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The Great WarWorld War I: The War to End All Wars (or so
we thought)
What does Europe look like?
Complete the map activity for Europe before WWI. – Make sure you
have a key – Neat and
organized
On the road to warDuring the late 1800s, Europe
experiences four major movements that combine to create an
environment ready for war:
ImperialismNationalismMilitarism
Formation of Alliances
Imperialism Imperialism oversees leads to competition and tension within Europe
Great Britain is the world’s biggest imperial power
France, Germany, Italy, and Russia start to build their own empires to compete
Growing Nationalism
Nationalism led to a deep sense of pride among the individual German states
They combined to create a German Empire in 1871
Austro-Hungarian Empire (aka Austria-Hungary) included many nationalities and ethnic groups
empire was very divided because of differences
Ex: Slavs wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary to form their own Slavic Empire in the Balkans
Growing Nationalism
Each nation’s growing nationalism along with growing competition cause it to begin to fear other nations
This fear leads countries to build up their militaries in case of attack
Military values (e.g. patriotism, loyalty, obedience to authority) are stressed throughout Europe
Militarism
Formation of Alliances
Nations formed alliances to protect themselves and each other in case of attack
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia
Alliances maintained a balance of power to keep any one nation from having too much power
No country would start a war if it lacked a military advantage
Partner Question
Which long-term cause was the most influential in leading to WWI? Explain your answer.
Slavs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire wanted to be part of Serbia (same ethnic backgrounds)
Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908
Slavic nationalists are angry over this b/c they want the whole region to be allied with Serbia
The Spark
The Spark June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife visit Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia Herzegovina (Ferdinand is the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary)
Both are assassinated by a Serbian nationalist
“The powder keg of Europe” is lit
War is declared all over Europe due to European alliances
Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy
Eventually, 30 countries would fight in WWI
The Two Sides
The US and WWI
At first, the US maintains a position of neutrality (does not choose a side)
Neutrality does not stop US businesses from trading with European nations
US industries do more business with Allied Powers than with Central Powers
May 1915: German U-boats sank the British ship, Lusitania
killed 1,200 people; 128 were Americans
Germans said the ship was smuggling war materials
America was furious
Sinking of the Lusitania
Zimmermann Note
Germany sends a secret telegram to Mexico
Proposes an alliance of Germany and Mexico against the US
If Mexico agreed, Germany would help it take back the lost territories of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
President Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
“The world must be made safe for democracy.”
War is declared on April 6, 1917
US joins the Allied Powers
War is declared
Primary Resource Analysis“But the right is more precious (important) than
peace, and we shall fight for the things which have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.”
- President Wilson’s address to Congress, April 2, 1917
Partner Work
In your own words, explain why President Wilson believed America must go to war in 1917.
On the home front
While US soldiers are sent to fight in Europe, America is mobilizing at
home for war
Propaganda President Wilson creates the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to get Americans to support the war effort
Holds rallies & parades; prints posters & pamphlets
Hollywood makes movies in support of the war
Much of the propaganda focused on supporting the war effort by buying liberty bonds
money from bonds goes to buy food and war supplies for the Allies
Person buying the bond makes a loan to the gov’t who promises to pay back that loan at a later date
Propaganda
Propaganda Gov’t gets involved in food production and price setting
Calls on all Americans to sacrifice certain foods for the troops- Meatless Mondays
and Wheat-less Wednesdays
Espionage Act of 1917: punished people for helping the enemy or refusing military service
Sedition Act of 1918: illegal for Americans to speak out against the US government
Many German-Americans were harassed and targeted
Limits to Freedoms
Selective Service Act
When the war began, the military only numbered 750,000 men- not enough
Congress passed the Selective Service Act: required all men b/w ages of 21 and 30 to register for the draft
If called up for military service, a man would have to fight or else face criminal charges
Many felt that it violated their civil liberties as Americans
Partner Question
Describe 3 limits to Americans’ freedoms during World War I.
Great Migration
With thousands of men leaving for war, American industries faced a shortage of workers
African Americans moved north by the thousands to fill job openings and escape the Jim Crow South
Changes to the Workplace
Women enter workforce to replace workers who left for war
With many industries facing labor shortages, workers have more power and begin demanding higher wages and better working conditions
With the US at war, labor strikes are seen as hurting the war effort
President Wilson creates the National War Labor Board
Designed to settle disputes b/w owners and workers and to prevent strikes
Board was sympathetic to workers and supported their rights
Led to minimum wage and maximum hour standards throughout the US
Changes to the Workplace
Partner QuestionHow did the war benefit the
following groups?
African AmericansWomenWorkers
Photograph Analysis: Life on the Home front
3. List THREE words you think of when you look at this picture.
2. Use those three words in a TWO-sentence summary about the impact of WWI on American life.
1. Write ONE way in which you would have supported the war effort if you had lived during this time. Explain your answer.
New Kind of War
WWI saw the introduction of new types of warfare and technology never before used in war
Greatly increased loss of life
Opposing armies fight each other from deep ditches for protection
Area between trenches is known as no-man’s land
This type of fighting often led to a stalemate- thousands would die but no one gained any real territory
Trench Warfare
New weaponry
Machine gunsU-boats
(submarines)TanksAirplanesPoison Gas
With the US entering the war, the Allied Powers receive much needed support
Central Power countries face violent riots and devastating food shortages
German soldiers desert Individual Central
Power countries begin to surrender
End of the War
Armistice Germany agrees to a cease-fire
Kaiser (leader of Germany) leaves power and Germany abandons occupied territory
11th hr of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, an armistice (truce) is signed and the Great War is over
President Wilson proposed his 14 Points plan to rebuild Europe and prevent future wars
1. Free and safe seas2. Smaller
armies/navies3. Self-determination4. League of Nations
(organization of countries who meet to settle conflicts & maintain peace)
Wilson’s 14 Points
Paris Peace Conference
While Wilson wanted to promote peace, European nations wanted revenge
Organized Paris Peace Conference to settle the war (no Central Power countries were invited)
Result of conference: The Treaty of Versailles
Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations
Central Powers give up colonies
New European nations created
Some cases of self-determination (countries can decide how they want to be ruled)
League of Nations
Major Parts of Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
European nations approved the League of Nations, but the US Congress did not
Congress did not want to get involved in any European alliances
As a result, the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations was doomed to fail
Primary Source:Political Cartoons
Complete the Interpreting Political Cartoons activity on page 731 in you book by answering the following questions.
1.What is the League Covenant trying to do in the cartoon?
2.Does the cartoon express a view for or against joining the League of Nations? How do you know?
Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers
More than 112,000 Americans died (over half from the flu)
Central Powers lost about 3.4 million
More than 20 million wounded
Millions of civilians were killed and lost their homes
Human Cost of Great War
Economic Cost
Total cost of war was over $330 billion
Industries and agriculture were wiped out across Europe
European nations in billions of dollars of debt to American banks
Legacy of WWILook at the map of Europe in 1914 and 1919. With
a partner, explain how WWI changed Europe.
Europe 1914 Europe 1919