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The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project. Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Greece. Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles. Partners: Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project
Zissis SamarasLab of Applied Thermodynamics
Aristotle University Greece
Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles
A European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General
on Transport and Energy
Partners: Associate partners:
Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm University (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK)IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S)Graz University (AUT) ConsultantsAachen University (D) D. Kittelson JRC (NL) G. Reischl
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Timetable
WP200 - Instrumentation and properties: CompletedWP300 - Sampling conditions : Completed with round-robin evaluation (March 2002)WP400 - Definition of detailed measurement matrix: Completed WP500 - Measurements : Started in March 2002WP600 - Evaluation and reporting: Runs in parallel to WP300 and WP500Project deadline: April 2003
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
‘Particulates’: Project Products Outline
A detailed framework for future vehicle particulate sampling and measurement methodology
Input to emissions modelling tools, in relation to existing knowledge, in terms of usable emission factors for current vehicles
Assessment of the effectiveness of the technical measures for reducing particulate emissions
Useful input to medical studies
Tests over transient operation !
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Particle characteristics to be measured (recommendations from health effects studies)
Mass emissions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1 …)
Number emissions in relation to size including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm) Nature and morphology solid, liquid part surface area
Chemical composition Elemental & total organic carbon Metals PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene) Sulphates and Nitrates
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
How to sample and dilute -1Which types of particles?
Accumulation mode particlesMainly soot particlesRelatively repeatable
Nucleation mode particlesMainly sulphate, hydrocarbons and waterVery strongly influenced by the sampling and
dilution techniques - therefore not repeatable, difficult to produce representative factors
Suggestion: create sampling conditions likely to favour nucleation under repeatable laboratory conditions (worst case approach?)
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
How to sample and dilute -2General Guidelines for ‘Particulates’
Sampling:As close to isokinetic as possibleMinimum sampling lines lengthMinimum heat gradients in sampling lineSampling line of conducting material
Dilution:Filtered dilution air, of controlled temperature
and of controlled humidityControlled residence time (long)Minimum residence time after final dilutionDefinition of “windows” (Dilution Temp, Dilution
Ratio)
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
‘Particulates’: Sampling Set upSampling Set up
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Porous sampling probe
Sample from Exhaust
Dilution Air
Diluted sample
Sample extracted and diluted simultaneously
Dilution ratio can be controlled
High mixing rate - minimum thermophoresis
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -Sampling Set up Under Testing -11
Photo from EMPAPhoto from EMPA
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing –Sampling Set up Under Testing –22
Photo from LATPhoto from LAT
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -Sampling Set up Under Testing -33
Photo from LATPhoto from LAT
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Investigationson Sampling Conditions
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Effect of dilution temperatureDecreasing dilution air temperature increases nucleation.
0.E+00
2.E+08
4.E+08
6.E+08
8.E+08
1.E+09
1.E+09
1.E+09
1 10 100 1000
electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]
dN
/dlo
g d
p [
cm-3
] 40 °C
30 °C
19 °C
17 °C
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Effect of dilution ratio Increasing dilution ratio increases nucleation.
0.0E+00
5.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.5E+09
2.0E+09
2.5E+09
3.0E+09
1 10 100 1000
electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]
dN
/dlo
g d
p [
cm-3
]
41
24
15
Dilution ratio
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Effect of relative humidity in dilution air Increasing humidity increases nucleation.
0.0E+00
5.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.5E+09
2.0E+09
2.5E+09
1 10 100 1000
electrical mobility particle diameter dp [nm]
dN
/dlo
g d
p [
cm-3
]
50
38.8
26
14.4
10
2.4
relative humidity [%]of dilution air
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Effect of residence time (250 ppm S)
1,0E+06
1,0E+07
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03Mobility Diameter (nm)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
cm
-3)
50 km/h, Load C, LRT,Fuel: GR, Fan: ON,Texh: 152-164°C, PDR:18,8-21,5, #:11
50 km/h, Load C, SRT,Fuel: GR, Fan: ON,Texh: 155-160°C, PDR:20-22, #:7
LRT-1,9s
SRT-0,7s
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Effect of residence time (10 ppm S)
1,0E+06
1,0E+07
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03Mobility Diameter (nm)
dN
/dlo
gD
p (
cm
-3)
50 km/h, Load C, LRT,Fuel: EC1, Fan: ON,Texh: 150-154,6°C,PDR: 20,3-21,4, #:5
50 km/h, Load C, SRT,Fuel: EC1, Fan: ON,Texh: 154-156°C, PDR:19,4-22,5, #:5
LRT-1,9s
SRT-0,7s
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Window 1: DR 25±2, DT 20±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Cold - high dilution (at 50 old - high dilution (at 50 km/h)km/h)
Window 2: DR 12.5±2, DT32±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Warm - low dilution (at 50 Warm - low dilution (at 50 km/h)km/h)
Sampling ‘Windows’
This is the window that This is the window that will be mainly usedwill be mainly used
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Dilution ratio fluctuation
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600RPM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
kW
19.0+18.0 to 19.017.0 to 18.016.0 to 17.015.0 to 16.014.0 to 15.013.0 to 14.012.0 to 13.011.0 to 12.010.0 to 11.09.0 to 10.08.0 to 9.0
DR map in NEDC
Setting
Golf TDI
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Round-Robin Aims
To evaluate the measuring robustness of the sampling system.
To make sure that a similar, if not identical, measurement protocol is followed by each laboratory.
To compare laboratory instrumentation with reference instruments (‘reference’ stands for the same instruments carried by the round robin team to all laboratories).
To obtain information on the variability of results among participating laboratories.
To possibly identify which components of laboratory instrumentation and measurement practices may be responsible for differing results.
It proved to be a learning exercise – very important !!
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Round Robin Timetable
Laboratory Test week Latest Arrival time Earliest Pick up time
Aristotle University 3.9.2001
VTT Energy 38 11.9. 2001 24.9.2001
MTC 40 28.9.2001 5.10.2001
IFP 42 12.10.2001 22.10.2001
EMPA 44 26.10.2001 5.11.2001
TU Graz 46 9.11.2001 20.11.2001
Concawe, AEAT 49 29.11.2001 10.12.2001
Aristotle University 51 20.12.2001
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Round-Robin Measurements Schedule
1st day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th dayTest cell / Dyno /Test benchsettings
NEDC cold(Window2)
NEDC cold(Window2)
NEDC cold(Window2)
NEDC cold(Window2)
Setup of owninstrumentation
Hot NEDC(Window2 – owninstruments)
Hot NEDC(Window2 – owninstruments)
Hot NEDC(Window2 –referenceinstruments)
Hot NEDC(Window2 –referenceinstruments)
Set Window2 Artemis road(Window 2 – owninstruments)
Artemis road(Window 2 – owninstruments)
Artemis road(Window 2 –referenceinstruments)
Artemis road(Window 2 –referenceinstruments)
Preconditioning (3EUDCs)
Steady statespeeds (Window 2– owninstruments)
Steady statespeeds (Window 2– owninstruments)
Steady statespeeds (Window 2– referenceinstruments)
Steady statespeeds (Window 2– referenceinstruments)
Cold soak Check Window2 Setup ofreferenceinstrumentation
Check Window 2 Check Window 2
Set Window2
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Sampling: Cycles
NEDCCADCSteady Speeds(50, 90, 120 km/h)
ECE R49ESCETC
LDV HDV
Some will also conduct:
Aftertreatment testsMore transient cyclesMore steady state tests
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
The CADC cycles: road
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Test sequence (LDVs)
Set the window (Window 2)Preconditioning (3 EUDCs)Cold soakCold start NEDC (1200s)Hot start NEDC (1200s)Artemis Urban (1000s)Artemis Road (1000s)Artemis Motorway (1000s)Steady state speeds: 50,90,120 km/h (~10 min each)
Some will also sample at different windows
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Fuels
Conventional fuels were selected to cover current and potential future qualitiesDiesel fuels with constant physical properties but varying sulphur content 1500 --- 300 --- 40 --- 8 ppm SSwedish Class 1 diesel
Gasolines at year 2000 and 2005+ qualities125 --- 40 --- 8 ppm S
Common fuel batches blended for the consortiumAlternative fuels also being evaluated by some partners
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Vehicle technologies being tested
Lab Task Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro 0 Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V
AEAT 550 2 2
CONCAWE 510 2 1 1
EMPA 550IFP 510 1 1 1 2
INRETS 510 2 2 2 3 3 3
LAT 510 3 2 1 1
MTC 510 1 1 1 2 1
AVL 520 1 E 1 E 1 E
MTC 520+530 1 CNG V
TUG 520+530 1 RME V
VOLVO 520 1 E 1 E 1 E
VTT 520+530 1 E 1 V +
1 E1 V + 2 E
1 CNG V + 1 LPG V
V: Vehicle E: Engine
Emission Standards Coverage (update 23/4/2002)
Gasoline LDV
4 vehicles (cold start)
2 V
Diesel LDV HD Vehicles - Engines
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
From Measurement to Emission Factors
VEHICLE SAMPLINGINSTRUMENT
S
DATA FORMAT/ STORAGE
DATA PROCESSING
PRIMARY EMISSION VALUES
DATA REDUCTION EVALUATIO
N
EMISSION FACTORS
EFFECTS
LEGEND
RED WP 300
BLUE WP 600
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Instruments: Information provided
Size segregated solid particle number- dry branch [RT]Total particle number - wet branch [RT]Total active surface equivalent - wet branch [RT]Gaseous pollutantsParticle mass (VOF/NVOF) - CVS [CYCLE]Mass weighted size distribution - wet branch [CYCLE]Number weighted size distribution - wet branch [SS]
[RT]: Real Time[CYCLE]: Average over cycle[SS]: Steady State
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Roadside particulates measurements (Task 450)
PM2.5 + SMPSmeasurements
Measurements in road tunnels allow a differentiation between direct emissions under real world dilution ratios (roadside measurements) and “aged” PM at different locations from roadside
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Non-exhaust particulates measurements (Task 460)
Four main strands to the experimental work:Gravimetric determination of tyre and brake wear ratesCompositional analysis of brake and tyre materials, and
brake and tyre dustSampling and analysis of airborne particlesSampling and analysis of road dust
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Web Site of the Project
http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates
With three areas:Public (free access)Consortium (password protected)ETERG (password protected)
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Poro
us
Tu
be D
ilute
r -
1Poro
us
Tu
be D
ilute
r -
1
D ilu t ion a ir f low s thr ou gh a po r oustu be. T he flow ra t io 100-105 s lp m iscon t ro lled by a m a s s flo w met er.
D ilu t ion p robe is coo led with coo ledp res s uri sed a ir o r w ate r. T he d ilu t ionair te mpe r atu re i s cont ro lled by th ed ilu t ion air te m pe ratu re .
D ILU T IO N A IR IN
C O O LIN G A G EN T IN
C O O LIN G A G EN T OU T
S A M PL E IN
D IL U TE D S A M P L E OU T
Porous tube diluterPorous tube diluter
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Primary Dilution Unit - 2Primary Dilution Unit - 2
Ta ilpipeExha ust gasD1
A G
P1T1
T 7 P7
12.10.2 000Primary unit hardware
Sa mple 10 lp m
90 lp m
D 32 mmL 2 000 mm
20 lpm
D 10 mm
T 2M FC100-1 05 lp m
M ag net ic v alv e
fo r c oo ling con tro lVX
D1 Pr ima ry d i lut io n uni t
AG Ag eing cha m ber
MF C M ass f low con tro ller
fo r pre ssu rised a irVX Vo rt ex t ube fo r a ir c oo li ng
P# Pr es sure m e as ur em e nt
T # T em p era tur e m ea s urem e nt
Tu be i d 12 mm/od 14 mm
Tub e id 1 0 mm
/od 12 mm
S wag elok 3 /8”
T u be od 3 /4”
T ub e i d 10 mm/od 12 mm
T ub e id 10 mm
/od 12 mm
Fla n ge d 4 ”
T11
11-06-2002 GRPE Presentation
Primary Dilution Unit - 3Primary Dilution Unit - 3
End of tailpipe Primary dilution unit
Flange to exhaust system