 1976, about one-seventh of theindustry's workers were self-em-ployed,

Nature of the Worka

One way to describe the workdone in this industry is to follow animaginary bundle of clothes from thetime it leaves the customer until it iscleaned and returned. (See accom-panying chart. ) The bundle consistsof some men's shirts, a business suit,and bed linens. A route driver(D.O.T. 292.358) picks up the bun-dle and, after leaving a receipt, takesthe bundle to the plant.

The owner of the bundle may in-stead leave itsakthe plant or drive-upstore. In this case, a counter clerk(D.O.T. 369.887) makes out a re-ceipt. Either the route driver or thecounter clerk sorts the items in thebundle into laundry and drycleaning.

The bundle is turned over to amarker (D.O.T_ 369.887), who puts

..an identifying symbol on each itemso it may be matched with the cus-tomer's receipt at some later time.

How work 'lows through a laundry and drycleaning plant

The marker then sends the shirts andsheets to the washroom and the suitto the drycleaning room,

machine washer (D.O.T.361.885) puts several hundredpounds of sheets into a huge washingmachine. Shins are loaded into an-other washer. These machines arecontrolled automatically, but the ma-chine washer must understand howto operate the controlswater tem-perature, suds level, time cycles, andthe amount of agitation for differentfabrics. When the washing cyclt iscompleted, the laundry is transferredto an extractor that removes abouthalf of the water. This stage is similar

to the "spin" cycle on a home wash-er. Conveyors ;move the laundry toconditioners, dryers, or tumblerswhere dry, heated air removes someof the remaining moisture.

Sheets go from the drying area toflatwork finishers (D.O.T. 363.886),who shake out folds and creases,spread the sheets on moving belts,and feed tObrn into large flatworkironing machines for ironing and par-tial folding. When the sheets comeout of the machine, other finishersComplete the folding and stacking.

Shirts go directly from the extrac-tor to shirt finishers (D.O.T.363.782), who usually work in teams

Flatesork finishers shake out folds and creases, spifeed them Into large flatwork Ii

ad the sheets on Moving belts, endning machines.

of two or three. One finisher puts the

whi has two armlike forms. A sec-c?sleev s of the shirt on a "sleever,"

and finisher then puts the shirt on a"triple-head" press that irons thefront and back simultaneously. In-some plants, the first finisher eitherfolds the shirt or places it on a hung-er, whichever the ctistomer has indi-cated. A third finisher may do thefolding. In some laundries, one shift-finisher performs all these operib_ ns.

The jobs of the drycleaner D.O.T.362.782) and machine washer(p.o.T: 361.885 ) are similar, but thecleaning solution for drycleaning is achemical 'solvent instead of water,and drycleanini machines generallyare smaller than the laundry washers.The drycleaner sorts clothes accord-ing to color, fiber content, and fabricconstruction and selects the propertime cycle for each load. The dry-cleaner may apply special prespot-ting solutions to spots and stains be- -fore placing the garments in thedrycleaning machine. After cleaning,a special machine removes the sol-vent and then the clothes are dried ina.,tumbler or hot-air cabinet. Thespotter (D.O.T. 362.381) will usechemical reagents and steam to re-move stubborn stains. In some plants,the same person does drycleaningand spotting.

If the clothes are made of a materi-al that sheds wrinkles readily, the fin-isher places them on hangers andputs them in a steam tunnel or steamcabinet. The steam will remove thewrinkles and help the garment regainits shape.

Some clothes, such as .men's suits,are made out of fabrics that requiremoreattention; they are finished dif-ferently. A rnen's suit finisher(D.O.T, 363.782) puts the pants onspecial "topper" and "legger- press-es. The jacket is placed, on a bodyform that may have a second partthat comes down to press and shapethe shoulders and collar of the jacketwhile the steam is forced from theinside. Final finishing -touches aredone on a steam-heated pressinghead and "buck," a flat surface cov-ered in fabric.

An inspector (D.O.T. 369 1'87 )checks finished items to see that the

some withal wire nits( of tarries maltrequire apseiai Arlo oilllorl

4

quality standar ds .,1 u.b 1.1..tbeen maintained Ai.y it =lit 111 Ile_of reele ant rig i lirartilug ) I, i<returned to the appropriate departmot t, i t 4111t)111.4 lly 1.1t`- spa: a

works ,in thein insica.1may be torw aided t,, a ,r1, _F-14-

(1) () I r2t2Mz44) vs st, butttmw tit.,rid tc

1' Intl sass. ,fibicra L.

collect the linen uric{nl .aCQ /111),E ...ale_- h.identrfir atiCin rriarlss Asset. bler , orb48,kera it) ti l 9-20 ?O.) /)

mauve lags i.s I EC-Ik . ha

WISP bUX CS to-11 ss tot I

fOr by diethe route d

Iii atidiii 1.to a .1, LI- mg

plants. .i i di. y ottic 02 Its I n .1 IL

In this in tly I ta t.. 4-1i ,.EL 1 1 tprictoi secs ILA t, IL; V-144 I t.

eft-10CW y Off. c 1,,Cp c,

or ha ri.iteprepa a e hills Sales pc. ltdfor new ..1411% tilts ttla-,11-atila t, -t,pC4.44E/IP014itt IMO ittA. tilt ict 1,6

properly Soh. c net, 1, w+1goa11 and the, a,13, al..

the plant. (Albers iflouto plants-korkei _s l ,ao,e -ie s I t Ii ujcarry heavy' load s td CIL h.,1 ,cs

ftv1any of theta 1tiCt,twattal IS a lc .GIscussed elzew here iii the tf A

I2

Intalning, Other Chiallficatncl_Ad lie nee rent

Many workers in this industry gettheir first jobs without previous train.

1112. PersOhs whc have little fornialeducation can get production linejobs in drycleaning plan ts. basiclaundry and drycleaning skills maybe 'learned on the job in a short tirne.Some jobs, such as folding towels andfeeding pillowcases and sheets into aflatwcirk ironer, may require 1 or 2days to learn. Some finishing jobspants pre sser, shirt finisher, furexample may ,require less than a

week (mauling tither gobs. such ascounter clerk marke r, inspector, andassertdile r Ilia r equi Ire se r alweeks to Ica rn Several mum hs ormute att cdc-d to tiain a di Y

alit; I 01 WI,J111C1 I's appuicl nubile tIt illay lake o 1,, 12 i114-111111 is lyst tie

SpltItZ i he .au,.e 4:14 the voile tyit talii.tarldI itii.a. puLsa1idslains,air 1 E toil ILA ticatiag theStotts

suit. t &L. s",

finishing drycleaning. and spottingskills la a, ailatite Iii w,.1o, rod high

1.14,fiE Montestudy Iii 411 r7 r lit th e

k mica ic I liter

,N Iu., IN 1..11 .1st,,, /SW

11 kei S sa, nu tlavE. h ysi.;a1 tar-limaIli IscLti

Workers mu st bie able to adjust to therepetitive nature of many laundryaind clryci leaning jobs.

AdNancernent for most workers inthis i ridu stry is limited Nany ternainperm anill ty-4p the salve Job. N'ever-theleSs, employers occasionally sendpromising ennplclyees tc technical or

Ebytraining programs given

by the International Fabricate Insti-tu to at its facility in Joliet, I &aft1

men's su it finishers becorne ski d

enough todo women's apparel tin ish-ink. Mlarkers and aSSern biers in

in finishing, work usually are givenan opportunity to rnove up to thisjob. Finishers also nay becorne in-

tors Supervisors and managers-quently are e hosen from exiled-

re crnPloyees al ready in the in-

dustry Sonic drycleaners and sp.otters establish their cilw_ri dr yelearang

,...plats

iI ipict. yin 41iit °collo AILII4

1.-- ,..i ,1141 Pi 110 1.111S4 14 111..4 y

vt.CleCt to drelne through the nt id-19tSO' machinery gildmule dr-idlers I nIctttsids of cle ism ligatIJ thshhing f4urodry wi II e table titleIlllt Usti y saklal k w ith few CIciiilly cc N ste tth. leaf, thoitsantat., Aci will tyc Ilia lic Lk" islila4=cthi,sc who ,euxic. Me or truasfei toather deli{-

1ii9 .1,,c.14.111no y 1itU 1.1.pilaundries an .1 dryc lea phintsfewer ernplo yes

tot ii fall. 4.4.1 nu lal.plomore vorJrk with

Although the industry's total em-ployment is expected to decline, em-ploym ent trends will differ amongoccupations. Employment (Of spottersis expected to decline because newfibers and finishes nuke fabrics lessstainable. The nurribe t of finishers

decrease as machinery doesinure of the finishing work. On theother hard, more people will beneeded in some maintenance oceuparioris to repair the 151'r easingarri cunt of machine ry kind equipmentused by laundry and dr yet cariingfirms 14 tire counter clerks will berequired due to growth in the nuniher of retail outlets 4.,pe rated h by thesefirms

mar silrwgCond lt,n

tik,

y klealiitag Itithast, y at ricit It lI I. In

the Ii.iuily aaicr Air wage lot

nor iwijcf 13,)ly oiorkc, In Ibis miioby wa.t. S3 2r, Loinp410v-1 S4 36 4,1

0111-.ointri.4up(etv isoty Wtjf

vice irksjusttic:141151 $4 ft__4 Nah_a

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talik I i /19 t /6;6 4--LI .1g115/1

textile inc alivki 6411,4 a =1 Sla

tei .115wJIN.cril lnit. self 111111 +, L'i#Iis I 1141

sailed to the United St..Aie 14c

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its fis;,,i Ic y Jot Ls Id L c4 t 6 6 pc . sd

btrk fiiii mit! in t< I iii.110 4)111111,1k, IC. a I 6 6Iti

nun A.I asLul I ts 41.,,v, tor OatLNG 11,1.1811 ) fat bean In UPON ii i1a40

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ales prod rik.c etlu.aghyea*" to, w rap L.-ourtid t1 e eau A. 2 50time., and pi jobs 1,)11 I

cull ion people

Oiorkers in private industry, e,iceiptfarming. Ear nings are ,highe r forworkers in the rriore highly deifiedocc upatio ns, such as dry cle one r,

potter. anal machine washer.Ivlodern laundry and dry cleaning

plants are clean and well - lighted Because of the heat, hot air, and steainof the cleaning processes, tile Flarttmay be hot during the suairnermonths _ A any hew, small a ryeiiig plasms her we wri are at r-condboned in the oft ice art,1 t= cstoinel.steas well ve ralloted to the nta6.;hinely aeas In adclitlbn. l iew Inauhirtery operates ..vith a ininimu in ofriluisc o sk to l alindries aLrid ds y

plants. 6 Less ha4ardckis (ha nIISU5t in.:76.1164'666cl oririg plant

oui 441r Aclikittiva salIn ftarnatIon

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c MMML1.1t-

arc ttcetching fromid ti the Southeast -

c, t a lulled States

England here he ind ust ry wasbo rnled the rest of t he country inthe number of textile mills until theearly part of this century, when theSoutheast became do minant Thisshift occuirred because thk Southeastenjoyed several economic advantag-es, such as lower labor costs, c heapersteam and electric riot er, and great-,cr ace essi bility te cotto n. 'Today, theNorMeast employs rnore people thanany other region of the country inmanufacturing narrow fabrics suchas lace, ribbem, anal fabric tape ;:triwe aving and brushing wool, and rti '"the predu ction of miscellaneous tex-tile godOds The Scutt leads the rest ofthe count ry in every other sector ofthis iriduNry Fhree states=- No rthCarolina, South Carobria, and Geor-gia e inploy a I !tile °earr halt of all

ter the wu tkv. is

41 I iii Il, all II. A4i.cola y

in 4661,.. ut tea LUC Ma 64,

A hit ilg .(mists1 tl toolgh many10.4rlds bet -ire bc,:orty lag finishc,1 lab=rics As a result. most tiftiployee4 aredu eat), ve..1 Ili prookikstAkin, ei

the r k lag *Kt th(ti tiarids eii .6p

el a trig lit ach I ner4.,.111 $1,. 1,

elm', II. 15111 y ld ay

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dux able a t,d requil rflint sod .,areVAILI6 t=e,. the 6 616163IILANIa icrs L0.1.01141

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tlic 0,, 6 51, 0 aI6.6 tt) 6 a di

Ici t.i Ilk a talcsik sty lit :lc. it)

tvli. 1'r .6,,at,A1 A the k 646 :11t6 4C6 601

v all 1.06.1, le, Al. by

1..4.-11111pg it lc fiber in t.11 am W Gov &I%

&)I thug tike yaa,11 1,,tk.i fitliiig..lndlng and falai itig the labric

1- it tbc:L ii hels3 in =lit tit p, 6_1, .,1

11111 -,lilt i III a ,d Lain a its.61,6 61 tt AL t I t)(:, a icy 614 f od

--di 6 it 41 ua ltit_lio.. ily stA, 4i t- ibc it zaic

%eimltivt ,l. +intll all t,tiakf a tut .1 ft Lit 16 a ilt,I*6 c. ii,.4agii5111lii..415 ItIC: I ,itIilliunig lc r,0,.J16,4i

i,9cricr 1. .der: (1, it) oh" 88pielic4r 6 .riders (I) 1, o o 885 ),cardtotders (DO 6tiO 8S51, L-tving(faith t,erici&r3 1_-)

j 6 e(. ) a rid

4

ma=Al

Abend ono- an al eft 004,40yee. in the textile triodefabric

roviriit letide ( IL) 4.-) ..k,crate the {Machinery plc11-AtC:1the fiber fhey start. stop, and cleanthe machines. While patrolling theaisles between groups of rnachioes,they also repair broken fiber endsand feed fiber into the machines

When the fiber is ready for spioning, a spinning frame draws andtwists it through rotating rollers andwinds it on conical structures cIlcdbobbins. These machines, operatedby frame spinners, turn the fiber intoyarn_ Frame spinners (I) 40 1

682.885) run rows of spinningframes, positiiin bobbins of fibers,twist fiber ends, repair breaks inlengths of fiber, and clean the machines.

Spinning and weaving r spinning

14

urk In mills than easy.* Ofknit

take place iiithe same plant However, weavingand knitting operations usually areperiorrned in different plants be-cause these two methods of clothmanufacture andthe machinery usedto accomplish them are quite differ-ent To prepare the yarn for weaving,loom winder tenders (D .0.T.689 885 ), spouter tenders (0 O.T689 886). warper tenders (D 'T681 885), slasher tenders (0.0.1582 782), and wasp tying machinetenders (D (i T 681 885) position iton their respective machines, drawor thread the yarn into place, tie yarnends, observe the machines to detectmalfunctions, and remove the pre-pared yarn

Fabric is produce d on looms which

interlaceweavethe yarn, Theremay he as many as 2,00() looms in theweaving room. Weavers (D.0 .-1683.782) constitute about 10 per-cent of all textile machine operatives.They are skilled workers who mon'.tOr and operate as many as 200looms at a time. They observe fabricbeing woven tO detect and removedefects. They also repair breaks ynyarn, fix minor loom malfunctions,and call lionm fixers (DOT..683.280) to make major repairs,Loom fixers not only repair ma-chines. but also adjusN them and pre-pare them for operation. Each ofthese highly skilled operatives workswith several weavers.

Although most textiles are woven,knitted cloth claims a larger share ofthe market each year. To knit yarn, aknitting machine operator (D.O.T.685.885) places it on a machinewhich produces fabric by intermesh-ing yarn loops. Knitting machine op-erators tend several machines at atime. They start the machines, feedin the yarn, observe the knitting pro-cess to detect malfunctions, tie bro-ken yarn ends, and notify knittingmachine fixers (D.O.T. 689,280) ifthey break down. Knitting machinefixers and loom fixers do similarwork, but on different machines.

The most highly skilled workers ina knitting mill are knitter-machinemechanics (D.O.T. 685.380), Theyarrange metal pattern plates in theform of chains and place the chainsin the knitting machines The chainscontrol the operation of the ma-chines. Thus, these mechanics pro-vide the means by which textile de-signs become knitted fabrics.

Once the yarn has been woven orknitted, the resulting fabric is readyto be dyed and finished either bytextile mills that also weave or knitthe fabric, or by independent busi-nesses_ Dyers A D.0.1. 5182.138) de-velop dye formulas that are used tocreate a desired color. They also su-pervise the dyeing. Dye weighers(D. O.T. 550.884) m ix the dyes andchemicals used in dyeing. Dye rangeoperators (D.O,T. 582.782) run themachines that dye and dry the cloth.

Manufacturers pr int textiles inthousands of different colors and de-signs in order to appeal to a variety ofconsumer preferences. Printing may

be done in several ways. One of thenewest methods is rotary screenprinting, a system in which a porouscylinder (screen) holds the print de-sign. Dye in the cylinder 1; forcedthrcuigh the screen as the cylinderrolls over the cloth, leavang the print

However, before the fabric canreceive a- print, the design must becreated, and colorists 0 I-022.18 I ) must develop the colors forprinting Screen printing urti_sts(D UT 97(l 38 I ) then use these colors to 1114k e color Scpnr -Akins tit designs on transparent paper. For each

V color, _sc re en ni.aker3 (1) 0 1971 3g I ) prepare a screen, tit eating itwith emulsion and exposing it photographically to the appiopriate. transpare [icy f «n pritale, () I

652 7142,1 iiiuunt tarc 4,11 1_11Q

rotary se leen printing inachtiles tilllire lr4.itlrlrre with ti3cs, and t,iidthent a they in Int

III addltIC)I, u, dy, E ,41[hushing ate o lov,,f.c tie A11.15 int:rahlh., It, pi,; v,ittage, strengthening it, ()I pro., iding itwith d luNlctjkih I ,c) liA1 t, [Cr, 111.4,1111IC

.,pc %C.71 JIIJ g,

wmAckS la,

thedt8911 y ,II

involvJ in prod A lito.lg theseIt I lit. kIN 51. / 1 lit (.) I

I 42 I ,, Hie engirt (I, (Iii 5 iisi

) I 'cr, I ,

el

, I

4.

kriitii I , tat., I.. I I nit,tlicin F. t, r:LE 11..;,16,it. I _. 71 1 4,, r

y It, Ag., nib ,;10.1

dc 11,11 IC .ilic.1

I C.F,tilL k IVIE I. AI,IlIzAIILAL;s1 I .1 , ,

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IICCIN i *)010,614.:. (kit Itlt,

handling ni lii 1,i%

at)lishh.cA,INI ex Eac tet,11111, , , , rlt

Mk, Lidelti .1 pi

I ticy Indy Null% iii te- t..i,L_t, SL,

ing Ii is tl tic

in quality control and production, a wide assortment of clerical rkersmeasuring major characteristics of as well, including secretaries, corn-raw textiles, or in customer sales and puter console operators, and ship-service, selling directly to customers ping and receiving clerks. There alsoor serving them. Many techmicians are jobs for janitors, guards, and foodwork in the dyeing and finishing service workers. Mechanics and re-areas of textile plants. pairers, besides those already men-

In addition to occupations that are tinned, keep machinery and equip-unique/10 the manufacture of Ilex- merit operating properly. Laborers,tiles, rfrany others are found in this such as freight and material handlers,industry There are managers suctkas often using mechanical 'devices,, lift

and move heavy loads to various tex-plant and department manager., in- asheas or the textile Ind ilst y son ti le iliac; hi gleti.

nel specialists him, eniploy,cs, andmake sure that pay and benefits areecc ed There ate jobs tar book

Keepe is, ak,s;AlUlltatilN ,And uillputei KlkJal c/icupatienis in the textile n-

pi ogialinik CI fA I tic iilti iatny cAnployN InSti y aim machine operative

Training, Other Qualification',and Advancement.

11

I

I ill. Iodustiy are machine operetle jabs that can be la rimer

an the job

that can be learned on the job. Otheroccupations require additional train-ing and special skills, A small shareof jobs is held by workers trained inprofessOnal

Training fork most production jotsis provided on the jpb and lasts froma few weeks to a few months, de-pending on the complexity of thework. Methods of instruction vary,but usually an employee starts out byassisting an experience0 workerSome mills set aside a section o_plant where full=tinie instructors often former machine operatorsshownew workers how to operate the machines. Persons from outside the textile plant sometimes provide 1101 nit,tion. For example, manufacturersmight explain the opeliap_mi of newequipment 01 Statc. et.lut,attolt-tidirrattm might org...triLe tAl Ad don.Jui,Itraining programs at the icqtictthe 4;o1T1pany

(rood eoordio01.4i inailual dexterity a1 c I.11ptr, tan,requirement., for pi 0.1this highly mechanized industry Although tile Gin pluyci th - li_ithat pnAtit_tion worker. Ir..,i4 a high

11,}4.11 CAI IAICy 1. iltdI

dirty .11

in 1/1/a Id, 1...11 ptnrugk aptaenti ce sh ra.tiowevo. 111L. t di. 061a lilaranging in length from 2 ,c) 4 yearsfor dyes orcavQ1. 11A,

ti Ii lailh ±1.1.1 SAIIIIC t.the. a-fl

Ili IC.C3iNtl in titbrikjijid notact a t ;stile en playcl *,5a lkAt_al State 'ii, itft-0

ittstruct, iN adINI Alai!. la I 1,10y,

Othela t nay atJvailLe to Ripe' vb31 3ilia4rageth tits po5itiu 144 alter ha,

ih shown tet tSt anti ability at joo.,of inclea,..trrg resportAhility MostLewitIc compahres havc it attil.q, pro-grams to help an arliph ,yee adv _tttcLin sighed ot;Ci.pattotts, man/ pay allor part of the tuition coin ..,es 1_4kCAA at private and atkii,015 aii*1Wilege3 hi-ti the 64)41 pallymines would h.lp ti.e eittplovant.:e tta poaltion, of met eased issponsioillty

Textile desagrt,incians rued training at a tc.at,n ,diinstitot,, a technically .ar;nted

nior college, or a 4-year textile col-lege. Talent, demonstrated in highschool courses in art, drawing, and

--design, indicates a potential -for suc-cess' in the textile design field, al-though competition for jobs in thesefields may be stiff. Textile designersneed a vivid and fertile imagination,a feeling for color and design, sensi-tivity to consumers' desires, and theability to visualize the effect of de-signs on cloth, Qualifications of agood texttlestechnictan include man-ual dexterity, the ability to CI:W11*141M-

cate well, both orally and in writing,and patience with details. Highschool courses in algebra. geometry.Urernistry. physics, and English arcgood preparation for textile techni-cian jobs Advarn..,:ment for a textileletAtitt,latt often means promotion to

mi pet y poallIctit Stich as departmeta head on blue collar worker su-per vl..or in the 'S

A/1.1S1..11

, I 4 1.,,1,1

.1. inajk,tilly of 111.4ilag.;111C111. juts intextile comp ini4s 'Textile manufac-tut, ta a,iL 11111.,1CtaCli Ila

1.11.). degt tc.5 in. etarid 1 ..4itl, IC1411,d -11,A tAct.(b allit,1,.61 Mc; 111114Ntl y

alNa ails .1,40 -.1,ca I.. v.iilutiN.J1g

Also gtailLAdlct. CA. LCX ,IIC colleges o,who taaio.,..o Iii tcaltle crin ti u

lums Ater, have a head start on ad

A

vancernent to management positions,Textile curriculums include studiesin various phases of the manufactur-ing process or in the operation of theindustry, such as textile engineering,textile chemistry, or textile manage-ment. Ten colleges in the UnitedStates 9iffer 4-year undergraduate de-grees textiles; most of theseinstitu-hens are located in the northeasternand southeastern parts of the coun-try High school courses in mathe-matics and the physical sciences aregood preparation for pursuing de-grees in textile engineering or chernstry, 'while courses in business and

economics provide a good basis forpursuing degree in textile manage-went

Many ....ollege graduatesicers'in the textile industry as manageindin trainees 1 raining programsmay extend over several uno tit tIN andare usually designed to expose a newemployee if all facets of the eotripatty its olgaiatz.11uil. Iloliclea. manu-facturing processes, and rnerchandis-Illg teLhnipies Prigtanis044.14ot-fill itistru...tion, plant siteIts, amid management inlett.Ships lit

Jcpat -t a courpa,4ving completed di, liaillillg

1/1510 01 diQdli altelic.1.1ixd as ./1411..... 1 III

ing supervisory jobs,'Iroirt which theyottc.it 5d. any.e 4,1 rut., NUS

ing responsibility

L Ism textile whit;11 Joulldhedill the 1950'. iy expected to continue at recent levels

J wr,,j .;ttA 1955

, 4L 40

-,150 1956 1965 1975

Upper level management positionsin -textile, companies include plantengineer and plant manager. 'Collegegraduates with degrees in engineer-ing eventually may become engineersfor an entire plant, Those who be-come plant managers frequentlyhave degrees in textile engineering ortextile` management, as well as thedemonstrated ability to lead and mo-tivate people.

Employment Outlook

Textile industry employmentgrowth is expected to be slower thanthe average for all industries throughthe mid-1980's Many inure jobopening_ s will result from personsleav g the industry because ofdeal retirement, ur for other 1 ea

-sons than front employment growthThe demand for textile employees,particularly skilled arid semiskilledworkers, will be greaicst in theSoutheast

Textile output 1,, exp,..,.i.eopand over the next decade in response to demand from the ...ppAicland h.,ilte f InduNn leawhich arc spurred by growth in popelawn and incomes. Ali anticipatedincrea,e in the variety of textile prodocts alsc cootribi, g,owttin output In addition, although cornpetition ftUn, impol L., ridsthe demand for domestic products ofsonic 5CLLUI a Jr tilia iiidt.sLiy I

negotiation lilac( it Atliitit. Itrade 4gfCgiilciltports probably will weaker ails. ,uipetition

glow mote that ti.coutput, however stirs 1j).011,avniemachinery and it., tip; sydittic Us_

fibers increase worker int.cluctr,ityNumerous unproven. 'its iii Inachines and cii-t itt4illki, illcontinue to reduce demand foi woi kems in yarn manufacture arid weavingElectronic instrumentation, wilier.reduces the need fur tuallitZDworkers, is expected to become. Increasingly important Ali the Li.gtiing decade will see th.. sic- =arcs ..Sc orcomputers as a rrianagcrii nt tcsilas a means of controlling pails tit theproduction process

Although the adoptioii ilogically advanced rnachnier, will di

rriinish the need fur semiskilled andunskilled workers, the demand forskilled worker's and professional andmanagerial personnel wall increase.Skilled production workers, such asknitter machine mechanics anddyers, will becqme moreessentialastextile machinery increases in com-plexity, New technologies, such ascomputer processing and electronicinstrumentation, will require Moretextile technicans and computer spe-cialists. The industry's demand forcollege graduates in textile engineer-,ing and textile management also willgrow. Federal Government safetyand health regulations as well as sci-entific research and developmentwill continue to stimulate demand forchemists, and mechanical, electrical,and industrial engineers.

ta goings and wottungColvdItIone

ly cai magi-, or Nit,wo,kers in the teXtile. indus-

try in 1976 were below those of pro-Joctn, wolkers in all manufacturingIndust' les $3 6 7 versus $5.19

Ili 1970 ProduLtiun wurkers' aye'.4ileged trUilli $3 44 an lissu

lil viii arid thread midis tsr $3 97 anhem Ili textile finishing plants Therealso is sonic variation in wages by16c ttfy.a1 ills ilea A 19,5 Bureau ofI abor Statistics survey of weaving0.116 yam and tin eucl bolls inch

.age -4111ifIgN of pi ollu._Ltioilh, is in tht Southeast were $3 07Inrttr t,i Nii;ssr England $3 17 an

ti,..,1 ....1 in the 1k4lddle Atlalnic re61,,t, $3 _13 ail fable

.Lc--1 a prrst4e ticinrly cakithigis iiiI'9 tsri -irtiatioris and

regions in one segment of the indus-try. According 'to limited informa-tion,.starting salaries for professional

. workers in thetextile industry rangedfrom $10,000 :to $12,000 a year in1976.. .

Although some textile productionworkers are paid according-to incen-tive plans i.e. according to how

. much they produce-7about. 3 out ofevery 4 are ,paid time rates. Workersusually paid nrider incentive wageplans include drawing-frame tenders,

Puler tenders, and weavers!.Although the average workweelt'

for textile produ._ i workers istiOclose to 40 urs, ab tit the same for

Oroduction workers iii. --a k mar!ufae-turing . industrials, many texelle ern-ployes, particularly in the S h-east, wen* 46 to 48 hours a kMost textile mills opera-te 24 boilday, each day divided into thieeshifts. A shift differential is usually'paid to those who tvork the 3d, orlate, shift_

Ther,o Ire few seasonal infliliericeson textile plant. tatieration Whenthere is a lack of work due to reces-,sion or, for some other reason, thetextile indtictry usually chooses to re-duce opeotio_ns by I or '± days aweek rather than close down [lieplants altogether.

Although must textile employeeswork with or near machinery, Vied,4;idGIIt tate for the industry isslightly 1,, wet- than tile a, di-age for allinanufactuong industries Someworkers, howe wee, are subjected tonoise nom machinery ivlost employ-ees irk in newer hoildings wheretemperature and hionidity controlsare common, although lint laden air

.NI. LI1,4 cah 1/40.v11:11, 0.4101a ..114 V mi..

oriel T.,. Min% 0141.0110011, Sei0C4Ci Oecupotlo.o. and Aro**, MS

Ai a 1.11,1,,,il min

,IA

Estimated Average Hourly

Eilstari.d Middle AtIonti

53

3l I

2

L3 104684 07

Earnings

$413331tat33t

53 072 852933 35

02

4 053 S5

17

and poor 'lighting are problems insome older plants.

Benefits for textile. employees inboth unionized and nonunionizedOmits usually include paid ,holidaysand vacations, penSions or retire-ment plans, hospitalization insur-ance, and sick-pay. Additional benefits provided by labor=management

,agreements in unionized:plants in-clude provisions tot arbitration ofgrievances protection of workersfrom the unfav --tale effects of tech-nological change such as layoffs and

_undesirable changes in work aisrgn-ments.

About one-fifth of all textile work-ers are members of labor unions,whereas about-half of all manufactur-ing workers are union members. Themajor textile unions are the Amalga-mated Clothing and Textile -WdrkersUnion (ACTWU) and the UnitedTextile Workers d America(JTWA)

Sources of Additions,Information

if 01 RAY Optin for oogupattol s in the textile inNI( y 1 kivalighle Iiciiii Lhc Dod,too

of Vocational Education of the De-partment of Education in each State.

Fur information on educational re-quirements and occupational de-scriptions, write to :American Textile Manufacturers Institute.

Wachovia Center. ,101) S. Tryon St Char=North Carolina 28285

tlintcir I estik Wottser, ot America. 420 Comrimn St Lassrentx. MINN (71 1140

I lototmation regardingHoN in your area, contact the local

of the State employmentvice

What to Look For In this Reprint

To make the Occupational Outlook Handbook easier to,use, each occupation or industry follovys the same outlineSeparat e-sections describe ,basic elements, such as work onthe job, education and training needed, and salaries or wagesSome sections will be more useful if you know hobo to interpretthe information as explained below

The TRAINING, OTHER QUALIFICATIONS, AND ADVANCEMENT section indicates the preferred way to enter eachoccupation and alternative ways to obtain training Read thissection carefully because early planning makes many fieldseasier to enter Also the level at whic/''i you enter and the speedwith which you advance often depend on yor training II yuti

are a student, you may want to consider taking those couisesthought useful tot the occupations which interest you

Besides training, you may need a Stale license .Jr cltlrrsate The training section indicates which 0,,cupatiotis gene,ally require these Checkqequirements in the State where youplan to work because StAte regulations vary

Wriettler do Occupation suits yourimportant area to eAplurc For -30f sic indy rid ru IdahoresponsiOe'Vreosions in a nigh,/ con-4,etiti e dl,.104)r.ero For

others you may do oily rGotine tasks under r lcr5e SM_Ael vTo work wiL,_.,0S-sttili ApdrII,10( 0,

or mold of the fulloy,in,4

inonvole uttit4rsdirec,t ar,,1 Sipe.work vitt, aii lyptSwC votri till. ig5 ok.

iiJcp.,.1- 1,3e, it

.,.k a5 part of a

o laboratocy,

,

1,1 yz,,,.411

I

4 , L .1 Lt.:, S,)

purr

th, ,4) fr dikot

f, Iti i., , s, tr.

rate It,' (;!01The rono.,irig pri area. . )r. ei

kl, I. r.

AbthIt I,

Siovve

kitle

. ,J1

!- zi ;

4 r 4

Iu )

4 11 ii, .r 1,Ar

ing at leai as fu_, ,L1 a :Lr ,.t y

But, you would ri a ) Ii Ir, w tll,d f,uff

prating with you to be sure 01 you: prospects. Ur, ; I

Supply information is lacking for most occupations.There are exceptions, however, especially among pro-.

lessional occupations. Nearly everyone who earns a medical-degree, for example, becomes a praCticing physician Whenthe number of people pursuing relevant types of education andraining and then entering the field Can be compared with thp

demand, the outlook section indicates the supply/dernand rela-tionship as follows

00ou or fear able - -

1_)_, nand riluch greater thansupply

uerriand grater than supply-Rough balance between

demand and sOpplye Lon, imp', Likelihood of more supply

than demandSupply greater than delirarrd

stiOuld runt atop your poissumaichus your aptitudes and interests. Even

all or Live,ru%,oeu LiLcruoratiL,ris provide surne jobs So doii.ose oniployinent is growing very slowly or declining

occupation is not the only source Of job,rota be,..auoe inn number or openhIgs fiurn turnover be

in large- ok.,...,uoatior,s In taut rekktacerner it needs areexpected to create 70 percent of all openings between 1976 and

(41e YO.ii ,Mate cr

I I, I 4HrliflOti

fruin those iny-nant service can fur-

rid. io ,i1 11..c. r,J u, Ily ur,t. I1 pu qt:

ail oetupa-and safari s and nor er an Illsik) (hit, turir. ui iriut)rrie

CAf, r r rA.,(, La} Vv(PINIif, uveilirr c r igf4 ur it

APO pare _1161) I ,,,,,,01vAt

rLdbUrl AI] 0dle, A.zA,IV,AU to.i1110

paid aiLexCra pdylliel,k for e.ti - ern

int r nkc

11011 ,_ pal oho orry.,n,reos,rarilc!iS fur C,OlIlkIc Earnings

Sohou.;peflo, f .1 w, , firer .lid is lust

t.)k)blr It Sr

1,5f and Said, yJo paid va, &kJ, 01h, 31,,.k lei ,r

!vu:ken.5 also lec,erte moor-lie d11J

in hind) worke.s Ira der_ar Lment t.ture,, 101 ax-emple

on n,erchandisellcapllc p,

ILL Iliaarlilrigs section does Loihkclie 1.,(;LupergonalIlidiathry vvriither a ,,ertaii, lob pays inure or less

,the avt.rage for all nonsupervisors in p,ivale industry ex-

1,0ily way 10 toia bayim rely 41111vSt

,.)es earn ICES Thar wo,kers who nave been on the Job forsome nine Earnings also vary by geographic location but citiesteat otter toe highest earnings often are those where living COSTS

afrst expensive

Whaor

doiplac

s an ade 00Qinli

I he career information contained on the reprint you areleading was taken from the 1978=79 edition of the OccupationalOutlook Handbook. But the Handbook is not the only sourceof useful career information published by the Bureau of Lab sdr

Statistics The Handbook's companion, the OccupationalOutlook Quarterly, is published four times during the schoolyear to keep subscribers up to date on new occupational studiescompleted between editions of the Handbook. ThE Quarterlyalso gives practical information on training and educationaloppoitunnies salary trends, and nqw and emerging yobs-,,justwhat people need to know to plan careers

If y WI were a subscriber to recent issues of the OccupationalRitiook Quarterly, you could nay learned

(low to write air effective employment resumewhat the long-term employment prospects are foi collegeg aclisateoway, to e-di lout going to collegewhat happening in the field of career educationabout career possibilities in such fields as jOurnaliiiii,f-witery and shorthand reporting.Quarterly Is vvrRten in nontechniGal language and Isidled in color Find Out why it has won so marry awa

fill ekuellencebobsi-r I be today

Let lE 1 Y

?TREE tSS

2_7 r

It lV1l

PTY. STATE. AND ZIP CODE

Li 11:etnillanCt.enclosed(Make checkpayable toSuperintendentof Documents)

U Charge to myDepOSa NO

MAIL ORDERFORM TO

Superintendent ofDocuments

GovernmentPrinting Office

Washington, 0 c20402