The Rise and Fall of the

Roman Republic

JOSEPH LARIMER & MARSHALL BROOKS

Introduction

The authors of this book are Joseph Larimer and Marshall Brooks. The intentions behind this book are creating a eBook that educates and inspires students to learn about the Roman Republic, and to fulfill the requirement for W200. Students should use this book to learn about the rise and fall of the Roman Republic. Teachers can use this eBook to ful-fill teaching standard SS.WH.2.9 2007 - Roman Civilization: Describe Roman Republican government and society and trace the changes that culminated in the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. High schoolers, pri-marily 12th graders, should focus on this eBook and read it’s contents to a satisfactory level. After reading this eBook, you, as a student, should be able to identify the origins of the Roman Republic, key governmental characteristics, how soci-ety is structured, the multiple wars leading up to the fall of the republic, and the life and role of Julius Caesar in the fall of the republic. Make sure to read and interact with the extra information and games. Most of all, have fun exploring the Ro-man Republic.

CHAPTER 1

The Beginning of the Roman Republic This chapter will outline the the ori-gins of the Roman Republic. You will read about the different myths that con-tributed to the start of the republic. These myths factored into the story of the Rape of Lucretia which led to conflict which sparked the beginning of the Ro-man Republic. A statue of Aeneas carrying his father Anchises.

KEY POINTS

1. The origins of Aeneas.

2. Aeneas’ refuge in Carthage.

3. Aeneas and Dido fall in love.

4. The war with King Latinus.

5. Aeneas marries Lavinia.

SECTION 1

The Story of Aeneas and the Founding of Rome

The founding of Rome can be mythologically traced back through the tale of Aeneas and his flight from Troy after the events of Homer’s Illiad.  The story of Aeneas’ escape from Troy is told in Virgil’s Aeneid.  Romans saw Aeneas as their an-cestor and used him to connect themselves to the great Trojan War.  

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Aeneas is led away from Troy by the god Venus.

GALLERY 1.1 Aeneas and His Voyage.

Virgil tells of how Aeneas fled Troy with his father, son, and fellow Trojans and of the trials they faced as they made their way to Italy.  The gods had told Aeneas that he would find greatness in Italy; however, he failed two times to build a city due to bad omens and plague.  Eventually, Aeneas and the Trojans found themselves in Carthage under the hospitality of Princess Dido, with whom Aeneas fell in love with.

After spending time in Carthage, the Trojans depart for Italy once again which dev-astates Dido and drives her to suicide.  The Trojans have a brief detour in the under-world but eventually arrive in Latium where they encounter King Latinus who shows great hospitality and hopes that Aeneas is the man des-tined to marry his daughter Lavinia.  Eventually a war breaks out between the Trojans and forces led by Turnus, a suitor of Lavinia who dislikes Aeneas and the Trojans.  With the help of northern Latin tribes, Ae-neas is able to defeat Turnus in single combat and end the war.  Aeneas married Lavinia and founded the city of Lavin-ium thus beginning a line of Latin rulers that controlled La-tium for many years.

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INTERACTIVE 1.1 Interactive Aeneid

This is a short video about Aeneas’ journey. This should be a summary of everything you read about in the section.

REVIEW 1.1 The Aeneid

Check Answer

Who did Aeneas defeat in Latium in order to marry Lavinia?

A. King Latinus

B. Dido

C. Homer

D. Turnus

SECTION 2

Romulus and Remus

Many people are familiar with the tale of Romulus and Remus and the founding of the city of Rome.  The Roman god of war, Ares, impregnated Rhea Silvia who was a descendant of Aeneas and the daughter of the rightful king Numitor.  Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, was imprisoned by her uncle the king and her twin offspring, Romulus and Remus, were or-dered executed.  However, the servant showed mercy on the babes and sent them adrift on the Tiber River.  The children were suckled by a she-wolf and were eventually found and raised by Faustulus and his wife Larentia.  

The two boys grew up as shepherds and were in constant conflict with the shepherds of King Amulius, the man who had deposed their grandfather and imprisoned their real mother.  At one point, Remus was captured by Amulius and his true identity was discovered.  A war broke out between the broth-ers and Amulius which saw Amulius defeated and their grand-

father Numitor retaking the throne despite the offer of the crown to be shared by Romulus and Remus.  

The brothers elected to found a new city instead but could not agree on which hill it should be located.  Romulus chose Palatine Hill and Remus chose Aventine Hill.  They de-cided to settle the matter through the gods so they both set-

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This image shows the She-wolf finding Romulus and Re-mus in the basket that they rode in down the river.

GALLERY 1.2 The life of Romulus and Remus

tled themselves on their respective hills and waited.  Remus saw 6 birds and Romulus saw twelve to which Romulus de-clared himself the winner despite the fact that Remus claimed the six he saw his first.  Romulus began construction of the walls for his city which Remus mocked.  After Remus jumped over the walls Romulus was building, Romulus killed his brother and stated, "So perish every one that shall hereafter leap over my wall".  With that, the city of Rome was founded and named after the man who built it.

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INTERACTIVE 1.2 Romulus and Remus

This video is a summary of what you just read about Romu-lus and Remus.

REVIEW 1.2 Romulus and Remus

Check Answer

What saved Romulus and Remus from the Tiber River?

A. A bear

B. A She-Wolf

C. King Numitor

D. A fish

THE SEVEN KINGS

1. Romulus

2. Numa Pompilius

3. Tullus Hostilius

4. Ancus Marcius

5. Lucius Tarquinius

6. Servius Tullius

7. Tarquinius Superbus

SECTION 3

The Seven Kings of Rome After the founding of Rome by Romulus, the kingdom saw the Seven Kings of Rome.  The first king being Romulus, the man who built the city.  Under him the Romans allied with the Sabines and became a powerful kingdom in Italy.  

After the death of Romulus, the Curiate Assembly of Rome elected Numa Pompilius as king.  Under Numa Pompil-ius, the Romans saw the establishment of many important gov-ernment and religious institutions namely the Pontifex Maxi-mus, the Vestal Virgins, the occupational guilds of Rome, and a calendar reform that adjusted the lunar and solar years and introduced the months of January and February.  

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A drawing of the seven kings as pillars that hold up Rome.

After Numa Pompilius died of old age, Tullus Hostilius was elected by the Curiate Assembly.  Unlike the man he suc-ceeded, Tullus was a king of war.  His biggest achievement was defeating the Roman rival Alba Longa and making it a vas-sal state thus expanding the power of Rome.  After the be-trayal of the Alban people, Tullus had the city destroyed and forced all the people to move to Rome and become integrated into Roman society.  

Following his death, Tullus was replaced by Ancus Mar-cius who led Rome in a war against the Latins who had settled themselves on Aventine Hill.  After defeating the Latins and integrating them into Rome in accordance of the Roman tradi-tion shown with the Sabines and the Albans, Marcius also ex-panded Roman territory to the sea.  

When Marcius died, a man named Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, simply known as Tarquin, was elected by the Curiate Assembly to be king.  Tarquin increased the number of the Senate and waged successful military campaigns against vari-ous Sabine and Latin cities.  After ruling for thirty-eight years, Tarquin was assassinated by the sons of Ancus Marcius who felt the throne should have been theirs.  

After Tarquin’s assassination, his son-in-law Servius Tul-lius was given power by the Senate.  Servius waged wars against the Veii and the Etruscans early in his reign and be-came a popular king as a result.  However, his two daughters and the son of his successor Lucius Tarquinius Superbus con-spired to murder him and take power.  They slandered his

name in the Senate and when Servius went to defend himself, he was thrown down the stairs by Tarquin and murdered by the latter’s men.  

Lucius Tarquinius seized power and refused a proper bur-ial for Servius which earned him the title of Superbus mean-ing arrogant or proud.  Tarquinius Superbus was the last of the Roman kings and his reign is said to have been a justifi-able reason for the ending of the monarchy in Rome.  His un-popular military campaigns and the actions of his son, Sextus Tarquinius, are what led to the establishment of the Roman Republic.

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INTERACTIVE 1.3 Extra information about the Seven Kings

Visit this webpage to read more details about the Seven Kings.

INTERACTIVE 1.4 Seven Kings Flash Card Game

This is a game that you can play to test your knowledge of the seven kings of Rome.

SECTION 4

The Rape of Lucretia

The one event that can be called the tipping point that sent Rome from a monarchy to a republic is the event known as the Rape of Lucretia.  During the reign of Tarquinius Super-bus, he began a military campaign against Ardea.  He sent his son, Sextus Tarquinius, on a military errand to Collatia where he was greeted with a party at the governor’s mansion, the home of Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus.

At the party, a debate arose between the prominent men of which among them had the wife with the most virtue.  So the men embarked on a quest to settle the matter.  Most of the wives were having drunken celebrations while their husbands were away.  Collatinus decided to settle the debate and took them all to see his wife, Lucretia.  When they arrived, they saw Lucretia weaving with her maids.  Collatinus was declared the winner and the guests left.

However, that night, Sextus snuck back to the estate and went into Lucretia’s quarters.  He propositioned her to accept his sexual advances and become his wife or he would rape and kill her and one of her slaves and framing it as an adulterous affair.  Lucretia, being a virtuous wife, refused his advances and was raped by the son of the king.  Sextus left her after the incident and returned to camp in Ardea.

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Lucius Brutus swears his oath against the Tarquins as he holds Lucretia in his arm.

GALLERY 1.3 The Rape of Lucretia

The following day, Lucretia sent for her father and her husband and told them each to bring a trusted friend with them.  When the four men arrived, Lucretia told them of the incident and made them swear an oath of vengeance.  While the men were discussing the matter, Lucretia drew a con-cealed dagger and plunged it into her heart.

After this, Lucius Junius Brutus took the bloodied dagger and swore an oath of vengeance on the Tarquins.  With the rape and suicide of Lucretia, the people of Rome decided that it was time to end the line of kings and create a new govern-ment. With this, the Roman Republic was born.

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INTERACTIVE 1.5 The Rape of Lucretia from Livy

This is a primary source from Livy about the Rape of Lucretia. Please read this document to gain a better understanding of the topic.

REVIEW 1.3 Rape of Lucretia

Check Answer

Who was Lucretia the wife of?

A. Junius Brutus

B. Sextus Tarquinius

C. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

D. Joe the Plumber

CHAPTER 2

Republic Government and Society

This chapter will explain different as-pects of the Roman Republic government and how they work. The Roman society and social hierarchy will also be briefly covered. Depiction of a Roman Consul at a Senate meeting.

SECTION 1

The Roman Government

The Senate The Roman Senate was an advisory council made up of 300 Roman men.  At the founding of Rome, the Senate had very little power, and were mainly summoned to advise the King on a certain issue.

 When the Republic formed, the Senate began gaining more power within the Roman state.  Although the executive magistrates held the power, the Senate’s advisement went a long way and usually would influence the consul’s decision in an executive matter.  The Senate also had responsibility over foreign policy, public finances, and religious issues.  Although the Senate had little legislative power, they were still very im-portant.  

The Senate was mostly a pool for upcoming executives such as the quaestorship, aedilship, praetor-ship, and even the consulship.  In modern day government, this would be comparable to the Presi-dent’s cabinet.

The requirements to be in the Senate were very much like the re-quirements for the United States Congress. The senators would be

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This is a painting that shows the Roman Senate meeting to discuss policy.

GALLERY 2.1 The Roman Senate

INTERACTIVE 2.1 The Roman Senate

Watch this segment from HBO’s Rome, which shows the workings of a Roman Senate meeting.

voted in by the Assembly in order to represent their constitu-ency. Senators could be either patricians (upper class) or ple-beians (lower class).

The rules for Senate meetings were very strict. The Sen-ate could only meet in areas of religious areas that were dedi-cated to the gods. Before every meeting, a member of the Sen-ate would have to make a blood sacrifice in order to keep bad omens away.

The Assembly The Roman Assembly, also known as the Comitia Cen-turiata, was an electoral body that was broken into different groups, or centuries, which were based off of wealth.  This was the democratic portion of the Roman Republic.  Males older than 18, and who owned land would be able to vote in assem-bly.

The body was in charge of voting on legisla-tion, as well as, voting for representative officials, such as the consul. The Comitia Centuriata also had the power to declare war.  The Assembly would compare to operations of Congress in modern day government.

The Magistrates Roman magistrates were the high ranking executives of the republic.  All of the magistrate positions were elected by the Assembly.

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An image of the Roman AssemblyThis image shows two Roman Consuls.

GALLERY 2.2 Roman Magistrates

1.  Starting from the lowest ranking position, the Qaustor was an executive official that was in charge of financial affairs within the republic.  The Quaestor was in charge of the treasury which was located in the Temple of Saturn.  

2. The next ranking official was the Aedile.  The Aedile was in charge of public buildings and public festivals.  They also had the power to enforce the law.  This position was very im-portant, although not necessary, for aspiring politicians.  The Aedile could show his dedication to the public and gain popularity among the people.  

3. The second highest executive position was the Praetor.  The praetorship was given to an official who was commanding an army for Rome, or for a magistrate who was looking af-ter affairs in Rome while the Consul was leading the army in a war.  The praetorship was a necessary position for up-coming politicians on the way to Consul.  

4. The consulship was the highest ranking executive office of the Roman Republic.  During the Republic, there would be two Consuls.  They had the power to create and veto legisla-tion, lead the Roman army, and summon the Comitia Cen-turiata.  This position was the most aspired role in the Ro-man Republic.  

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INTERACTIVE 2.2 The Roman Government

Watch this video to review what you have learned throughout this section.

INTERACTIVE 2.3 Roman Government Wordsearch

Find all of the words that relate to this section

ROMAN HIERARCHY

1. Knights - Full armor/weaponry/horse

1. Usually patricians

2. Class 1 - Full armor/weaponry

3. Class 2-4 - Little amount of armor/weaponry

4. Proletariate Class - no armor/weaponry

1. Largest portion of the population

SECTION 2

Roman Society The Roman Republic was a very class driven govern-ment.  The social hierarchy was very much based off of the military and political office.  The Assembly was broken into six voting classes based off of how well you could defend your-self in war.  The top class were Knights who had full armor, weaponry, and horses. The bottom class was the Proletariate class who had no way of defending themselves.  Those with more military experience and tools would be considered the highest class and would usually have more wealth.  

The Patricians were descendants of Rome’s earliest kin-ship groups. They usually dominated Roman politics because of their large amount of wealth. Many of the Patricians stayed together by forming close bonds, usually through different marriages. This helped them look out for their own interests. After a while, the word patrician started to become used as a word for the upper class.

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The lower classes, classes two through four and the prole-tariate class, would have more voting power in the Assembly because there were more poor people than wealthy people. Al-though they would have more voting power, it was not hard for patricians to pay off the lower classes (plebeian) in order to gain their vote.  

Their was a lot of tension between the two social classes. The patricians owned the vast majority of the land in Rome. This meant that the plebeians were left to work the fields, which was often their only source of work, beside being a part of the military. Patricians would often give loans to the plebe-ians to start their own small farms, which would quickly go bankrupt. The patricians controlled most of the wealth in Rome, so the plebeians rarely could control policy in their fa-vor. In order to get their problems heard, plebeians formed the Council of the Plebs, which attempted to put a voice into the ears of the patricians. After many years, the patricians rec-ognized the Council and their Tribunes. This helped plebe-ians improve their living conditions by gaining some political influence.

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REVIEW 2.1 Roman Social Structure

Check Answer

Who was the dominant social class in the Ro-man Republic?

A. The Patricians

B. The Plebeians

C. The Middle Class

D. None of these

CHAPTER 3

Roman Wars

War was the most prominent way the Romans expanded their territory and in-fluence over the Mediterranean and is what eventually allowed them to conquer most of Europe as an Empire.  War is what allowed them to control most of It-aly early in its time as a Republic.  Ro-mans knew the importance of a well maintained army and most of the govern-ment programs they enacted were meant to benefit the military in some way.  Rome was a society based in war and the things it could help them accomplish.

SECTION 1

The Punic Wars

The series of wars that really established Rome as a true power in the Mediterranean were the three wars Rome fought with Carthage in what became known as the Punic Wars which lasted from 264-146 BC.  For a long time, Carthage was the most powerful force in the Mediterranean and was only ri-valed by Rome in terms of wealth and population.  They had the largest navy in the Mediterranean and as a result had a large trade network.  Due to their wealth, they were able to rely on hiring mercenaries to act as their standing army when they needed one.  

As the Roman Republic continued to grow and gain more power, the Carthaginians began to notice.  The First Punic War (264-241 BC) came about after a conflict in Sicily with the province known as Messina.  They had called upon the Ro-man Senate for aid against Carthage.  Eventually it broke out into a full blown war for control of Sicily.  The war was largely a naval one which had Rome at a disadvantage due to its lack

of a strong navy.  However, the Romans were able to expand and improve their navy in a very short amount of time.  With the invention of the corvus, a drawbridge-type device that Ro-mans put on their ships thus allowing them to board Cartha-ginian vessels, the Romans saw the war turn to their favor and eventually Carthage signed a peace treaty in 241 BC.

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This is a map of the routes that Hannibal and the Romans took during the Second Punic War.

GALLERY 3.1 The Second Punic War

During the time between the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage expanded their territory into Hispania (mod-ern day Spain) and found large silver reserves.  As a result they became wealthier and under the militaristic Barcid fam-ily, they rebuilding their forces in preparation to fight Rome again.  The Second Punic War is famous because it was the campaign in which the Carthaginian leader Hannibal led his war elephants over the Alps and into Rome.  Hannibal saw early successes against the Romans and defeated them in the major battles of Saguntum, Trebea, Lake Trasimene, and most famously at Cannae.  However, he was never able to conquer Rome and win the war which allowed for the Roman generals Quintus Fabius Maximus and Publius Cornelius Scipio to win some battles and force Hannibal back to Africa where he was eventually defeated at the Battle of Zama.

The Final Punic War (149-146 BC) was a result of grow-ing anti-Roman sentiment in Hispania and Greece as well as the Carthaginians regaining wealth and military power.  Car-thage had finished paying its war indemnities to Rome and saw itself free to raise an army once again to repel the attacks of the Numidians, which the promptly failed to do and were then indebted to Numidia.  Rome did not like the reemer-gence of Carthage and under the heavy suggestion of Cato the Elder, they tried to draw Carthage into an open conflict where they could deal with them once and for all.  After a series of es-calating demands, the last of which demanded that Carthage demolish their city and rebuild it away from the coast, the Car-thaginians refused and the Romans declared the Third Punic

War.  Under Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Romans conducted a siege of the city for three years which ended with Carthage burning to the ground in 146 BC thus ending the Punic Wars.

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INTERACTIVE 3.1 The Punic Wars

This website will help you learn more about the Punic Wars.

INTERACTIVE 3.2 The Punic Wars

This video will give you addi-tional information about the Punic Wars.

SECTION 2

The Servile Wars

Like most ancient civilizations, the Romans had a fairly large slave population that they had obtained through their military victories and their expansion of territory.  This is what allowed for Rome to expand while still maintaining a lot of the wealth they had gained.  But, as can be expected, slaves tend to tire of being slaves at some point.  Throughout the his-tory of the Roman Republic, they experienced three slave re-volts that are known as the Servile Wars.  The first two both involved uprisings by the slaves in Sicily.  The Third Servile War, the most famous one, was the war where Spartacus led an army of escaped slaves against the Romans.

The First and Second Servile Wars (135-132 BC and 104-100 BC) were the results of dissent amongst Sicilians after the Punic Wars had ended.  There was an over abundance of slaves and as a result many were mistreated and ill-fed more than usual.  Both wars involved slaves rising up and electing a leader to fight for rights for the slaves.  Both revolts saw early

successes against the Romans but were eventually quelled by the Romans.

The Third Servile War (73-71 BC) is the most famous of the Roman slave revolts as it is the war in which Spartacus led an army of escaped gladiators and slaves against the Roman Republic in the name of freedom.  Spartacus was a gladiator in the city of Capua and along with his fellow gladiators, he es-

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This is a depiction of how Spartacus died in the third Ser-vile War.

GALLERY 3.2 Spartacus’ Death

caped and began recruiting freed slaves from the countryside into his army.  Eventually his army reached the size of around 120,000 slaves.  Spartacus and his fellow generals saw a lot of success against the Romans.  It wasn’t un-til Senator Marcus Licinius Crassus was given the task of ending the rebellion did the Romans see success against Spartacus and his army.  Eventually Spart-acus’s army split and the half not under his com-mand was defeated in 72 BC.  In a last ditch effort, Spartacus made a last stand with his army at the Battle of Siler River where he was eventually defeated by the army of Crassus and 6,000 slaves were crucified along the Appian way as a message to prevent future slave revolts.

INTERACTIVE 3.4 The Third Servile War

This video covers the third Servile War, watch it to learn more.

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INTERACTIVE 3.3 Servile Wars

Visit this website to learn more about the Servile Wars.

REVIEW 3.1 The Servile Wars

Check Answer

What war did Spartacus server in?

A. The Punic Wars

B. The Third Servile War

C. WWII

D. The First Servile War

KEY IDEAS

1. Julius Caesar led the Roman Army into Gaul.

2. Romans feared that the Gallic tribes would invade Rome.

3. Caesar invaded to gain popularity amongst the people.

4. The Gauls were utterly destroyed by the Romans.

5. Caesar gained mass popularity from these wars.

SECTION 3

The Gallic Wars The most famous figure in Roman history is without a doubt Julius Caesar.  The stories of Caesar and his rise to power are truly legendary.  The wars that truly made Caesar popular with the Roman people and which allowed for his in-credible rise were his campaigns in Gaul known as the Gallic Wars.  The Romans had always had a healthy fear and respect for the Gallic Tribes and were always weary of them.  Caesar knew this and was constantly looking for a reason to invade Gaul so he could gain the military success and popularity he needed to rise higher in Roman society.  Southern movements by the Gauls towards Roman provinces gave him that excuse, but just barely.

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This is a map of Caesar’s military movements throughout Gaul.

GALLERY 3.3 The Gallic Wars

Over the course of nine years from 59-50 BC, Caesar pushed his way through Gaul and put down any insurgencies against Roman power.  He defeated many individual tribes for years and eventually a union of Gallic tribes came to be under the Gaul leader known as Vercingetorix.  At the Battle of Ale-sia in 52 BC, Caesar defeated this united Gallic army and took Vercingetorix as a prisoner so that he could take him back to Rome and publicly execute him and raise his popularity with the people.  For the last two years of his campaign, Caesar con-tinued defeating tribes and breaking the spirits of the Gauls so that they might never oppose Rome again.

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INTERACTIVE 3.5 Caesar’s Accounts of the Gallic Wars

Visit this website to read Caesar’s personal accounts of the Gal-lic Wars.

REVIEW 3.2 The Gallic Wars

Check Answer

Who did Caesar capture at the Battle of Alesia?

A. Octavian

B. Spartacus

C. Vercingetorix

D. Brutus

CHAPTER 4

Caesar and the Beginning of the Empire

The one Roman who is most attributed to the fall of the republic is Julius Caesar. His actions created a chain of events that put the Republic into turmoil and laid the roots for an empire.

A statue of Julius Caesar

KEY EVENTS

1. Julius Caesar became a popular general through campaigns in Spain.

2. Caesar becomes Consul alongside Pompey.

3. Caesar leads campaigns in Gaul.

4. Caesar is named an enemy of the State.

5. Caesar dominates Pompey’s forces in a civil war.

6. Caesar becomes Dictator Perpetuo of Rome.

7. Caesar is assassinated and succeeded by Octavian.

SECTION 1

Caesar’s Role in the Fall of the Republic

Gaius Julius Caesar was a very popular Roman general and politician that played a major role in the downfall of the Republic.  Julius Caesar led multiple military campaigns in Spain that made him a pronounced leader in the Roman army.  

After his early campaigns, he returned home looking to become the Consul.  Combined with Pompey Magnus, another prominent Roman military general, who also had his own am-bitious political career, Caesar became consul alongside Pom-pey.  Caesar ratified land for army veterans, which later be-came an issue with other Roman politicians.  In order to avoid political prosecution when he lost his consulship, he began a military campaign in Gaul, which lasted five years.  This al-lowed Caesar to maintain his consulship as long as he led his campaign in Gaul.  While creating immense popular support for himself, Caesar put himself in a position of great conflict with the Roman Senate, and his long friend Pompey.  

After his tour in Gaul, Caesar started on his way home, demanding that he maintain his con-sulship.  Pompey and the Senate declared Caesar an enemy of the Republic, in which Caesar responded by crossing the Rubicon River, the border of Rome, therefore declaring

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INTERACTIVE 4.1 The Roman Civil War

Watch this video for details about the Roman civil war.

war against Rome.  What resulted was a civil war between Cae-sar’s well-trained and loyal forces against Pompey’s own mili-tary that he led throughout the East.  The eventual result was a victory for Caesar and the assassination of Pompey.  

Caesar was then the indisputable ruler of Rome and be-came a inarguable dictator of Rome.  This was the fall of the Roman Republic and beginning of the Roman Empire.  Caesar was later assassinated by conspirators, which led to great chaos within Rome.  His successor, his nephew Octavian, be-came the first Emperor of Rome under the name of Augustus. The Roman Empire was officially born. 

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This is a bust of Julius Caesar.

GALLERY 4.1 Julius Caesar

INTERACTIVE 4.2 Caesar Timeline

This is a timeline following all of the events that led to the downfall of the Repub-lic.

INTERACTIVE 4.3 Summary of Octavian

This is a short summary of Octavian and how he rose to power. Read this for in-formation past the fall of the Republic.

CreditsChapter 1 in order of appearance

Statue of Aeneas (4/24/14) - http://universalheretic.wordpress.com/2010/08/02/god-of-the-week-aeneas/Aeneas and Venus (4/24/14) - aeneasvenustiepolo.jpgAeneas and the Harpies (4/24/14) -http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:François_Perrier_-_Aeneas_and_his_Companions_Fighting_the_Harpies_-_WGA17207.jpgAeneas and Turnus (4/24/14) - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Aeneas_and_Turnus.jpgAeneas’ Voyage (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNVJNxkNSDsRomulus and Remus in basket (4/24/14) - http://winterqueen.deviantart.com/art/Romulus-and-Remus-93760349Romulus and Remus with She-Wolf (4/24/14) - http://www.ancient.eu.com/Romulus_and_Remus/Romulus and Remus fighting (4/24/14) - http://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/loritzamy/Student%20webpages/World%20Hour%208/Brittney%20Procter%20-%20the%20legend%20of%20Remus%20and%20Romulus.htmRomulus and Remus video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToagTve4hsSeven Kings (4/24/14) - http://www.waldorftoday.com/gallery/Main+Lesson+Book+Pages/GRADES+1-5/page34-1001-full+The+Seven+Kings+of+Rome.jpg.htmlSeven Kings website (4/24/14) - http://www.waldorftoday.com/gallery/Main+Lesson+Book+Pages/GRADES+1-5/page34-1001-full+The+Seven+Kings+of+Rome.jpg.htmlSeven Kings quizlet (4/24/14) - http://quizlet.com/_4dq5Lucretia Statue & Lucretia battle (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucretiaLivy primary source (4/24/14) - http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/63/884673/Livy.Lucretia.pdf

Chapter 2

Roman Consul (4/24/14) - http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/R/Roman_Republic_institutions.htmlRoman Senate (4/24/14) - http://sjsdblogs.com/shelbykernshumanities/2013/09/10/todays-government-vs-romans-government/Cicero (4/24/14) - http://larsbrownworth.com/blog/category/senate/roman-senate/HBO Rome segment (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9URoman Assembly (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_assembliesTwo Roman consuls (4/24/14) - http://imgarcade.com/1/two-roman-consul/Magistrate coin (4/24/14) - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Consul_et_lictores.jpgRoman government video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPf27gAup9UPatricians and plebeians (4/24/14) - http://when-in-rome.tumblr.com/post/520251751/plebeians-vs-patricians

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Chapter 3

Roman helmet (4/24/14) - http://www.outfit4events.com/runtime/cache/images/productFull/120221.jpgPunic Wars map (4/24/14) - http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-183138/The-western-Mediterranean-during-the-Punic-WarsPunic Wars website (4/24/14) - http://www.ancient.eu.com/Punic_Wars/Punic Wars video (4/24/14) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZrjXEomBXMSpartacus’ Death (4/24/14) - http://warfarehistorian.blogspot.com/2012/07/spartacus-war-73-71-bc-great-gladiator.htmlServile War video (4/24/14) - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugFbweiIrCoServile War website (4/24/14) - http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/slavesandslavery/a/slavewars.htmGallic Wars map (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caesar_campaigns_gaul-en.svgGallic chieftain (4/24/14) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_WarsCaesar’s books (4/24/14) - http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.html

Chapter 4

Statue of Caesar (4/24/14) - http://spartacus.wikia.com/wiki/Julius_CaesarRoman civil war video (4/24/14) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNPlPa3ZvsQCaesar Timeline website (4/24/14) - http://www.redrampant.com/2009/06/caesars-civil-war-timeline.htmlOctavian website (4/24/14) - http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aabybaugustus.htmBust of Caesar (4/24/14) - http://www.romanemperors.com/julius-caesar.htmBust of Pompey (4/24/14) - http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/img.htm?id=3261Caesar coin (4/24/14) - http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/imp/julius_caesar/i.htmlCaesar assassination (4/24/14) - http://juliuscaesar.altervista.org/CesareEn.htm

© Joseph Larimer & Marshall Brooks

This book is copyrighted, in order to maintain intellectual integrity. This book should be used for educational purposes.

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