The Beginning First Scholarly Journal:1665 Peer review begins: 1669 1 Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008

The Beginning

• First Scholarly Journal:1665

• Peer review begins: 1669

1Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008

Scholarly communicationAcademics, scholars and

researchers sharing and publishing their research findings so that they

are available to the wider academic community and beyond.


Scholarly communication

The creation, transformation, dissemination and preservation of knowledge related to teaching, research and scholarly endeavors.


Serial Crisis:Journal prices are increasing

• 227% increase from 1986 to 2002 - an average of 13%

• Cost of living increase 1986 to 2002: 51% - an average of 3%

• Increases from 2002-2006: 38%

• Currently, increases are continuing at this rate


Serial Crisis:Journal prices by subject


Serials Crisis:Publishers’ profits

• Since the 20s, academic publishers’ profits averaged around 4%

• Profits in 2002: over 30%

• Profits in 2007: Over 25%


Serials Crisis:Mergers and journal proliferation

• The academic publishing industry has gone from many small publishers to dozens, and now to a handful of important players

LexisNexis, Martindale Hubbell, Butterworth, Harcourt, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Cahners, JAI Press, Chilton, CIS, Academic Press, BioMed Net, Engineering Information, Pergamon Press, Beilstein, Cell Press, Mosby, Churchill Livingstone, Saunders, Elsevier Science

= Reed Elsevier

•The top 9 publishers brought in almost 43% of the revenue in 2007


• Increase in serials expenditures from 1986 to 2003 for ARL libraries was 260%; monographs increased by 66% during that time

• Average number of serials purchased:1986: 15,9192003: 18,142

• Cornell: 930 Elsevier titles - 2% of the serials titles to which Cornell subscribes, but over 20% of the total serials expenditures

Serials Crisis:Library Expenditures


• Electronic site licenses for universities are priced at about 6 times as much per page for the 10 most-cited commercial journals (all of which are now owned by Elsevier) as for the 10 most-cited non-profit journals.Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 16, Number 4 —Fall 2002—Pages 227–238

Serials Crisis:Publishers’ profits


• Monographs purchases increase little (if at all)

• Humanities and Social Science serials are cut to enable the purchase of higher-priced science journals

• The move to electronic subscriptions threatens the permanence of information, if access ends with cancelation

Serials Crisis:The results


Open Access

Serials crisis + internet =(among other things)

The Open Access Movement


Open AccessThroughout the 80s and 90s scholars were beginning to publish and archive their work in openly accessible ways

- Postmodern Culture - Johns Hopkins University Press, University of California, Irvine, University of Virginia

- Psycoloquy -sponsored by the American Psychological Association (APA)

- arXiv.org - Cornell University

- BioMed Central - U.K.-based publishing house

- PubMed Central - U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)


Open AccessLibrarians became seriously involved in the

movement with the creation of SPARC in 1997


Open AccessThe movement became international in the

early years of the new millennium:• Budapest Open Access Initiative,

February 2002:"An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make "An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good." possible an unprecedented public good."

• Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing June 2003:“We believe that open access will be an essential component of We believe that open access will be an essential component of scientific publishing in the future and that works reporting the scientific publishing in the future and that works reporting the results of current scientific research should be as openly results of current scientific research should be as openly accessible and freely useable as possible.accessible and freely useable as possible.””

• Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, October 2003:Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the information is not made widely and readily available to society...we have drafted the Berlin Declaration to promote the Internet as a functional instrument for a global scientific knowledge base... 14Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008

• 73 percent of all articles and 100 percent of the papers published in the four leading economics journals

• 37 to 45 percent of the content of three leading journals, Science, Nature and the New England Journal of Medicine

Open Access:What’s freely available


New models of publishing:Open Access Journals

Self- Archiving:Institutional and Subject-

based repositories

Open Access:two componentstwo components


Open Access Journals:What’s available

TextTextAlmost 3300 peer-reviewed journals are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals—compared to 2000 in 2006—

and over 200 of the titles are tracked for impact by Thomson-ISI


• All journals are Open Access:- - PLoS- PubMed Central

• Research articles are Open Access, but some content is subscription/fee based: - BioMed Central

• Hybrid model – some articles free (if paid for by author):- Elsevier Sponsored Articles- Cambridge Open Option- Stanford’s Highwire Press

Open Access Journals:Publishing models


Open Access:Self Archiving• Pre-prints and post-prints deposited in an institutional Pre-prints and post-prints deposited in an institutional

repository or open archiverepository or open archive

• About 91% of peer-reviewed journals allow authors to About 91% of peer-reviewed journals allow authors to self-archive preprint and/or postprint versions of their self-archive preprint and/or postprint versions of their paperspapers


Open Access:Self Archiving

• Repositories are complex, with storage, workflow, Repositories are complex, with storage, workflow, preservation, and management considerationspreservation, and management considerations

Current repositories listed by repository directories:OpenDOAR.org: 1100+; Openarchive.org: 779; OAIster.org: 939


Global Impact: Aggregators








Author concernsConfusion and uncertainty about intellectual

property issues

Scholarly credit and how the material in IRs would be used

The perception of Open Access content being of low quality

A lack of mandatory policies for depositing manuscripts


Intellectual property

• Author Rights

• New models of copyright

• Publishers policies26Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008

Citation Impact


Citation Impact

• Open Access articles get more cites than their non-OA Counterparts

• As more OA Journals are selection for citation indexing, more are rising to high factor levels of their fields:

BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Cell Biology,BMC Genomics, BMC Molecular Biology, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,PLoS Biology, Critical Care, Breast Cancer Research, Arthritis Research & Therapy

• Two recent econometric studies of economists' salaries estimated that on average, controlling for age and number of articles published, doubling one's number of citations increases one's salary by 7-14%.Baser, O. & Pena, E. The return of publications for academic faculty. Econ. Bull. 1(1), 1-13 (2003)

Citation Impact


Citation Impact• The additional readership:

- Won’t come from large, research-oriented USA universities - they already subscribe to all of the moderately-priced society journals and to many high-priced commercial journals

- It will come from researchers and teachers at small institutions, third world institutions, and from scholars and intellectuals who are not employed at academic institutions or other major research establishments.


• 81% of authors would willingly comply with a mandate from their employer or research funder to deposit copies of their articles in a repository. 13% would comply reluctantly; 5% would not comply with such a mandate.Swan, Alma and Brown, Sheridan (2005) Open access self-archiving: An author study. Technical Report, Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), UK FE and HE funding councils . Technical Report.

Mandates


Mandates

• As of April 7, 2008, all articles arising from NIH funds must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication.

• On February 12, 2008, the Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted to give the University a worldwide license to make each faculty member's scholarly articles available.

• There are currently 12 university or departmental mandates adopted worldwide and 11 funder mandates, plus one multi-institutional mandate and six funder mandates proposed. Fischer, K. (2007). So Close, Yet Still so Far? Transitions. November 16th, 2007


Which kind of journal is more costly?

Librarians: Non-profits 0%

About same 4%For-profits 96%

Physics Department chairs: Non-profits 8%

About same 38%For-profits 53%

Bergstrom. (2004). The Peculiar Market for Academic Journals. Second Nordic Conference on Scholarly Communication in Lund, Sweden.

Cost per page Cost per cite

for-profit non-profit for-profit non-profitPhysics 0.63 0.19 0.38 0.05


Serials Crisis revisited

1675:Peer Reviewintroduced

1665:First scholarlyjournal published(Philosophical Transactionsof the Royal Society)

1969:ARPAnet

(Internet begins)

1990s:Serials crisis

1991:arXiv atLos Alamos

2000s:Open Accessmovement

2001:Australian NationalUniversity E-PrintRepository

2002:CDL launcheseScholarshipRepository

1999:CaliforniaDigitalLibrary 2002:

DSpace

2001:ePrints

2003:SPARC IR Checklist& Resource guide

2003:Fedora

2004:DigitalCommons

1991:World Wide Web

begins

Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:Institutional Repositories


Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:Open Access Publishing

Pre-2000:Much localizedactivity _Peter Suber'sOA Timeline

1971:ProjectGutenberg

1997:Research Papersin Economics;PubMed

1998:SPARCcreatedby ARL

1999:OpenArchivesInitiative(OAI)

2000:PubMedfull text

2001:BudapestOpen AccessInitiative

Text

2003:UN declaration on Open Access

2003:Berlin Declarationon Open Accessto Knowledgein the Sciencesand Humanities

2003:PLoSBiology

2004:NOAA accessto public-fundedweather, water,climate data 2008:

Harvardmovesto OA

2004:Elsevierallowsopen access

2004:National Libraryof Canada -Open Access to Doctoral Theses

2005:Wellcome TrustOpen Access mandate

2005:NIH Public Access Policy

2004:OECD Declarationon Access toResearch fromPublic Funding

2006 European Commission Reporton OA

2005:Russell GroupendorsesOpen Access

2007:NIH OAbecomes law


http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/timeline.htm

Documents

The Beginning First Scholarly Journal:1665 Peer review begins: 1669 1 Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008