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The Fall of the republic. Chapter 8, Section 3 Pg. 277-283. Trouble in the Republic. Problem building homes Dishonest officials stole money Gap between the rich and the poor Farmers faced ruin Cities became overcrowded an dagerous. Rich VS Poor. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE FALL OF THE REPUBLICChapter 8, Section 3
Pg. 277-283
Trouble in the Republic Problem building homes Dishonest officials stole money Gap between the rich and the poor Farmers faced ruin Cities became overcrowded an dagerous
Rich VS Poor Many Romans were farmers of small plots
of land. In the 100s B.C. the began to sink in to
debt. Why?? Many were fighting in Rome’s war and could
not tend to their land Others had suffered damage to their farm
during Hannibal’s invasion of Italy Most of all small farmers could not compete
with wealthy Romans buying land to create latifundia
Latifundia Is a large farming estate There was a new source of labor used to
farm the land. Prisoners brought to Italy during the
wars. This forced small farms out of business
Moving to the City They famers moved to the city but had trouble
finding jobs due to the slaves working for free. If they were lucky to get hirer they worked for
low wages. This created a widespread anger among the
Romans Roman politicians began to worry and turned
the situation to their advantage by winning the votes of the poor.
They provided cheep food and entertainment called “bread and circuses”
Why did reform Fail? Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
believed many of Rome’s problems came from the loss of small farms.
They asked the Senate to give back the public land and divided it among the Romans
The Senates however were investors of the public land and did not was to loss their wealth
The senators killed Tiberius in 133 B.C. and 12 years later killed Gaius
The Army Enters Politics A military leader named Marius changed
the way of the military. Because soldiers were small farm owners
these men were beginning to drifting way.
Marius began to recruit soldiers from the poor and in return afford them wages and promised land.
Soldiers began to be motivated by materials then by a sense of duty.
New Military System Soldiers began to become loyal to
generals not the Roman Republic This lead to military becoming involved in
politics to get laws passed to provided promise land to the soldiers
However this new system lead to power struggles.
Marius was faced with a rival from a general within his army Sulla
Sulla Sulla drove his enemies out of Rome in
82 B.C. and made himself dictator. Over the next three years he changed the
government. Weakened the Council of the Plebs and
strengthened the Senate After he stepped down Rom plunged in to
an ear of civil wars for the next 50 years.
What Changes did Marius make to the Roman Army??
Stop and Think
What Changes did Marius make to the Roman Army?? Marius changed Rome’s army from citizen
volunteer to paid professional. They were loyal to their generals, not to the republic.
Stop and Think
Julius Caesar After Sulla left office Roman leaders battled
for power In 60 B.C. three men were at the top:
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar Crassus was one of the richest men in Rome Pompey and Caesar were not as rich but
successful military men These three formed the First Triumvirate to
rule Rome A political alliance of three people
First Triumvirate The three men had a military command
in remote area of the republic Pompey was in Spain Crassus in Syria Caesar in Gaul (Today’s France)
Caesar’s Military Campaign
Caesar became a hero to Rome’s lower class. Senator and others feared he would become
to popular and seize power like Sulla Crassus was killed in batter in 53 B.C. In 49
B.C. Senate decided Pompey should return to rule Rome.
Orders were given to Caesar to give up his army and come home.
He had a decision to make come home and risk being killed by his rivals or stay with his army and risk a civil war….
Caesar’s Dicision Caesar decided to stay loyal to his 5,000
soldiers. Caesar and his army marched into Italy
by crossing the Rubicon, a small river at the southern boundary.
Pompey tried to stop Caesar; however, he drove Pompey’s forces from Italy and then destroyed his army in Greece is 48 B.C.
Caesar’s Rise to Power 44 B.C. Caesar declared himself dictator
of Rome for life. To strengthen his hold of power he filled
the Senate with new members who were loyal to him
He created a new calendar with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year.
This was called the Julian calendar and was used throughout Europe until A.D. 1582
Becoming Popular with the Poor
Caesar was aware that Rome needed Reform
He granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories outside the Italian peninsula
Started new colonies to provided land for the landless and work for the jobless
He ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free workers
Caesar’s Enemies Many believed Caesar was a strong
leader and brought peace and order to Rome.
Others feared he would want to become King
Of these enemies were Brutus and Cassius who plotted to kill him
On March 15 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by his enemies at the Senate building.
Rome Becoming an Empire After Caesar’s Death Rome dove into
another Civil War On side was lead by the men who had
killed Caesar The other side was Caesar’s
grandnephew Octavian Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus created
the Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C.
The Second Triumvirate These three men began fighting at once Octavian soon forced Lepidus to retire from
politics Octavian took the West and Antony took the
East Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen
Cleopatra Vii and formed and alliance Octavian told the Romans that this alliance
was to make Antony sole ruler of the republic This lead to the Romans and Octavian to
declare war on Antony
Battle of Actium This battle took place in 31 B.C. off the west
coast of Greece. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s
army and navy The couple fled to Egypt a year later killing
themselves before Octavian reached them. This made Octavian at the age of 32 at the
top of the Roman world. The civil wars and republic was over and
Octavian set a new system of government call the Roman Empire
Octavian’s Rule Octavian chose not to make himself dictator for
life as his great uncle had. He know the people favored a republican form of government
Cicero a political leader, writer, and rome’s greatest public speaker encouraged this decision
Octavian gave some power to the Senate and the rest of the power to himself. His title became imperator meaning commander in chief later to be called emperor.
He then changed his name to Augustus
Who was the First Triumvirate??
Who was the Second Triumvirate??
Stop and Think
Who was the First Triumvirate?? Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar
Who was the Second Triumvirate?? Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
Stop and Think