Heading Western Cape Government

Agriculture

THE CULTIVATION OF CAROB

(Ceratonia seliqua)

Institute of Plant Production

Pippa Karsen 26 January 2012

Heading Were does Carob grow naturally?

http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/XL_flags/Australia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.33ff.com/flags/worldflags/Australia_flag.html&usg=__Q2_PIXfJQLE2k-xhNBT7mHeifdM=&h=240&w=360&sz=12&hl=en&start=10&zoom=1&tbnid=wc4Xrbs-myn3dM:&tbnh=81&tbnw=121&ei=I2YdT9nUOefV4QTv-_SnDA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Daustralian%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/u/us.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us.html&usg=__iobAj4RX-zUm8-_jfSGDnIgO1g0=&h=221&w=420&sz=4&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=H_ducTpUDfRHJM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=125&ei=XGYdT_zOCcjP4QTrodXEDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Damerican%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/upload/parameter/FLAG_2007_09_28_17_07_29_Greece.bmp&imgrefurl=http://www.islamicarchitecturedatabase.org/ircica/index2.php%3Fpage%3DCountries&usg=__9qEYSd2yF6ZXwWlhFvbSPlH8DDs=&h=302&w=463&sz=138&hl=en&start=11&zoom=1&tbnid=1mEzhFPZrqgZlM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=128&ei=tGYdT-7mL8T24QT9wMDHDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgreek,%2Bmorocco,%2Bturkey%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/i/il.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il.html&usg=__6nxKQqojl9OPSB5Sh5LjBiF8g-s=&h=216&w=297&sz=3&hl=en&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=JAQNFrRbAM2chM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=116&ei=AWcdT-OEDOLO4QTa7KjMDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3DIsreal%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/images/regions/turkey_14.png&imgrefurl=http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/turkey_80&usg=__tMH44h0Bg1Jlg4W6jPRVfO9Mhn4=&h=533&w=800&sz=16&hl=en&start=7&zoom=1&tbnid=wR4jqr4yFfpIfM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=143&ei=tGYdT-7mL8T24QT9wMDHDQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgreek,%2Bmorocco,%2Bturkey%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/images/stories/tunisia_flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.virtualjerusalem.com/news.php%3FItemid%3D2294&usg=__U_YClk3WuaEg4sBWzrs1hoqXQ_4=&h=336&w=489&sz=3&hl=en&start=10&zoom=1&tbnid=_j1_Mfe9Qks1-M:&tbnh=89&tbnw=130&ei=K2cdT7rWJ4_24QTwurypDA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTunisia%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1

Heading What is Carob?

Heading

Male Female

Heading

Heading

FI

AUTUMN WINTER SPRING SUMMER

MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DES JAN FEB

F

S 1 S 2 S 3

FI-Flower initiation

F- Flowering

Pod Development:

• S1- Stage 1 of pod development (slow development)

• S2- Stage 2 (rapid pod development)

• S3- Stage 3 (ripening)

Veg. Growth

Phenology/Fenologie

Heading Climate / Klimaat

Mediterranean climate

• Cool winters (decrease growth

Heading Soil requirements / Grond voorvereistes

Wide range of soils:

• Poor sandy soils to deep soils

• Withstand calcareous with high lime soils

• Tolerated saline soils (3% NaCl)

• Well drained

Heading Water requirements / water voorvereistes

• Xerophyte

• Annual rainfall 250-500mm per year

• 500-550mm commercial production

Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo

600-800mm/yr

Renoster 200-600mm/yr 200-290mm/yr 100-520mm/yr

C:/Documents and Settings/Administrator/Desktop/Phenology.ppt

Heading Crop Crop water need Produce Calories CHO Sugar Fibre Protien

(mm/total growing

period) Ton/Ha g/ 100g g/ 100g g/ 100g g/ 100g

Banana 1200-2200 ‘4-7 424 23 12 3 1

Barley 450-650 ‘2-3 1591 84 1 2 13

Oats 450-650 ‘2-3 1540 66 1 15 17

Wheat 450-650 ‘6-10 1558 73 0 13 13

Citrus/Olives 900-1200 ‘45-50 235 12 9 2 1

Carob 500-550 ‘50-70 830 80 50 8 4

Maize 500-800 5 1445 74 1 7 10

Peanut/Potato 500-700 17 na na na na na

Heading Properties

Component

(g/100g dry mass)

Tylliria SFax Aaronsohn Santa Fe

Moisture 9.27 9.56 9.29 8.91

CHO 90.69 89.57 90.79 91.12

Tot sugars 54.74 40.69 50.55 45.61

Sucrose 45.09 33.70 40.41 42.02

Glucose 4.92 3.54 4.95 1.79

Fructose 4.73 3.45 5.19 1.80

Dietary fibre 31.47 36.07 33.35 35.85

Protein 3.57 4.42 3.07 3.26

Fat 0.71 0.45 0.74 0.86

Heading Uses/

1. Human consumption

– Cocoa substitute

– Locust bean gum:

thickener and binding

agent

http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.all-creatures.org/recipes/images/i-carob-powder_small.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.all-creatures.org/recipes/i-grains.html&usg=__OL1oAqE3v1JgSkNgmC5NCDtIgv8=&h=168&w=200&sz=6&hl=en&start=79&zoom=1&tbnid=E7Cz11Bu0x0iFM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=104&ei=ayQdT82WK4KX8gP964iaCw&prev=/search%3Fq%3DCarob%2Bdiagrams%26start%3D60%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26qscrl%3D1%26nord%3D1%26rlz%3D1T4ADFA_enZA409ZA413%26biw%3D910%26bih%3D833%26site%3Dwebhp%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Dimvns&itbs=1

Heading Uses/

1. Animal fodder:

– Production same or

higher than other

traditional small grain

crops

– 80% energy value of

barley

2. Shade tree

3. Reclaim eroded land

4. Cheap CHO for ethanol

production (160g/1kg dry

pods)

Heading Production

Country Pod production (t) %

Seed production (t) %

Spain 135000 43.5 12000 37.5

Italy 45000 14.5 4000 12.5

Portugal 30000 9.7 3600 11.3

Morocco 26000 8.4 4800 15.0

Greece 20000 6.5 1800 5.6

Cyprus 17000 5.5 1700 5.3

Turkey 15000 4.8 1800 5.6

Algeria 7000 2.3 800 2.5

Other 15000 4.8 1500 4.7

Total 310000 100 32000 100

(Fletcher,1996).

Heading Why plant Carob?

• Grows in semi arid and marginal soils

• Drought hardy

• Low input cost

• Easily adapted to the WC

• Provides fodder in summer in winter rainfall

areas

• High nutrient value

Heading Limitations/Beperkings

1. Cold hardiness

2. Suitability to high density plantations?

3. Market stability

4. Unavailability of good quality plant material,

5. The time it takes for the tree to come into

production and

6. The local knowledge of cultivation practices.

Heading Research/Navorsing

1. Propagation of the carob tree.

2. Establishment of Carob.

3. Cultural practices